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The New Industrial State

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Submitted By camelucho
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Este libro, escrito por John Kenneth Galbraith en su primera edición en el año 1967 y esta segunda edición de 1972, tiene como propósito, explicar que es lo que existió, para ese época en la economía, específicamente la de Estados Unidos, donde señala que las grandes corporaciones en esos años, dominaban el mercado del país, como resultado de su gran crecimiento productivo. Estos capítulos fueron creados para exponer como era realmente la industria en aquella época. “The latter chapters were meant more to illustrate the application of these ideas to practical affairs than to exhaust that effort” (Galbraith, 1967, p.xix).

Cuando el libro fue publicado por primera vez en el año 1967, era con la intención de describir como la industria moderna funcionaba, su poder estructural y las motivaciones individuales que guiaron a las decisiones de desarrollar corporaciones, tales como: “The names of these pricipals Carnigie, Rockefeller, Harriman, Mellon, Guggenheim, Ford, were known acroos the land” (Galbraith, 1967, p.22). Mi opinión personal, es que a través del libro, debemos trasladarnos a esos años y tratar de comprender como era ese periodo, ver de alguna manera como era la relación de los ciudadanos, trabajadores, empresarios y por supuesto del sector público, ver como se comportaban estos grupos entre sí.

Con los primeros 8 capítulos, Galbraith se centra en todo el tema tecnológico de la época, como fueron las innovaciones adoptadas por las 6 grandes corporaciones de los Estados Unidos. También se toca como fue el impacto después de la segunda guerra mundial y la posición del Estado en el tema de planeación económica. El autor muestra como estas corporaciones se sustentaban ellas mismas de capital y como la planeación llevo a que se formaran organizaciones inteligentes, remplazando a los dueños como la principal fuente de poder de la empresa moderna. “after some months of preparation wich included negotiation of contracts for various components, The Ford Company… Production was to be whatever number could be sold.”

Los siguientes 6 capítulos, el autor habla sobre la tecnología y la une con la motivación (Capitulo XIII). Para Galbraith, uno de los elementos más importantes era la motivación, la cual él llama “technostructure” (Capítulo VI). Según lo que entendí del autor, “technostructure” es una compleja e imperfecta definición entre lo colectivo, lo técnico y lo especializado que pueden ser los miembros de la gerencia media de las corporaciones. Este concepto fue revolucionario, porque hizo que los miembros de la gerencia media, junto a su equipo de trabajo, identifiquen que su motivación no es monetaria, sino más bien, que va ligada a las metas que tiene la corporación, en otras palabras, es la misma motivación que la de la corporación por conseguir sus metas. “…the prevalence of group, instead of individual, action is a striking characteristic of management organization in the large corporation.” (Galbraith, 1967, p.74).

Los siguientes 15 capítulos, se expone a la industria junto al Estado, en el desenvolvimiento dentro de la economía. Galbraith, deja claro el papel del Gobierno dentro de la industria, y era que ellos estaban solo para ayudar a cubrir las necesidades y metas de las organizaciones modernas de gran rango, ayudando a conseguir un equilibrio económico en el país: “The industrial system requires, we have seen, a large public sector for the stabilization of aggregate demand.”. (Galbraith, 1967, p. 317). Según el autor, esto permitió formar a los partidos políticos, a los distintos gremios, ayudo al desarrollo de la educación y a la cultura misma. “how to get on with their world revolution.”

Los últimos 6 capítulos del libro, son como una estructura armada con todo lo visto en las secciones anteriores. Aquí el autor ya expone, la importancia de la economía con respecto al futuro del sistema industrial, según el autor, el sistema económico estaba en un estado de desarrollo y que iba a transformarse por sí solo: “… into something hopefully better but certainly different.” (Galbraith, 1967, p.373). Galbraith concluye estos capítulos, infiriendo en que si las metas económicas son las únicas metas de la sociedad, estas deberían ser cubiertas tanto por la industria como por el estado: “… it is natural that the industrial system should dominate the state and the state should serve its ends.” (Galbraith, 1967, p. 383).

Ya para finalizar con el libro, el autor realizo una última sección, en la cual termina aseverando los efectos de las organizaciones económicas y del comportamiento social. Explica como para esos años ya se notaba el trabajo en ciencias modernas y en tecnología. Según Galbraith, esta ciencia, tecnología y organización, establecieron nuevas demandas en las instituciones educacionales como también lograron cambiar el balance de poder entre el capital y la organización: “The work of modern science and tecnology is highly visible.” (Galbraith, 1967, p. 393).

La escritura con que se desarrolló este libro, es más narrativa, en las palabras del autor se denota como su experiencia fue su principal fuente metodológica, que para ese entonces rondaba por los 59 años. Su experiencia dentro de la economía y la política, fueron sus principales bases, obviamente fundamentándose con definiciones de conceptos técnicos de la materia económica y también utilizando entrevistas de personalidades en la industria y en la política americana.

Una de las cosas que más me llamo la atención, fue la cantidad de ejemplos e información proveniente de estas grandes corporaciones norteamericanas expuestas en el libro. No es el hecho de la información utilizada, sino más bien lo importante y la persona de influencia que debió ser Galbraith en aquella época para poder conseguir dicha información, ya fueran cifras específicas, momentos de trabajos dentro de la empresa o citas de personalidades importantes en Estados Unidos, como apoyo para explicar su narrativa. Ejemplo de esto tenemos: “… up for the production of the Mustang was $50 million.” (Galbraith, 1967, pp. 30-31), Galbraith cita esta frase: “I am grateful to Mr. Walter T. Murphy of the Ford Motor Company for providing this details.” (Galbraith, 1967, p. 31).

Habiendo dicho esto, esto libro no es para todo el mundo. Es un libro muy denso, sobre todo en las primeras tres cuartas partes, y en muchos sentidos se necesitó un diccionario a la mano para lograr comprender mejor. Es un libro que requiere mucha concentración y más de una lectura para poder entenderlo. Pero eso sí, si lo que uno busca es entender el tipo de economía que se vivió en aquella época, pues es un libro que puede enseñar eso. Desde mi punto de vista, el libro ayuda a entender a la Corporación Americana de la década de los 60, su propósito fue el de comprender a la industria en temas como su organización, historia, fortalezas y debilidades.

Una pregunta que me hago es, ¿y cómo se puede ver lo enseñado en “The New Industrial State” hoy en día? ¿Tendrá aplicabilidad para esta época, o no? De mi conocimiento y de lo que entendí en la lectura, puedo inferir que Galbraith mostro en su libro, como los mercados declinaban ser de guía sobre la vida económica, la cual fue remplazada por unas decisiones planeadas sobre que se va a producir, a qué precio y por quien. Si lo vemos desde este punto de vista, podemos decir que su aplicabilidad en el tiempo no ha muerto.

Para poder tener más bases y responder con mayor exactitud la incógnita planteada en el párrafo anterior, recurro a lo estudiado recientemente en clases, específicamente en la materia de economía, y tiene que ver con la “Technostructure” de Galbraith y el “Just in time” de los japoneses. Y es que, para el mundo moderno la “Technostructure” no es algo que está obsoleto, la planificación enseñada en “The New Industrial State” es base de las planificaciones en las organizaciones, pero se encuentra sub utilizado dentro de ellas. Esto se debe a que en su mayoría ha sido remplazada por el método “Just in time”, que permite a las empresas ser más productivas en estos tiempos.

Como conclusión personal, debo de decir, que con esta lectura me llevo un poco más de conocimiento en el ámbito económico y de cómo se manejaban las cosas en épocas pasadas. Considero que la lectura es bastante pesada en su contenido, y si hoy, me fue difícil entender con toda la tecnología disponible, que hace que las cosas sean más accesibles, pues no me imagino como habrá sido entenderlo cuando se publicó en 1967. Finalizo con una incógnita que no puede ser respondida para la fecha, ¿será que Galbraith y “The New Industrial State”, nos ayudaran a comprender la era “Post-Industrial State” en el momento que llegue?

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