...soldiers in the Second Battle of the Marne, and in subsequent engagements with the Germans. 2. Discuss the weapons used in WWI, such as bayonets, flamethrowers, machine guns, pistols, mustard gas, rifles, tanks and trench mortars. 3. Discuss the soldier’s experience, such as fighting in the trenches, boredom, lice, rats, food, common injuries, and battlefield engagement. The Second Battle of the Marne marked the turning of the tide in World War I. It began with the last German offensive of the conflict and was quickly followed by the first allied offensive victory of 1918. The American Expeditionary Force with over 250,000 men fighting under overall French command played key roles both in the initial defense and the later advances. In the Second Battle of Marne with 30,000 killed and wounded, the United States started suffering casualties on the enormous scale usually associated with the battles of the Great War. In what began as the last major German offensive of the First World War, the Second Battle of the Marne developed into a significant Allied victory. After it became clear that the Germans had not only failed in their aim to win the war in this offensive, but had in fact lost ground, a number of German commanders, including Crown Prince Wilhelm, believed the war was lost. the war could best be won by an attack in Flanders. To that end he determined to lure Allied forces from Belgium to the Marne in a huge diversionary attack, preparatory to a renewed offensive...
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...The great American icon celebrates its first century. MOTORCYCLES They were so young. William S. Harley and Arthur Davidson were only 21 and 20, respectively, when they built their first motorcycles for sale in 1903. Working out of a 10 x 15-ft. backyard shed in Milwaukee, the pair built only three of their bicycle-based single-cylinder motorcycles that year. But what they started has lasted 100 years and grown to become an internationally recognized symbol of America. These two tinkerers and racers were later joined by two more Davidson brothers, William and Walter. The four went on to launch a company that has sold more than 3.7 million motorcycles worldwide. Those bikes have been raced in every type of motorcycle competition and have won...
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...World War I Soldier Joy Lisak HIS120 March 6, 2013 Rodney Cavazo World War I Soldier World War I was a tremendous and horrifying event that lasted four years from 1914 to 1918. It caused the death of millions of soldiers and innocent civilians, and an unknown amount of property damage. In the beginning, America tried to stay neutral but eventually it was necessary to join the Allied troops in battle against Germany. In 1915, a German U-boat bombed the passenger ship Lusitania, and many Americans were among the victims. This event was one of the main reasons that American’s public opinion turned in favor of entering the war against the Germans. Congress declared war in 1917. The Second Battle of the Marne was fought from July 15 to August 5, 1918 on the Western Front in France. This was the turning point of World War I when the Allies gained ground against the Germans and eventually won the war. It began with a German attack at the Marne River and the Allied defense that led to a win over the Germans. The victory came from 85,000 fresh American troops joining the battle along with the British and Italians (Duffy, 2009). The presence of fresh American troops, unbroken by years of fighting, boosted the Allies resistance. The Germans were successful in crossing the river to the west of the French town of Reims, and pushed forward for nine miles before the French, American, British, and Italian soldiers stopped their advance. This loss was the...
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...World War 2 secret code breaker World War 2 marked for many of Germany's mistake and one of the critical mistakes was using secret codes for radio messages to communicate between allies. However, the meticulous work of code breakers based at Britain’s Bletchley Park cracked the secrets of German wartime communication, and played a crucial role in the final defeat of Germany. The moment Germany started using radio to communicate with its allies a narrow grave was dug, but it kept getting wider and wider, the more they used radio. Eventually the grave became wider and deeper, thus Germany collapsed and lost the war because of these mistakes. Therefore many of the allies of Britain in Europe won their battles. In this essay how , when and what will be discussed regarding the consequences for using coded radio communication. history.co.uk The Enigma story began in the 1920s, when the German military - using an ‘Enigma’ machine developed for the business market – began to communicate in unintelligible coded messages. The Enigma machine enabled its operator to type a message, then ‘scramble’ it using a letter substitution system, generated by variable rotors and an electric circuit. To decode the message, the recipient needed to know the exact settings of the wheels. German code experts added new plugs, circuits and features to the machine during the pre-war years to make it more complex. Although its basic principle remained the same. Therefore if it was hacked once...
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...H.G. Wells and The War of the Worlds H.G Wells was an influential writer and person who was ahead of his time as a firm believer in free will and the ability of humans to choose their own fates both as a race and as individuals. He also believed that all people should have the same opportunity to choose their paths no matter their background or differences to others. This idea is apparent in his book The War of the Worlds in which he also explores the themes of fate, free will, and unity among the human race. Born on September 21, 1866, H.G. (Herbert George) Wells was the fourth child to his family which included his mother, father, 2 brothers, and one sister. When he was seven, Wells was bedridden for several months during which his parents feared he would die at a young age like his sister did, but during the time when he was left bedridden, “the avid young reader went through many books, including some by Washington Irving and Charles Dickens” (Bio.com). His father, a store owner and professional cricket player, supported the family after the family store failed his father could no longer support them so he and his brothers were apprenticed to a draper while his mother went to work as a housekeeper at an estate. When Wells was a teenager he worked as an...
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...------------------------------------------------- FASCISM ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The term fascismo is derived from the Latin word fasces. The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe which symbolises strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Moreover, Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate. They were carried by his lictors and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command. The word fascismo also relates to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. Definition +"Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State" - Mussolini +The only official definition of Fascism comes from Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, in which he outlines three principles of a fascist philosophy. 1."Everything in the state". The Government is supreme and the country is all-encompasing, and all within it must conform to the ruling body, often a dictator. 2."Nothing outside the state". The country must grow and the implied goal of any fascist nation is to rule the world, and have every human submit to the government. 3."Nothing against the state". Any type of questioning the government is not to be tolerated. If you do not see things our way, you are wrong. If you do not agree with the government, you cannot be allowed to live and...
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...the Machine: The Justification of Aggression for the Glory of an Empire The Roman Empire is one that has historically been shown in a positive light to the western world. We think this way despite the fact that we have a very limited knowledge of this empire that began to flourish over two-thousand years ago. What we do have are beautiful works of art and architecture that have stood the test of time, as well as books from famous writers such as Cicero and Plutarch who have told grand tales of Roman life and the powerful men who ruled and waged battles on a grand scale. Even with our vague knowledge of the Romans we still know leaps and bounds more about them than those who they conquered and due to their sheer power and our sense of wonderment learning more about their culture and the morals they tried to uphold, we find ourselves taking the Roman side since this is the one side of the story that most of us know. Roman conflict and the wars that they waged are explained in detail by historians and texts but interestingly enough, not much is given in the way of the thought process or motive behind the wars, nor about the people whom the Romans conquered. So what truly lay behind the Roman war machine then and how did they justify their actions as they fought with different people one after the other? Despite all the awe and wonder the Roman image seems to project in modern times, the way they justified their wars to themselves...
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...put their life on the line for others. They are well trained and well educated. They are to be respected for what they do. The fighter plane and pilots have come a long way since they were first seen in the air of France. The changes are mainly because of the new technology. The first aviation fighter pilots were used in World War 1.They flew very slow but stable planes. It was the Idea of a Frenchman named Roland Garros to strap a machine gun to the nose of the plane. He soon realized that there was a problem, the stream of bullets were wrecking the blade. Roland Garros then had an idea he took steel armor plates and welded them to the lower portion of the blades to deflect any bullets that might hit the blade, this idea worked but it was crude. He took his idea into combat and was able to down four planes. Before Roland Garros idea the pilots normally would use rifles and pistols to bring down a plane (3). When he was fighting later he was trapped behind enemy lines and forced down. The Germans found out his secret and sent it to a nearby factory to Captain Anthony Fokker to duplicate it. Fokker had never seen a machine gun up close and examined the gun closely. He did as he was told to duplicate the weapon but then realized that the mechanism was a crude design and would damage the spinning blades. He and his engineers looked for a better solution to the problem than to put steel armor on the blades. The...
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...Introduction The First World War went down in history as one of the worst wars ever to be fought, owing to the magnitude of destruction and loss of life it left in its wake. The war started in 1914 ending in 1919, and has been described variously as the Great War, the War of Nations and the War to End All Wars. (Dwight E, 1966) It was fought by many nations around the world, with Europeans being the main players, and is very significant for the way it shaped the continents years after it ended. Many explanations for the possible causes of the war have been given, some of which have been accepted while others have been disputed. The war was fought in a series of battles fought at different locations at different times and involved over 65million men. This paper discusses the genesis, chronology of events during the war, the main players, the casualties and the implication of the war on modern history. The Genesis, Main Players, Events, Casualties and Implications First of all, it is thought that competition among the major European powers was an ingredient in fuelling the war. This was so especially between Britain and Germany, who were competing to have the most powerful navy in the world. All parties were building up large armies and navies, and from this there emerged a professional and powerful class of military officers. At one point, Germany had a well trained, large army that could match the entire army of Great Britain. This led to emergence of tension in Europe, which...
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... the Italian retailer was engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of clothing, undergarments, shoes, cosmetics and accessories. Benetton also licensed its brand name to various manufacturers of sunglasses, stationery, cosmetics, linens, watches, toys, steering wheels, golf equipment, designer condoms and luggage. The group’s important brands included United Colors of Benetton (UCB), Sisley, PlayLife and Killer Loop. During fiscal 2002, Benetton reported revenues of €1.99 billion and net income of €128 million. Benetton spent €102 million on advertising and promotion during the year (see Exhibit I for revenue split-up and Exhibit II for financial highlights). In addition to retail outlets around the world, Benetton also operated megastores (3000 square foot stores) in such cities as Paris, Rome, Kobe, Osaka, New York, London, Moscow and Lisbon. As of 2002, the company operated in about 120 countries through its 5000 retail stores and employed about 7250 people. Benetton was well known for its colorful and provocative advertisements (Benetton termed its advertising and marketing activities as Communication Strategy). The company employed unusual, controversial advertising techniques and themes that used “shock value” and the power of photography to grab viewers’ attention. Unlike most advertisements which centered around a company’s product or image, Benetton’s advertising campaigns focused on social and political issues like racial integration, AIDS awareness, war, poverty...
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... the Italian retailer was engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of clothing, undergarments, shoes, cosmetics and accessories. Benetton also licensed its brand name to various manufacturers of sunglasses, stationery, cosmetics, linens, watches, toys, steering wheels, golf equipment, designer condoms and luggage. The group’s important brands included United Colors of Benetton (UCB), Sisley, PlayLife and Killer Loop. During fiscal 2002, Benetton reported revenues of €1.99 billion and net income of €128 million. Benetton spent €102 million on advertising and promotion during the year (see Exhibit I for revenue split-up and Exhibit II for financial highlights). In addition to retail outlets around the world, Benetton also operated megastores (3000 square foot stores) in such cities as Paris, Rome, Kobe, Osaka, New York, London, Moscow and Lisbon. As of 2002, the company operated in about 120 countries through its 5000 retail stores and employed about 7250 people. Benetton was well known for its colorful and provocative advertisements (Benetton termed its advertising and marketing activities as Communication Strategy). The company employed unusual, controversial advertising techniques and themes that used “shock value” and the power of photography to grab viewers’ attention. Unlike most advertisements which centered around a company’s product or image, Benetton’s advertising campaigns focused on social and political issues like racial integration, AIDS awareness, war, poverty...
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...clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels”(3). Life’s river bottom is littered with small problems and with large problems. When things are going well, our lives are blue skies and sunshine and we are eager to have life pass rapidly. Hemingway is making a stand on the political atmosphere that was prevalent in America in the late 1920’s and one which can be applied in contemporary America as well. I must Wharton2 disagree with Thomas P. McDonnell, who wrote in an article for the National Review in 1985, remembering Hemingway and his works, “Politically, of course, Hemingway was a naïf. Where other literary figures such as George Orwell, W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, et al, were merely grossly wrongheaded about the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway was more or less innocently confused about it; and worse, he nurtured and romanticized on the side of the Loyalists the illusion...
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...to achieve successful and well adjusted lives. Being resilient doesn’t mean going through life without experiencing stress and pain. People feel grief, sadness, and a range of other emotions after adversity and loss. The road to resilience lies in working through the emotions and effects of stress and painful events. Being resilient is important if you want to become like Bill Gate, or any other successful person. I believe that Louis Silvie Zamperini, Sardar Milkha Singh, and Maysoon Zayid all displayed resilience though out there respected lifetimes and have become such successful people. Louis Zamperini was , if I do say so myself, the most resilient person I have ever learned about. Zamperini lived in Torrance, California with his Italian, immigrant family. His family and him knew little to no English. So went he started kids would bully him, because he didn't know any English. At times, the bullying would turn physical. So in order to protect himself from amy more harm, Zamperini learned boxing. Somehow, Zamperini got into so many fights that he became addicted to fight people. Zamperini got so uncontrollable that he even went to juvenile prison. His parents, even though they love, thought that he would end up doing some pretty dark stuff when he grows up. Things took a big turn, for the better, when Zamperini attended Torrence High School, his older brother Pete encouraged him to join the track and field team. He finally discovered what he was meant to do in his life. In...
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...was then hired by Alfa Romeo to head their motor racing department. The early 1940’s saw the arrival of The War in Italy and as a result Alfa Romeo was taken over by the fascist government of Mussolini in order to aid the war effort. Due to contract restrictions Enzo was restricted from racing cars for four years and for a short while Scuderia Ferrari became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari; it was during this time the first Ferrari was produced, the Tipo 815. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello where it remains until this day, the factory was, however, bombed in 1944 and rebuilt a few years later, this time to include a division for the production of road cars although due to funding only the racing department was functional. Ferrari officially moved into the production of street legal vehicles in 1947 as Ferrari sPa, a joint stock company, it was during the same year that the first Ferrari road car was produced, the 125 S. Enzo reluctantly built and sold these cars purely to fund his love for racing and poured most of the company’s money into Scuderia Ferrari, the racing leg of his operation. The iconic symbol of Ferrari, the Cavallino Rampante (prancing horse), was adopted by Enzo Ferrari after he won a race at the Savio track in 1923. It was here Countess Paolina requested that Enzo use the horse symbol in memory of her son Francesco Baracca, a World War I air force hero who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes; she insisted it would...
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...Military Science Paper The Battle of Anzio In times of war, the outcomes of battles and engagements are dictated by several key factors, that can prove detrimental if overlooked. The successes and failures of the Allied Forces during World War II are attributed to the ability of leaders to plan, adapt, and control resources. The proper application of these resources, both human and non-human, are what determined victories and defeats. There are many examples in history, particularly in World War II history, from which military leaders can draw a wealth of knowledge from, and apply those learned lessons in military operations today. One such example, the Battle of Anzio, raises awareness of deplorable decision making and poor leadership which lead to the deaths of many soldiers. The battle also offers military leaders many insights on areas for improvement, and how to avoid a disaster like Anzio. In order to fully analyze and learn from the Battle of Anzio one must examine its history, military and political leadership, tactics, weapons and technology, and terrain to see how these factors affected the outcome of the battle. The Battle of Anzio was fought from January 1944 to May 1944, and was a part of the invasion of the Allied forces into Italy. On September 9, 1943, the Allies landed in Salerno and began their invasion into the north. They fought at great cost, inching their way northward in hopes of taking Rome. As they pushed north, the Allies were halted...
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