...1 LITERATURE REVIEW ABSTRACT The economic recession that hit the world in 2007 resulted in global downsizing in many prestige organizations and its effects of workers productivity. This literature reviews focuses on affective organizational commitment among survivors of organizational restructuring and downsizing. It focused on middle level managers and employees in supervisory positions because survivors of this group are often called upon to assume expanded roles, functions and responsibilities in a post restructuring and downsizing environment. This paper also explores the impact of recession for those still in employment by looking at a key indicator of employee wellbeing, work pressure staff reductions and company reorganization both increase work pressure, as does current job insecurity. Other job changes, like large pay cuts, increases in responsibility, autonomy and monitoring also increase work pressure. Keywords: Recession, downsizing, layoffs, economic downturns, organizational behavior, commitment, motivation, loss and grief, leaders, employees, stakeholders. 2 INTRODUCTION The great recession of 2007 started on the month of December. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the prestigious private research institute declared it officially. The government of US acknowledged the NBER's declaration, aware of the downfall since August 2007; the White House did not change its course on coping with the financial crisis. This was the third longest...
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...Mekelle University College of Business and Economies Department of Management AN ASSESSMENT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY ON ethiotelecom MEKELLE DISTRICT) A Senior Essay Analysis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of art Degree in Public Administration and Development Management By: ID No: CBE/ UR/1224/02 Advisor: June, 2012 Mekelle, Ethiopia TABLE OF CONTENTS Titles page Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………..…I Table of content…………………………………………………………………….…II List of tables and figures ………….………………………………………………….III CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Back ground of the study.........................................................................................1 1.2. Statement of problem……….…… …………………………………………..….. 2 1.3. Objective of the study…….…………………………………….……………..….. 3 1.3.1. General objectives….………………………………..…….………………….3 1.3.2. Specific objectives.…………………………………..……..…………….…...3 1.4. Scope of the study .............................................................................................…...3 1.5. Limitation...
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...MOI UNIVERSTY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT COURSE: ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR COURSE CODE: CMM 212 NAME: MWANGI D. NDERITU REG: BJC/47/15 INSTRUCTOR: MR. CHEMAI DATE: 29th MARCH 2017 Job Design Discuss how job design affects employee motivation in an organization There has been an assumption that pay is the most motivator of work. However, as much as pay is a motivator, how a job is designed is has a significant impact on employee motivation, job satisfaction, employee citizenship, commitment to the organization productivity and turnover. For this reason, managers most organizations are putting in place strategies geared towards motivating their employees. Through job design, organizations are now focusing on raising production levels by offering non-monetary rewards. Job design envisages all the processes and strategies that an organization employs in deciding the contents of a job with regard to duties, the methods of carrying out the job and the relationship between the employees and their supervisors and fellow colleagues. Among the various techniques used in job design exercise are job simplification, job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Job Specialization Job specialization entails breaking down jobs into simpler components and assigning them to employees so that each of them perform a certain number of repetitive tasks. From a motivational perspective, doing the same task(s) each now and then tends to be very boring due to their repetitive...
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...as to have an overview of how wel the company is doing. The group has adopted 3 perspectives to identify the problems encountered in Perfect Pizzeria, namely; Planning and Controlling, Job Design and Managing Conflict. After the identification of problems, recommendations base on individual implications will be given to tackle them so as to resolve or minimize it, improving the present condition of the company. A. Introduction While the planning function provides direction, the controlling fuction adds the vital regulatory element, allowing managers to monitor performance and take corrective action when needed. Conflict too, needs to be both controlled and managed. (Batrol, Martin, Tein, Matthews, 1998, page 640) The lack of planning and controlling often result in differences in perceptions and goals. In the case of Perfect Pizzeria, it had shown a perceived difference between managers and staff, resulting in conflicts. (Bartol, Marting, Tein and Matthews, 1998) Conflicts can be constructive as well as destructive, but if it is left unmanaged, it may result in dysfunctional effects on an organization and it’s people. To curb this, there must be good planning on the part of management. One subset of planning is in the area of Job Design. Proper Job-design serves to define job roles and tasks so as to frame up responsibilities and accountability, which may minimize conflict in the workplace. A. Framework We will be tackling the case through this framework...
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...that investigate show indidividuals behave within formal organizations. OB AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD (Campo) * Psychology: individuals, motivation, personality, attitudes, learning, goals, expectation, perceptions, cognition. * Sociology: groups, status, hierarchy, influence, trust, reciprocity, social identity, social networks. * Economics: perfromance, efficency, effectiveness, incentives, monitoring, coordination. * Political science: power, governance, negotation, politics. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR Managers achieve results by working with and through others. The abilitiy to undestand, predicit and control individual behaviour in the absence of direct monitoring is one of the most important- but also difficult managerial skill to master. FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS A formal organization is a social system with specific goals and usually consisting of several interrelated groups of subunits. Formal organizations are governed by clearly stated and enforced norms that typically survive the churning (mescolare) of organizational members. PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR The purpose of organizational behaviour is to inform the optimal design(progettare) of the organizational strcture and processes to promote improvement in the satisfaction and productivity of oganizational members while increasing the efficency and effectiveness of the organization as a whole ( nel suo complesso). SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY * Are happy, motivated workers also...
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...perceived disenchantment with the organization of work in the late1960s and early 1970s (Walton, 1973; Stjernberg, 1977; Littler and Salaman, 1984). QWL has also been associated with organizational changes aimed at increasing the levels of job enlargement (greater horizontal task flexibility) and job enrichment (greater vertical task flexibility including the taking on of new responsibilities including those formerly undertaken by supervisory or managerial personnel). Crucially, the idea is that of attaining higher levels of participation and thereby motivation by improving the attractiveness of the work itself rather than through improving the terms and conditions of work (Herzberg et al, 1959: 52). Walton (1973) has given focus on the following factor of QWL: · A just rewards system with minimum guarantees; · A safe and healthy physical and psychosocial work environment; · Job design based on the needs of both workers and their organisations; · Employment security with prospects for internal career advance; · A working climate with a positive social atmosphere and social integration; · Clearly articulated individual right; · Worker participation in decision marking; · Due limits to the encroachments of one’s working life on one’s life beyond the workplace; · Social relevance – an instilling of employee conviction that the organization would act with social responsibility and honesty in its dealings externally. Organizations adopting such an integrated approach...
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...Topic 1- Human Resource Management (HRM) Today HRM act as vital role in field of Organizational Management. It is the human aspect of Organizational Management or Business Administration in an organization. HRM is defined as : “HRM is the efficient and effective utilization of Human Resources (HR) to achieve goals of an organization”(Opatha, ) According to the above definition of HRM, a) An organization means an economic and social entity composed of a group of people who interact with each other for the purpose of achieving a common goal. b) Goal refers to desired targets to be achieved in the future. The basic goal of any organization should ideally be to serve the human society. Example; to upgrade the standard of living of Sri Lankan people through the production and distribution of high quality dairy products. c) Human Resources are employees who work for the organization being concerned. It is not an exaggeration that HR is the most significant resource compared with other resources such as financial resources, physical resources, etc. The overwhelming significance of HR is due to its unique characteristics. d) Efficient utilization of HR means optimum use of employee by eradicating or minimizing wastage. It denotes utilizing the right employees in the right number at the right cost. • It is animate, active and living • It has the ability to think, feel and react • Its value appreciate with the passage of time ...
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...Employee Motivation within the organization: The job of a manager in the workplace is to get daily tasking done in an efficient and productive manager. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. At times this because complicated because some employee’s do not have the incentive or commitment to get the job done properly. Motivation practices and theories are difficult subjects, as they are associates with many different philosophies. Motivation is not clearly understood and more often than not poorly practiced. To understand motivation one must understand human nature itself. Human nature can be very simple, yet very intricate too. An understanding and appreciation of this is a prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and effective administration and management. Motivation in the workplace is one of the main concerns that managers face when trying to boost their employees to work harder and do what is expected of them on a day-to-day basis. According to Langton and Robbins each theory can be divided into two categories; needs theories and process theories (Langton & Robbins, 2007). Each theories shows the differences that people have and how they can be applied to motivate the individual. Process theories include a broader portrayal which describes the procedures involved in motivating others. Employee incentive programs go a long way towards guaranteeing employees feel appreciated and valuable. This single-handedly can help with employee...
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...CHAPTER 15 Job Design LEARNING OBJECTIVES When you have finished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe and contrast the common approaches to job design. 2. Discuss the linkages between job design and technology. 3. Explain the job characteristics enrichment model and its relationship to work motivation. 4. Describe the sociotechnical systems model and its relationship to organizational effectiveness. Preview Case: Texas Nameplate Company COMMON JOB DESIGN APPROACHES Comparative Framework Job Rotation Job Engineering Job Enlargement Competency: Managing Change—Westinghouse Air Brake Job Enrichment Sociotechnical Systems Ergonomics Competency: Managing Diversity—Benteler Automotive Corporation JOB DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY Role of Workflow Uncertainty Role of Task Uncertainty Combined Effects of Workflow and Task Uncertainty Role of Task Interdependence Competency: Managing Communication— David Berdish Fosters Dialogue Interrelationships among Job Design and Technology Concepts JOB CHARACTERISTICS ENRICHMENT MODEL Framework Job Characteristics Individual Differences Job Diagnosis Implementation Approaches Job Characteristics and Technology Social Information Processing SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS MODEL Competency: Managing Across Cultures—Job Design in the Malaysian Nursing Context Social Systems Technological Systems Moderators Core Concepts Implementation Issues Competency: Managing Teams—Consolidated Diesel’s Engine Plant CHAPTER SUMMARY Key Terms and...
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...REVIEW FOR MID-TERM EXAM – ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR 22.11.2012 1. What is explained by the field of organizational behavior? a. individual motivation b. team dynamics c. organizational structure d. all of these 2. Organizational members who are responsible for the attainment of organizational goals by planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts of others in the organization are called . a. executives b. coordinators c. managers d. bosses 3. When starting a company, what sequence of steps should a person take? a. organize, plan, control, lead b. organize, plan, lead, control c. plan, organize, lead, control d. plan, organize, control, lead 4. Which managerial function involves designing the organization’s or workgroup’s structure, identifying what tasks need to be done, hiring the right people, delegating and assigning each task, establishing a chain of command, and creating rules for communication and decision making? a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling 5. Which managerial function involves monitoring performance to ensure that it is consistent with quality and quantity standards? a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling 6. Which managerial function involves directing and coordinating the work of others, influencing and motivating others, maintaining morale, and resolving...
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...12. December 2014 REVIEW FOR MID-TERM EXAM – ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR 1. What is explained by the field of organizational behavior? a. individual motivation b. team dynamics c. organizational structure d. all of these 2. Organizational members who are responsible for the attainment of organizational goals by planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts of others in the organization are called __________. a. executives b. coordinators c. managers d. bosses 3. When starting a company, what sequence of steps should a person take? a. organize, plan, control, lead b. organize, plan, lead, control c. plan, organize, lead, control d. plan, organize, control, lead 4. Which managerial function involves designing the organization’s or workgroup’s structure, identifying what tasks need to be done, hiring the right people, delegating and assigning each task, establishing a chain of command, and creating rules for communication and decision making? a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling 5. Which managerial function involves monitoring performance to ensure that it is consistent with quality and quantity standards? a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling 6. Which managerial function involves directing and coordinating the work of others, influencing and motivating others, maintaining morale, and resolving individual and group conflicts? a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling 7. Which managerial function involves setting goals, establishing...
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...effects of life-satisfaction on productivity but there is a lot of research on the link between job satisfaction and work performance. This research shows modestly positive correlations with productivity, absenteeism and labour turnover. These correlations tend to be stronger among white collar workers. It is still largely unclear to what extent satisfaction effects productivity or vice versa. See Scheme 1. There are different claims about the effect of happiness on productivity. Some think that the enjoyment of life will produce involvement and smooth interaction, thus boosting productivity. Others rather expect that happiness will reduce the motivation to seek improvement and make them passive and dull. There is no research on the effects of overall happiness or life-satisfaction on productivity. However, there is a lot of research on the relationship between job satisfaction and work performance. Job satisfaction is quite highly correlated with overall happiness, and can be looked at as one of its main components. Hence the results of the available research data are at least suggestive in this discussion. The Human Relations movement, of Elton Mayo and others, believed that job satisfaction had beneficial effects, including increased work performance (Argyle, 1988). Let us consider whether this is in fact the case. Do satisfied workers really work harder? If they do, is it because they are satisfied or vice versa? Measuring job satisfaction How can job satisfaction be measured...
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...quality of cars produced which would have a negative impact on their reputation. To overcome those problems, Volvo decided to reorganize the working environment as well as job scopes of employees in order to fulfill their job satisfactions. Volvo starts to motivate its employees based on the combination of the early theories and contemporary theories of motivation. Designing Motivating Jobs The first contemporary motivation theory Volvo Company used is job design. Job design refers to the ways tasks are combined to form complete jobs. The main purpose of job design is to increase both employee motivation and productivity. In the case of Volvo, they enlarge the job’ scope by increasing the number of tasks an individual performs as well as increasing diversity of employee’s work as they came up with a new manufacturing system where small groups of between 5 to 12 employees were responsible for the assembly of a complete vehicle, from beginning to the end, rather than simply taking a role in one aspect of the production. While job enlargement increases job scope, job enrichment increases job depth and allows employees to have greater control over their work, such as an increase in responsibility and autonomy in their job. Besides, job characteristics model establish external and internal client relationships to provide feedback and Volvo allows the groups to select their own supervisors, schedule, inspect, and assign their own work by giving them more autonomy. McGregor’s Theory...
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...Isah Mohammed Abbass Department of Political Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Abstract In every organization, whether large or small, governmental or non-governmental, employees work enthusiastically or with zeal and cooperate amongst themselvesand with the leadership to achieve the laid down objectives. This is primarily due to the job satisfaction they derive in the conduct of their routine activities. The local government system, within the so-called three tiers of governmental structure in Nigeria, is the neglected step-child in the entire governmental arrangement. The nexus between motivation and employees in the local government has beena neglected theme of study in Nigeria. In most cases, the condition of employment in the local governments has always been taken as given within the prevailing orthodoxy of governance. This papertherefore,attempts to explore the kinds of motivations whichthe employees of local government should be provided with:This is done within the context of institutional claims by these employers and how the validity of such claims, or the lack of it impact upon employees spirit and performance against set down goals, mission and vision of the organization. Keywords: Local government, Employees, Nigeria Introduction In order to achieve a maximum output or productivity, employers in any organization should, as a matter of policy and necessity, motivate their staff. Motivation of staff is a highly relative matter...
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...A Concise Research on Siemens AG and Nissan Contents I. Introduction………….…………………………………………………...…………….….1 II. Finding…………………………………....……………………………...…………...…...2 2.1 A concise background of Siemens AG and Nissan………………..…2 2.2 The high performance culture of Siemens….…………….….…………….........2 2.3 Comparison of organisational structure and culture…………….………………...…..2 2.4 Effectiveness of different leadership styles………………………………………......3 2.5 Approaches to management among Siemens AG and Nissan………………………..4 2.6 Factors influence individual behaviour at work………………………………………5 2.7 Different motivational theories………………………………………………………5 2.8 Nature of groups and group behaviour of Siemens…………………………………..6 2.9 Factors to the development of effective teamwork at Siemens………………………6 III. Conclusion…...……………………….………………………………………..………8 3.1 Structure and culture affect the performance of Siemens…………………………..8 3.2 Explanation of the leadership of Siemens AG……………………………………….8 3.3 Organisational theory influences the practice of management……………………8 3.4 Different leadership styles motivate organisations in periods of change……………9 3.5 The usefulness of motivational theories for managers………………….…………10 3.6 Impact of technology on team functioning within Siemens……………………10 Reference………………………………………………..………………….……….……….12 I. Introduction All my research is about two huge companies: Nissan Motor Company and Siemens AG. One topic has already been set...
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