...America today is viewed as a mixture of every country on earth. In other words America is a very diverse country full of people with different religious beliefs and ethnicity. Because the country is very diverse, no individual group can overpower another. On the other hand America today is also a democratic country where people have rights to vote. Before America was created, the land was nothing but un-civilized groups of natives and was colonized by the British, which was one of the reasons why the colored was discriminated by the higher class or white people. The interaction between the eastern and western hemisphere gave America its characteristic of religious freedom, democracy, and economic success. But it also created the unfair treatment of the colored people. During the colonial eras, the idea of democracy and religious freedom wasn’t exactly the same of how we viewed it...
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...American Political Science Review Vol. 106, No. 2 May 2012 doi:10.1017/S0003055412000093 The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy ROBERT D. WOODBERRY National University of Singapore T his article demonstrates historically and statistically that conversionary Protestants (CPs) heavily influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy around the world. It argues that CPs were a crucial catalyst initiating the development and spread of religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, and colonial reforms, thereby creating the conditions that made stable democracy more likely. Statistically, the historic prevalence of Protestant missionaries explains about half the variation in democracy in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania and removes the impact of most variables that dominate current statistical research about democracy. The association between Protestant missions and democracy is consistent in different continents and subsamples, and it is robust to more than 50 controls and to instrumental variable analyses. ocial scientists tend to ignore religion in the processes of post-Enlightenment modernization. In individual cases and events, the role of religious actors is clear—especially in the primary documents. Yet in broad histories and comparative analyses, religious groups are pushed to the periphery, only to pop out like a jack-in-the-box from time to time to surprise and scare people and then shrink...
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...“It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried.” Human history has consisted of ever-changing beliefs, philosophies, social orders and politics, all of which have played a role in shaping the modern world. Democracy, through its merits, is one of the most valuable progressions in political regimes to this day, promoting common welfare and equality, granting individual liberties, imposing a responsibility to the people, and allowing for peaceful and steady changes of government. The foundations of modern-day democracy can be found in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the popularity of enlightenment ideals and the rise of an intellectual community that gave way to a growing criticism of absolute governments. All across Europe and even the Americas, dissatisfaction with the government grew as increased taxes and isolation from the ruling classes led to poverty, and ultimately revolts and disturbances targeted towards the absolute monarchies. In Switzerland and the Austrian Netherlands, urban radicals rejected the authority of Emperor Joseph II in Vienna. The American Revolution began with the colonial elite dissatisfaction with the government in London, while Britain and France had a succession of absolutist leaders who refused to share governing rights. The abuse and misuse of power by absolute monarchs inexorably led to the rise of modern democracy, as evident in the gradual decrease of monarchal power in...
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...perspective of an outsider. Erez chose not to focus on the subsequent peace process that followed after the war and its impact on the main powers like European powers but rather he focused on the impact of the peace process on the side states like Korea and china. These countries didn’t play a major or rather significant role in the peace process in fact they were largely ignored. Central to his thesis is the Wilsonian message of national self-determination and equality among states. To be well conversant with the encumbrance and openings implanted in China's the excellent place to start is on Jonathan D. Spence's good new book. ''The Search for Modern China,'' a detailed account across centuries from the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1600 up to the point of death of the democracy movement in June 1989, will educate everybody students and public alike of Chinese history. The effect and similar causal sequence of Wilson's discourse from 1918 up to the end of Paris peace conference is what Manela defines as the "Wilsonian Moment. As per Manela, Wilson radical ideals was based on his need and determination for all the nations of the earth to become self-governed and to embrace colonial ideologies. Wilson was directing his message to Europe audience but the broadcasting media in Europe send the message across the globe and it was welcomed by leaders from non-western developing countries. The nationalistic movement emerge especially within eastern countries following up on Wilson’s vision. Manila...
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...HIST. 109 READING JOURNAL(S) II & III CHAPTERS 5 - 12 In chapter five I learn quite a few key points in history I was not aware of. For one it appears that much of early America and Europe are in turmoil as there are several distinct conflicts that arise; most based on difference of opinion or beliefs. “The political fate of North America also remained in question, as the English, the French, and the Indians continued to struggle for supremacy over the continent; developments during the half-century after 1700 intensified both social diversity and political uncertainty, resulting in an increasing incidence of violent conflict.” I feel young Americas early development was all over the place as all its settlers were trying to figure out what worked best for themselves. Everything from religion, difference in opinion on the subject of slavery, and enlightenment had early Americans at each other throats. Even though a centuries worth of settlement had elapsed, no one seemed to legitimately “settle”. I feel like early Americans were over zealous; everyone had their own idea of how things should work in the new land and no one could make up their mind or settle on one image. This is to be expected in my opinion as there were those still faithful to backcountry beliefs, English immigrants, who contradicted with non-English immigrants ideals. It was that difference in beliefs that had drew cause for conflict and war. Britain tried to choke hold Americans into submission by...
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...NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE:POL 122 COURSE TITLE:INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS COURSE GUIDE POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Course Writer/Developer Mr. Sikiru Lanre Nurudeen Department of Political Science and Conflict Resolution Al – Hikmah University, Ilorin Kwara State Course Editor Prof. M. Olarotimi Ajayi Faculty of Social Sciences Covenant University Otta Course Coordinator Mr. Abdul-Rahoof A. Bello National Open University of Nigeria ii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-415-3 All Rights Reserved iii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ………………………………………….…………… 1 Course Aims ……………………………………………………… 1 Course Objectives ………………………………………………... 1 Working through Course……………………………………. This 2 Course Materials………………………………………………….. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………. . 2 Text books and References……………………………………….. 3 Assessment File…………………………………………………… 3 Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………….. ……………… 4 iv POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Final Examination Grading…………………………………...
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...Bradford was a man who played several roles in colonial America: Pilgrim, governor, and historian. A native of Yorkshire, England, Bradford joined the Separatist movement while a teenager. After enduring religious persecution, he and other Pilgrims (a name Bradford gave his Separatist group) eventually immigrated to America on the Mayflower in 1620. As a leader of Plymouth Colony, Bradford served off and on as governor for thirty years. Bradford is best known for his two-book series Of Plymouth Plantation, written 1630-1650, documenting the early years of Plymouth Colony. Several poems and dialogues aimed at teaching younger generations characterized his later writing. Bradford’s writings are significant in American Literature...
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...the preexisting democratic framework and the small percentage of the population that actually gained utility from these efforts, the American Revolution can be viewed as less of a radical revolution and more of a conservative movement by white male colonists to continue to exercise a form of democratic government they had had before King George started further implementing oppressive British policies. Louis Hartz highlights characteristics that not only make the American Revolution unique from other revolutions around the world, but also more conservative in comparison. Hartz claims that America was a unique case because the Revolutionary effort was not an “effort to build a new society on the ruins of an old society,”1 as all other revolutions of the time were, but rather an effort to preserve most of what they had inherited and rid themselves of Britain’s tyrannical policies that kept America from being autonomous. Hartz argues that Americans were “bred in a freer world” so therefore they were “animated by a different set of passions and looked forward to different goals”2 than other revolutionists around the globe. Thus Americans did not have a...
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...LAST 170 Midterm Exam: Wednesday, October 22 and Friday, October 24, 2014. Wednesday and Friday during usual class time •Students with last names beginning with A-K will take the test in 100 Gregory Hall •Students with last names beginning with L-Z will take the test in 1LIB 66 •Please bring a #2 pencil. Friday: students will go to their scheduled discussion sections and take the second part of the exam. Format: 3 mini-essay answer; 40-60 multiple-choice questions; 5-10 fill-in-the-blank questions; and 5-10 two-sentence answers. Short-essay answer: concisely answer the following questions. Be prepared to answer all of them. ACTUAL QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM 1) Consider what you learned in lecture and from the readings by Rohter, Guimarães, Goldstein, Vaughan, and Stout. Discuss how people are racialized in Brazil and Cuba. Be sure to cover the following issues: a. What historical conditions explain the high level of inequality in these countries? Why are socio-economic conditions connected to race? (10 pts) b. Provide one concrete example from the readings that shows how constructions of race in Brazil and Cuba are similar, and one concrete example from the readings to show how they are different (10 pts) c. Discuss why identities are mediated and how media is used as part of the process of racialization (10 pts). Use one example provided in class to explain your argument (10 pts). 2) Considering the movie “Even the Rain” and from...
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...Self government is a government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony and a democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. Prior to 1776, traces of self government and democracy can be dated back to occurrences by the 13 British North American Colonies such as the House of Burgesses and the Trial of John Peter Zenger in New York. The House of Burgesses was America's first representative assembly for making laws .The Trial of John Peter Zenger in New York was a trial that played an essential role in acquiring freedom of the press. These events established self government and democracy long before the Declaration of Independence was written and are significant because it helped shaped America’s government....
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...Thomas Paine did not believe that mercantilism was a fair economic system. Paine went against the mercantilist notion that America could only function with a connection to Great Britain. In Common Sense (CS), Paine wrote that he wanted free trade with all nations, not just Great Britain. The Trade and Navigation Acts restricted free trade with all nations which went against Paine’s beliefs. Paine was anti-mercantilist, and did not believe government should have a strong role in regards to trade. Paine did believe that the colonies should have representation in the Parliament. Paine wrote the CS which influenced many people to fight for their independence and fight for their representation in the Parliament. In CS, Paine fights for American independence. In his argument, Paine began by comparing both government and society and gave his opinions and views on both. According to Paine, society is everything constructive that people join together to accomplish. Whereas government, is an institution whose only purpose is to protect us from our own misconduct. Paine believed that the people would be much happier if they were responsible for their own creation laws and rules. Paine argued that this type of system of representation would benefit the American colonists. He wanted a...
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...American values, politics, and society. 2. The Transformation of the West Group 1 e. Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. f. Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions. g. Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. h. Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. Group 2 i. Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity. j. Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. k. Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have...
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...are two questions that we should ask ourselves; what is it that we want to compare? What are the strategies of comparison or the perspectives of comparison? There are issues and problems that when comparing you have to deal with both internal and external to the system of criminal justice. There are multiple perspectives that are to be used: historical, systematic, relativistic, and cultural perspectives. First is the Historical perspective, which is the perspective of understanding the history and the evolution of criminal justice. Before the rise of the nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most of the world societies were ruled for centuries by different monarchies, kingdoms, and colonial powers. China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all had some kind of historical or traditional law. As for China they were under a traditional law that demanded that any offender must confess and voluntarily surrender. But this somewhat changed when the Qing law was reinforced, this caused the obligations to change by making provisions for alternative sentencing for those who surrendered and by lengthening the limitations of time to surrender. But a short time after the Qing dynasty disintegrated in 1912. By 1912 and 1949, China established a republican government, many Chinese urban intellectuals began to be exposed to western liberal values, and the government was aiming to borrow criminal justice from the West. There would be no comparative understanding...
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...That was the same year he returned to America to be the principal framer of the Massachusetts Constitution. By the early 1780s, Adams returned to Europe once again, accommodating in a diplomatic capacity. In 1783, he, along with John Jay and Benjamin Franklin helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris, which ended all aggression between America and Britain. After peace was met he would be vice president and eventually become president of America. When asked about the war and the revolution by Thomas Jefferson, Adams responded with “….What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760–1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.” This shows that Adams believes that the war was not the cause of independence but it was the people coming together for their freedom. As far as religion goes John Adams was reared as a Congregationalist, but in adulthood became a Unitarian, which at the time held Protestant Christian views. He acknowledged the role religion played in public life and attended church services, but he was not committed to...
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... The thirteen North American colonies united to break free of the British Empire and become a new nation; The United State of America. A revolution can be defined as, the change in power or the constitution stirring in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described revolution as complete change from one constitution to another (Sinclair 190). And this is precisely what happened two centuries ago in the United State. But the question needed to be answered is, was the American War of Independence really a war for independence or a revolution? The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a climax in the political American Revolution rather than just a war for independence, ideologically influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers and writers of the Great Britain. Benjamin Rush remarked in 1787, "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed." 2 This drama staged in the Pennsylvania State House in summer of 1776 remains the only most important chapter in the archives of American Revolution. Although, the political atmosphere in France during its uprising was to a certain extent dissimilar than that in America reason being, that there never happened a full scale war in France and unlike the loyalist in America, the French revolution had an immense support of the upper class elite. Nevertheless, the American War on Independence can be weigh...
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