...Cayman Islands Guide to Hedge Funds Introduction From offices in the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dubai, Dublin, Hong Kong, Jersey, London and Singapore, Walkers provides legal services to FORTUNE 100 and FTSE 100 global corporations and financial institutions, capital markets participants, investment fund managers and middle market companies. Walkers' Cayman office has an international reputation as the leading hedge fund and private equity fund practice in the Cayman Islands, advising the best-known asset managers, promoters and institutional investors in the investment world for five decades. Our global presence means we are always open and accessible to our clients – in all time zones. The purpose of this Guide is to offer a comprehensive, commercial and concise guide to the key aspects of structuring and establishing an offshore hedge fund – starting with a broad overview of hedge fund structures, and concluding with a short section on listing. We have also addressed some of the defensive mechanisms that can be deployed to stabilise a hedge fund in difficult times, including a section on the use of synthetic side pockets and side letters. The Guide is not a substitute for seeking appropriate onshore and offshore commercial and legal advice and should not be relied on in this manner. Introduction to hedge fund vehicles The key constitutional features of hedge funds to address from an offshore perspective are three-fold: 1. 2. 3. the types of vehicle used;...
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...MULTINATIONAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE and COST OF CAPITAL ➢ Capital structure – refers to the proportion of LT debt and equity and the particular forms of capital chosen to finance the assets of the firm ➢ Mgment must choose: ■ the proportions of D and E ■ the currency of denomination ■ fixed or floating rate interest payments ■ indenture provisions ■ conversion features ■ seniority ■ maturity o Perfect mkt assumptions: -frictionless mkts -equal access to mkt prices -rational investors -equal access to costless information MM’s irrelevance proposition o With = access to perfect financial mkts, individuals can replicate any financial action that the firm can take o This leads to MM’s famous irrelevance proposition: -if financial mkts are perfect, then corporate financial policy is irrelevant The converse of MM’s irrelevance proposition o If financial policy is to increase value, then it must either -increase the firm’s expected future cash flows or -decrease the discount rate in a way that cannot be replicated by individual investors. Financial Mkt integration v Segmentation o In integrated financial mkts, real after tax rates of return on equivalent asset are = o Factors contributing to segmentation include: -prohibitive transactions costs -different legal and political systems -regulatory interference (eg barriers to financial flows) -different taxes -information...
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...for the first time in the mansion, it depicts them both in the car as she drives him to her house. Shot 1: 25 seconds total (including reverse shots). Tracking two shot MCU. Eye-level. Edward and Peg drive down the street to Peg's house. Edward admires the sights, people, and activities that he has never experienced or seen before. Edward smiles meekly at first, and then more broadly and confidently when he glances briefly at Peg and she they both smile at each other. He clumsily points to something and nearly injures Peg with his hands, and he bumps...
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...Hedge Funds Instructor: Dr. F. Beer By: Vishal Pahuja | Angel Cardoz | Contents Introduction by Vishal Pahuja 3 History by Vishal Pahuja 4 Types of Hedge Funds by Vishal Pahuja 4 Key Characteristics of a Hedge Funds by Vishal Pahuja 5 Size and Market Statistics by Angel Cardoz 5 What is the Cost? by Angel Cardoz 6 Cost to manage 6 Cost to Economy 7 Risks and Returns by Vishal Pahuja 7 Hedge Fund Structure by Vishal Pahuja 8 A Success Story by Vishal Pahuja 9 Peer Evaluation 9 Pay for Hedge Fund Managers 9 A Failure Story by Angel Cardoz 10 Long-Term Capital Management 10 The Rise 10 The fall 10 The future of hedge funds by Angel Cardoz 11 Regulation 11 Markets 11 Bibliography by Vishal Pahuja 11 Quote Basically, I look at the trading screens all day and go with my gut. Hedge Funds Introduction S ince the early 1990s, hedge funds have become an increasingly popular asset class. The amount invested globally in hedge funds rose from approximately $50 billion in 1990 to approximately $1 trillion by the end of 2004 And because these funds characteristically use substantial leverage, they play a far more important role in the global securities markets than the size of their net assets indicates. Market makers on the floor of the NYSE have estimated that during 2004, trades by hedge funds often accounted for more than half of the total daily number of shares changing hands. Moreover, investments in hedge funds have become...
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...Company Overview Akij Group History of Akij Group stretches back to later part of the forties. In its infancy, the Group started in humble way with jute trading which was known as the golden fiber of the country, earning highest amount of foreign exchange. Akij Group's ceaseless efforts with dynamic management and support from our numerous clients have led our Group in diversifying its business activities. In the second phase, the Group went into manufacturing handmade cigarettes popularly known as bidis. This sector gave a real boost to the revenue earning of the Group as well as making a substantial contribution to government exchequer. With the passage of time, the Group undertook new ventures and presently there are 15 units of industries under its umbrella like cigarettes, handmade cigarettes, printing & packaging, textiles, hand board, pharmaceutical, leather processing and real-estate business are in operation, catering jobs for more that 32,000 people in various categories. The Group has plans for setting up more projects. The projects are already in pipeline. Foreign investors have shown keen interest in joining with us for joint ventures. The matter is under our active consideration and will hopefully soon mature. This will also help the nation's economy growth and will create job opportunities to various professionals. Akij Group is also involved in socio-cultural activities. The Group has been operating a sizeable orphanage free of charge in district town...
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...1.) Explain how futures contracts could be used to hedge a bond portfolio against the risk of rising interest rates. Then explain how futures could be used by exporters and by importers to hedge against their foreign-exchange exposures. Someone with a large bond oprtfolio may want to hedge against future interest rate movements. When interest rates rise, bond prices decline. The use of futures can be used to hedge against the likelihood of rising interest rates. When the hedging is balanced, the gains/losses in the cash holdings will be offset by gains/losses in futures account. Hedging bond portfolios with futures contracts, will be done by holding short positions. Futures could be used to establish an offsetting currency position so that whatever is lost or gained on the original currency exposure is exactly offset corresponding foreign exchange gain or loss on the currency hedge. Regardless of what happens to the future exchange rate, therefore, hedging locks in a dollar value for the currency exposure. In this way, hedging can protect a firm from foreign exchange risk, which is the risk of valuation changes resulting from unforeseen currency movements. 2.) Explain how the manager of a bond portfolio could use options to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates. Then explain how exporters and importers could use options to hedge against their foreign-exchange exposures. 3.) Assume that Baker Adhesives, sold 2.6 million Brazilian reals of adhesives to...
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...large amounts of money in the future but want to hedge their exposureto currency exchange risk. Financial instruments that fall into this category include: currency options contracts, currency swaps, forward contracts and futures contracts. Types There are three types of foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging as follows: I. Forward Hedging II. Money Market Hedging III. Option Hedging Forward Hedging It refers to the Contract to buy or sell an asset at a given price on a specific date in the future. Investors use this device to avoid major losses if the price of the asset changes dramatically before it is exchanged. Money Market Hedging It refers to the Borrowing and lending in multiple currencies, for example to eliminate currency risk by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in one's own country's currency. Option Hedging It refers to the right to buy or sell foreign exchange at a specified strike price in exchange of a certain option premium either at the option expiration date or during the option period. * If one acquires the right to purchase foreign exchange, it is called the call option. Buyer of the call option pays option premium & it will be the gain for the seller & the option. * If one acquires the right to sell the foreign exchange, it is called the put option. Buyer of the put option incurs put premium as expenses. How Companies Use Derivatives To Hedge Risk Companies use derivatives for hedging...
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...BEST PRACTICES FOR THE HEDGE FUND INDUSTRY ~~~~~ REPORT OF THE ASSET MANAGERS’ COMMITTEE TO THE PRESIDENT’S WORKING GROUP ON FINANCIAL MARKETS January 15, 2009 * * * THE ASSET MANAGERS’ COMMITTEE Eric Mindich, Chair (Eton Park Capital Management) Anne Casscells (Aetos Capital, LLC) Marc Lasry (Avenue Capital Group) William Von Mueffling (Cantillon Capital Management) Anne Dinning (D. E. Shaw & Co., L.P.) Jonathon S. Jacobson (Highfields Capital Management) James S. Chanos (Kynikos Associates LP) Daniel S. Och (Och-Ziff Capital Management) Daniel H. Stern (Reservoir Capital Group) Edward Mulé (Silver Point Capital, L.P.) COUNSEL TO THE ASSET MANAGERS’ COMMITTEE Sullivan & Cromwell LLP Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP * * * Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... i BEST PRACTICES ...........................................................................................................1 Disclosure and Investor Protection ..................................................................................1 I. II. Disclosure of Material Information to Investors ...................................................1 Ongoing Information Provided to Investors..........................................................5 A. B. V. I. II. Side Letters....................................................................................................10 Parallel Managed Accounts...
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...A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses/gains that may be incurred by a companion investment. In simple language, a hedge is used to reduce any substantial losses/gains suffered by an individual or an organization. A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts,swaps, options, many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and futures contracts. Public futures markets were established in the 19th century[1] to allow transparent, standardized, and efficient hedging of agricultural commodityprices; they have since expanded to include futures contracts for hedging the values of energy, precious metals, foreign currency, and interest rate fluctuations. A mutual fund is a type of professionally managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.[1] While there is no legal definition of the term "mutual fund", it is most commonly applied only to those collective investment vehicles that are regulated and sold to the general public. They are sometimes referred to as "investment companies" or "registered investment companies."[2] Most mutual funds are "open-ended," meaning investors can buy or sell shares of the fund at any time. Hedge fundsare not considered a type of mutual fund. In the United States, mutual funds must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, overseen by a board of directors...
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...forces the firm to sell Ubid. SCM, a hedge fund which looking forward to putting the fund and to get positive return, closely monitors and researches the IPO price of Ubid. On December 9, 1998, Creative Computers was trading at $22.75 and Ubid was trading at $35.6875. At that time, Creative Computers had 10,238,703 shares outstanding and Ubid had 9,146,883 shares outstanding. Since stock Valuation equals to stock price times outstanding shares, the stock valuation of Creative Computer equals to 22.75*10,238,703=232,930,493.3 and Stock Valuation of Ubid is 35.6875*9,146,833= 326,429,387.1. After the IPO of Ubid, Creative Computer holds approximately 80% of Ubid’s security. Add an account “Security” in the left side of the balance sheet to reflect the market value of Creative Computer’s stake in Ubid. ((9146883-1817000)*35.6875=261,585 thousands of dollars). On the right side, calculate the market value of Creative Computer’s stock by timing $22.75 with 10,238,703 shares to get 232,930 thousands of dollars. | Consolidated Balance Sheet of Creative Computer | Assets | (thousands of dollars) | Liability & Equity | | Cash and Equilvalent | 15,528 | Accounts Payable | 75,877 | Accounts Receivable | 40,564 | Short-term Debt | 2,969 | Inventory | 44,958 | Other Current Liabilities | 15,336 | Other Current Assets | 12,428 | Capital leases | 29 | PPE | 15,040 | Notes Payable | 154 | Securities (Ubid) | 261585 | | | Other Long-term Assets | 14,313 | Stock holder’s...
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...relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other, and the goals for which the corporation is governed.[2][3] In contemporary business corporations, the main external stakeholder groups are shareholders, debtholders, trade creditors, suppliers, customers and communities affected by the corporation's activities[4] . Internal stakeholders are the board of directors, executives, and other employees. In this case, majority of shareholders are mainly from two families, they had voting rights to make strategies and regulate. Moreover, from porsche exposed side they reckoned the report should be disclosed seasonally, rather than quarterly, Main reason not list in USA, Revenue roughly 40% from hedging, even it is a car motor company. Agency theory, it is about relationship between management and shareholders, the management should maximize the value of shareholders. Other car manufactories set up factories outside of Europe, natural hedge. Debt to asset, is second low debt ratio, dislike, but cash, Borrowing money ? Foreign exchange exposure, Euro appreciated use depreciated Strategy: Purchasing put option on USD. Created a three year rolling portfolio of put options Even it is car company, it can be seen from table, the sales revenue contributed a lot without production in any local the USA and UK Long position on USD Car Company or foreign exchange trading company Natural hedge, US inflow, would not borrow and manufactured in US, one of the key...
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...vascular drug delivery technologies. The company focuses on the development of unique drug-eluting stents for the treatment of restenosis. Its products include stents specifically designed for multi-drug delivery. The main competitive advantage of their stents is that their device includes hundreds of small reversion drilled into the stent, and each of this tiny holes could be packed with different drugs. Also they create new cobalt chromium stent that would be thinner and stronger. So approximately for further 2-3 years Conor won’t have the rivals in this area of business. The question that faces the management on this stage is what appropriate scheme and amount of financing future activities of the company they should choose. From the one side it is possible to raise $10 million (12 month of funding at current burn rate) to be able to finish trails in Europe and then use this results to raise money at higher valuation after the trial to finish US trials. However it is not look like the best decision because despite that trials in Europe take less time...
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...1. What are the benefits of trading in Index Futures compared to any other security? Ans-An investor can trade the ‘entire stock market’ by buying index futures instead of buying individual securities with the efficiency of a mutual fund. The advantages of trading in Index Futures are: * The contracts are highly liquid * Index Futures provide higher leverage than any other stocks * It requires low initial capital requirement * It has lower risk than buying and holding stocks * It is just as easy to trade the short side as the long side * Only have to study one index instead of 100s of stock 2. What is the difference between open interest and volume? Ans-In the options market, two measurements describe the liquidity and activity of option contracts. Volume is the amount of contracts traded in a given period, and open interest is the number of open option contracts. Volume Trading volume is the number of option contracts being exchanged between buyers and sellers, and it measures the activity of options contracts. For example, assume the trading volume in call option ABC with a strike price of $55 and an expiration date in three weeks did not trade any contracts for a specified day. Therefore, the trading volume is 0. However, the next day, an investor buys 15 call option contracts and a market maker sells 15 call option contracts. The trading volume for that particular day is 15. Open Interest Open interest is the number of option contracts...
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...It is clear that when the G20 meets in Seoul this November, there should be a firm proposal for the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Board for dealing with the banking behemoths. Banks should then comply with the new capital requirements agreed by finance ministers by January 1, 2019. The question is, however, whether this is the right path to choose and whether these regulations will be able to prevent the world from any future financial markets crisis. So far, the proposed numbers themselves could hardly be described as tough, as the bounce in bank shares testified. Also, it seems that many important issues are not being addressed at all. (Plenty) But what are the issues that should be addressed? What would be the ideal regulatory state and is it possible to ever achieve it? Let us, first, start with our idea of the “ideal” international financial regulatory plan. After having researched various proposals for the international financial markets regulations, we reached a conclusion that finding the ideal path is going to represent a very difficult task and that none proposed regulation will be able to fit all the states. As mentioned in the article “Financial regulation: More questions than answers” which was posted in Businessline in the end of July, due to the variations in institutional legacies, traditions and systems in individual countries over the world, no one size can fit all. Also, however, we believe that as far as financial stability is concerned within...
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...Chapter Twenty Four Futures and Forwards Chapter Outline Introduction Forward and Futures Contracts • Spot Contracts • Forward Contracts • Futures Contracts Forward Contracts and Hedging Interest Rate Risk Hedging Interest Rate Risk with Futures Contracts • Microhedging • Macrohedging • Routine Hedging versus Selective Hedging • Macrohedging with Futures • The Problem of Basis Risk Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk • Forwards • Futures • Estimating the Hedge Ratio Hedging Credit Risk with Futures and Forwards • Credit Forward Contracts and Credit Risk Hedging • Futures Contracts and Catastrophe Risk • Futures and Forward Policies of Regulators Summary Solutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Twenty Four 1. What are derivative contracts? What is the value of derivative contracts to the managers of FIs? Which type of derivative contracts had the highest volume among all U.S. banks as of September 2003? Derivatives are financial assets whose value is determined by the value of some underlying asset. As such, derivative contracts are instruments that provide the opportunity to take some action at a later date based on an agreement to do so at the current time. Although the contracts differ, the price, timing, and extent of the later actions usually are agreed upon at the time the contracts are arranged. Normally the contracts depend...
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