...government funding to Route 66, people who wanted to leave the harsh winters of Chicago and Boston, they decided to move West. Route 66 facilitated their relocation. Between 1941 and 1945 the government invest approximately $70 billion in capital projects throughout California to promote areas like Los Angeles and San Diego. This lead to serve and create new industries and thousands of civilian jobs that was able made possible by Route 66 and the mobilization of people. With war out of the way and after years of depression and having no money, people were ready to take a break from everything that happened and set out into their cars to travel. Now with the large incoming traffic on Route 66, store owners, motel managers, and gas stations recognized that route 66...
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...California State Route 99 is a highway here in California that is stretched along almost all the central valley. It passes through 15 cities and 8 counties. Route 99 starts at CA-36 near Red Bluff and ends at Interstate 5 junction south of Bakersfield. This Route is also known as the Golden State Highway. Although these basic facts are interesting, one fact about Route 99 I have related to my whole life. Where the Palm meets the Pine is a historical landmark here in California located between Fresno and Madera. Along Route 99, an odd pair of trees reside. A palm tree and a pine tree. Although no one knows how these trees originally came to be, many have assumed they marked the center of California. This assumption was later proven false....
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...of contents List of figures 1.Introduction 1.2. Problem Presentation 2. Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem With Optimal Restocking 3. Single Vehicle Routing Problem 4. Multiple Vehicle Routing 4.1. Heuristic Algorithms 4.1.1. Route-First-Cluster-Next Heuristic Algorithm 4.1.2. Cluster-First- Route- Second Algorithm 4.1.3. Improving the Heuristic Solution 5. Computational Study and Results 5.1. Set – partitioning problem formulation 5.2.Test of Algorithms over Problem Sizes and Expected Route Length Limits 5.3. Comparison of the Algorithms over Demand Variations 5.4. Comparison with a Deterministic Method 6. Summary References List of figures Figure 1 A desired truck route with restocking action of returning to the depot when a stockout occurs or in anticipation of a stockout Figure 2 The two updating Strategies a and b Figure 3 Defined or particular route of a single vehicle Figure 4 Expected costs of going directly to the next node Figure 5 Expected costs of the restocking action Figure 6 Monotonicity of function fj(q) Figure 7 Choosing the unused vehicle Figure 8 Forming the clusters Figure 9 Routing through the clusters Figure 10 Cyclic transfer Figure 11 String cross Figure 12 String exchange Figure 13 String relocation ABSTRACT This paper presents a Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem SVRP, where just the customer demand was unknown and other parameters were determined. In comparison with the deterministic, problems in stochastic vehicle routing are harder to be...
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...Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration Joanna Stavins * Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 600 Atlantic Avenue Boston, MA 02106 (617) 973-4217 e-mail: joanna.stavins@bos.frb.org November 25, 1996 * Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston or the Federal Reserve System. Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration Joanna Stavins ABSTRACT Economic theory suggests that a monopolist can price discriminate more successfully than can a perfectly competitive firm. Most real-life markets, however, fall somewhere in between the two extremes. What happens as the market becomes more competitive: Does price discrimination increase or decrease? This paper examines how price discrimination changes with market concentration in the airline market. The paper uses data on prices and ticket restrictions across various routes within the United States, controlling for distances and airport gate restrictions. Price discrimination is found to increase as the markets become more competitive. Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration Joanna Stavins In a perfectly competitive market, firms have no market power to discriminate by price. At the other extreme, a monopolist can, provided he has information about...
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...Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 IP/MPLS-Based VPNs Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 Table of Contents WHITE PAPER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Objective ..................................................................................................................... 3 Target Audience .......................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Requisites.............................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 MPLS Layer-3 VPNs .................................................................................................. 4 MPLS Layer-2 VPNs .................................................................................................. 7 6.1. Point-to-Point Connectivity ................................................................................. 8 6.2. Multi-Point Connectivity...................................................................................... 9 7. Which Way to Go: The Layer-3 or The Layer-2 Way.............................................. 12 8. Summary ................................................................................................................... 15 FOUNDRY NETWORKS Page 2 of 16 IP/MPLS-Based VPNs Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 WHITE PAPER 1. Objective To give the reader an insight into the pros and cons of both the layer-3...
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...Ancient Chinese Contributions Humanities 111 World Cultures 1 05/27/2012 In the days of Ancient Chinese, inventions were created using different techniques and styles by using things that we use in our everyday living. There are many contributions that I thought were important. Those inventions that were created by the Ancient Chinese were Umbrella’s. Umbrellas were invented by the Chinese. They made umbrellas from oiled paper. It was made from oiled paper because it repelled water. The frames of the umbrellas were made from mulberry bark and bamboo. Chinese used the umbrellas to keep the sun off of their skin. The common people used blue umbrellas and people that were of royal used red and yellow umbrellas. (This was cited from The Ancient Chinese Contributions, published by Deng Yinke. Information came from pages 1-23). The Seismograph was created by an astronomer during the Han Dynasty. The astronomer created the seismograph to give warning of an earthquake. The seismograph color was bronze and the vase was covered with dragons and toads. A long medal pendulum hung inside the vase. On the outside it had eight dragon heads; each was mounted onto its sides. Each dragon had a ball in its mouth and the dragon’s head was mounted onto its side as well. The pendulum swung in the direction in which the earthquake occurred. The pendulum would strike a rod inside the vase, the rod would then knock a ball out of the dragon’s mouth, and then it would drop into the...
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...cooperation and friendo ship. I am grateful to Torbj¨rn Larsson, for always taken time for discussions cono cerning both research and teaching. I appreciate my friendship with Maud G¨the-Lundgren. o Thanks to Mathias Henningsson for good cooperation in teaching and J¨rgen o Blomvall for helping me with computer problems. Thanks to Kaj Holmberg for interesting discussions about decomposition methods. Thanks to Oleg Burdakov and Sven Erlander for encouragement. The group of PhD students has been important for me. Thanks to Maria Daneva, Elina R¨nnberg, Per-˚ke Andersson and Kristian Lundberg for supo A porting me and for all fun discussions. Thanks also to my former colleagues, I miss you all. Thanks to David Bredstr¨m for generating the routes in the second paper. o Thanks also to Anders Folkesson, Kent Hjelm, and Bertil Thunstr¨m at Sydved o Energileveranser AB for good cooperation. Thanks to Pamela Vang and Bj¨rn Lidestam for helping me improving the o English. Thanks to Monika Gustafsson and the other administrative staff who always are willing to provide. Many thanks to...
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...The network is decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the node themselves, i.e., routing functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes. In other words, MANET is a type of ad hoc network that can change locations and configure itself on the fly. Because MANETS are mobile, they use wireless connections to connect to various networks. This can be a standard Wi-Fi connection, or another medium, such as a cellular or satellite transmission. Literature Survey 2.2 Analysis of research Paper TITLE OF PAPER | AUTHORS | YEAR Of PUBLICATION | PUBLISHING DETAILS | WEB LINK | | | | | | Feasibility of an Aeronautical Mobile Ad HocNetwork Over the North Atlantic Corridor | Daniel Medina, Felix Hoffmann, Serkan Ayaz, Carl-Herbert Rokitansky | 2008 | IEEE | http://hondo.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/lehre/seminar/adhoc-w08/papers/aeroManet-dlr.pdf | SUMMARY | GENERAL | WEAK POINTS | STRONG POINTS | It...
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...Foundation ABSTRACT This paper analyses the grounding that occurred on the 13th of January 2012 to the cruise ship Costa Concordia. The analysis is carried out only on the conduct of navigation – and not on the emergency response - at three different levels: the errors of the bridge team, the error-inducing conditions of their workplace (the bridge), and the organizational processes behind them – following Reason’s (1997) model of organizational accident. An organizational accident is a rare, but often catastrophic, event that occurs within complex organizations as a product of technological innovation. Working under a hypothesis built on publicly available data till July 2012, the grounding of Costa Concordia appears to be an organizational accident. The paper aims to provide official investigators with a framework for the understanding of its development, which is considered critical to limit the re-occurrence of other such events. Moreover, it aspires to be the starting point for future examination of error inducing conditions across the cruising industry and the wider maritime domain. Overall, it is an attempt to address systemic issues, rather than accusing or defending individuals and organizations involved. INTRODUCTION About 21.42 (UTC+1) on January 13, 2012, the cruise ship Costa Concordia grounded on the rocks Le Scole, near Giglio island, Italy. The ship, operated by Costa Crociere – a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation – was on route from Civitavecchia to Savona...
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...Introduction This paper explains the strategic marketing planning process illustrating the discussion with examples from the low cost airline, Easyjet. The paper proceeds in five parts. In the next section of the paper, the concept of market segmentation is described and discussed. Next, the concept is located in the overall positioning, segmentation, targeting (PST) organisational strategy. Porters’ Generic Strategy is then outlined, as a supplementary paradigm to market segmentation. The concept of the marketing mix is discussed and applied to the case study company. A brief conclusion closes the paper. Before examining the marketing process, however, it is necessary to provide an overview of the case study company. Easyjet is an airline company that has been operating in the United Kingdom since 1995 (Easyjet, 2014). Like many other low-cost carriers, the company initially modeled itself on the business model of a successful American carrier, Southwestern Airlines (Yip, 2004). That airline had experienced unprecedented success by cultivating and exploiting a low cost operating model – Easyjet sought to implement this model in the European context, launching a flight between London and Amsterdam that was half the cost of the fare at the time offered by national carrier British Airways (Sull, 1999). In the years that followed, Easyjet rapidly expanded its route network to include hubs in some of the major British cities: Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool, and routes to popular European...
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...takeovers of bio-science firms (mergers and acquisitions M&A). Compare and contrast these two approaches to growth by discussing their relative advantages and disadvantages. Use examples from any relevant sector, not just "Big Pharma". Summary The paper presents a contrast between conservative and aggressive growth options. It discusses mergers and acquisitions, organic growth and alliances using examples from a range of industries which include online businesses, brewery firms, soft drink giants and also a major pharmaceutical industry merger. In examining the interface between the different growth options the paper posits that they are not mutually exclusive and one may lead to the other, whereas a portfolio of growth options is strategically astute to have. The advantages, disadvantages and issues surrounding the growth options suggest that it is a risk-benefit premise that underpins the value perceptions from a chosen growth route. Competitive situations and resourcing s aspects also govern the choice a chosen route. 1. Introduction This paper discusses the different routes to growth that an enterprise might take. Given the growing popularity and mixed success of aggressive growth option of mergers and acquisitions, the paper compares and contrasts them with more conservative options like...
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...Costa Concordia Anatomy of an organisational accident Capt. Antonio Di Lieto PhD candidate at the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania adilieto@amc.edu.au The views and opinions expressed on this paper are solely those of the original author. These views and opinions do not necessarily represent those of persons or organisations involved, and/or any/all contributors to this site. ABSTRACT th This paper analyses the grounding that occurred on the 13 of January 2012 to the cruise ship Costa Concordia. The analysis is carried out only on the conduct of navigation – and not on the emergency response at three different levels: the errors of the bridge team, the error-inducing conditions of their workplace (the bridge), and the organisational processes behind them – following Reason’s (1997) model of organisational accident. An organisational accident is a rare, but often catastrophic, event that occurs within complex organisations as a product of technological innovation. Working under a hypothesis built on publicly available data till July 2012, the grounding of Costa Concordia appears to be an organisational accident. The paper aims to provide official investigators with a framework for the understanding of its development, which is considered critical to limit the re-occurrence of other such events. Moreover, it aspires to be the starting point for future examination of error inducing conditions across the cruising industry and the wider maritime ...
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...purpose of this paper is to describe how to identify, describe, and discuss the bottlenecks in my daily driving to work routine. To identify the bottlenecks or constraints (potential delays or slowing down in the process), I used the Goldratt’s theory of constraints to help me identify and overcome the process bottlenecks. After applying the Goldratt’s theory of constraints to my driving routes, I could identify that there were two major constraints that slowed down the process of my driving to work in each route. The first constraint is the time I leave home and the second constraint is the time I spend sitting in traffic in each of these three different possible routes to work. I evaluated the three possible routes that I can take to my work and monitored the time I leave home each day. I identified that Route 1 offered the slowest process in my driving to work that caused me to be late at work assuming my standard time to leave home is around 8.45 a.m. Route 2 or Route 3 almost took the same time, except that route 2 had larger uncertainty as if Route 1 slowed down, it definitely had impact on Route 2 as both routes had traffic from 101 freeway merging in. Despite, Route 3 is limited to 35 miles per hour speed and traffic lights; it seems to be more reliable and can anticipate slowdown only in one junction. Any time I left earlier than 8.45 a.m., or around the same time, it did not take much fluctuation in the time I take to drive to work. Route 3 seemed to be more...
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...The Silk Road is not known as a road, but firmly identified as a route used to conduct exchanges between major countries. The empires that benefitted from the trade route are the Han Dynasty of China, Rome, Mesopotamia, India and Egypt. The Chinese created silk, paper and gun powder which made them beneficial to the trade route because they had many countries interested in forming a trade with them. The created empire during the Silk Road trade is Greco- Bactrian who was form by the Macedonian warriors having relationships with the indigenous population. During the Silk Road trades, many countries would use the camel as a transportation method of moving goods to the route in order to make deals with other countries. Buddhism benefitted from the Silk Road by expanding their religion over the Chinese, Central Asia and India....
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...Personal Navigation Devices become popular? What technologies are required to facilitate the success of PNDs? A PND uses a GPS signals to determine the device’s location and display it on a digital map. Additional software brings features such as routing, driving conditions, suggested directions, ETA, interactivity, etc. The main features of PNDs that made them popular were convenience and accuracy of information. Before PNDs, to navigate one would need paper maps. Paper maps can become quickly outdated and cannot show current location. Users would have to know their locations in order to manually calculate a route to destination. A PND calculates the current location by triangulation of GPS signals and software calculates a route based on multiple criteria (fastest or shortest route, traffic conditions, etc). As the technology evolved, more features were packed in PND such as POI (points of interest). While a paper map can aid in manually generate a route to known destination, it cannot help finding a POI of which location is unknown to the user. 2. Who are some of the leaders in PNDs? What are the likely factors that will contribute to winning in this marketplace? If we are talking about dedicated PND, the market leaders are Garmin, TomTom and Magellan. However, if we are looking at the total number of GPS enabled devices that provide navigation features, then the combined sales of Samsung, Motorola, HTC and...
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