...Food Web Case Study Explain theory in your own words based on the case study Food web is an essential ecological concept. A food web commonly used for Basically, food web represents feeding relationships within a community (Smith and Smith 2009). Food webs are essentially used as an ecological concept that models the predator-prey relationship. Based on the case study, each food web is a descriptive diagram including a series of lines connecting one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. The feeding It also implies the transfer of food energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores (Krebs 2009). Normally, food webs consist of a number of food chains meshed together. Each food chain is a descriptive diagram including a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. Food web offers an important tool for investigating the ecological interactions that define energy flows and predator-prey relationship (Cain et al. 2008). The fundamental purpose of food webs is to describe feeding relationship among species in a community. Food webs can be constructed to describe the species interactions. All species in the food webs can be distinguished into basal species (autotrophs, such as plants), intermediate species (herbivores and intermediate level carnivores, such as grasshopper and...
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...Refreshment PLC case study question: Discuss the concept of strategic drift and from the viewpoint of Refreshment PLC, identify the likely main strategic drivers that are likely to apply in the case of the proposed strategic alliance. Whenever strategy is discussed, there has to be a starting point and a desired end point in a given timescale. Strategy is the process or way of getting to the desired state or end point. Strategic drift occurs when external and internal events, foreseeable and unforeseeable impact and alter the course of the strategy, thus effectively misaligning the strategy with the desired outcomes and achieving an altered course of action. This veering off from the set path or strategy is called strategic drift. Basically, Refreshment PLC aims to infiltrate new Asian markets for its flagship product line which markets its product as low calorie and sugar free. Refreshment sees the Asian market as huge marketing potential and as per strategy, following strategic drivers have been identified: Strategic Drivers: The alliance which is being formed will help both Refreshment PLC and Scorpion in attaining mutual strategic objectives which are relevant to each partner respectively. Evolutionary Drivers: As refreshment PLC found out the market for its products in Europe is saturated, so it needs to go for greener pastures, in essence market its products in larger markets. It is a very feasible option as information flow mechanisms and the internet have made it...
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...Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans. It is difficult to discuss toxic phenomena at different levels of biological organisation separately because of complex relationship and interlinking between such levels. It should be noted that every biological level toxicology includes chemical and/or molecular toxicology in a sense. Scientists need to study natural situations to understand life processes and to investigate how introducing a particular substance can change living systems. It is often helpful to break a process into steps and then investigate how introduction of the substance affects each step. This first stage in toxicity assessment takes place in vitro. The investigator can pinpoint the various changes that could occur when a compound encounters a living cell and then make safety recommendations. Only a few substances successfully pass these initial trials. Those substances must then be tested further. Humans and other living things—plants, animals, and even molds and bacteria—are complex systems. The processes in any organism are far more complicated than just the sum of the individual parts. It is difficult to replicate at the lab bench the complex interactions. When safety is not assured, ethical research procedures restrict testing on...
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...USE OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA (TAWA-TAWA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE PATIENTS USE OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA (TAWA-TAWA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE PATIENTS SUMMARY OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY/TOLERABILITY DATA Review of related literature revealed that there is no sufficient evidence to support the efficacy and safety of Euphorbia hirta (tawa-tawa) in the management of patients with dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever INTRODUCTION Euphorbia hirta, more commonly known as tawa-tawa, gatas-gatas, or botobotonis in the Philippines, is a small, erect or ascending, slender-stemmed, annual herb, spreading up to 45 cm tall, though sometimes can be seen lying down. The plant has a hairy stem with many branches from the base to the top. The stem and leaves of E. hirta produce a white or milky juice when cut. This plant commonly grows in tropical countries, especially in roadsides and on wasteland. It is widely abundant in the Philippines.1,2,3 E. hirta is also known as E. pulifera, E. capitata, Chamaesyce hirta, snakeweed, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, asthma weed, and asthma plant.4,5 Whole plant or leaf extracts of Euphorbia hirta is known to have a multitude of actions in the biological system.6 In Asia and Australia, the herb is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions including asthma, coughs, diarrhea, and dysentery. In east, central, and west Africa, a decoction of the herb is used to treat asthma, oral thrush, boils, sores, and...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...1. Discuss spread of communicable diseases and the environment’s mediating role. More people are at risk of communicable diseases than at any other time on history. Communicable diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Communicable diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses an even greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Global development strategies are needed to reduce communicable diseases. In the future, communicable diseases are likely to grow in the United States. For the United States cannot ensure safety for its citizens without noting other diseases in the world. If the United States investigates other outbreaks, they can learn how to best prevent and treat diseases prior to them coming to the country. Numerous agencies are involved in efforts to fight communicable diseases. Just recently, a task force that was chaired by a number of agencies (CDC, FDA, NIH) developed a blueprint for agencies to develop programs to fight disease. United States agencies are also providing advice and support to the WHO, NGOs, banks and foundations. There are numerous ways to combat these diseases. Improved education and awareness of the disease is essential in preventing it. NGOs can provide training in these areas. Another way of prevention is improved living conditions. Poor sanitation, overcrowding and malnutrition...
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...4.1 Answers Remembering 1 Helps you find what you want. 2 Types, subject and author. Understanding 3 a Function of item b Service it provides c Season or popularity d Year the car was made or the model (type) of car e Genre 4 Similarities: Branching and dichotomous keys start with one large group and slowly divides into smaller more defined groups. Each division is a choice. Differences: Branching keys offer two or more divisions at each branch, whereas dichotomous keys have only two choices at each branch. Applying 5 a beetle b butterfly c grasshopper d mosquito e rhino beetle f termite solider Analysing 6 a Herman b Ken c Eugene d Louisa e Jane 7 Xero 8 Student responses will vary. [pic] Evaluating 9 Student responses will vary. Creating 10 Student responses will vary. a How are all the lollies at the cinema different? b Why are boys’ names different? 11 Student responses will vary. [pic] 12 Student responses will vary. 13 Student responses will vary. 14 Student responses will vary. An example follows: 1 a short Chris b not short Go to 2 2 a male Ro b not male Go to 3 3 a brunette Marg b not brunette Jacinta 15 Student responses will vary. 16 Student responses will vary. Examples follow: a [pic] b 1 a Lives in water ...
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...CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Infectious diseases represent a serious health problem today and account for one third of all deaths worldwide (Perumal et al., 2012), and herbal medicine has been used in many parts of the world as a rich tradition for the treatment of these infectious diseases (Titilope et al., 2012), both infectious and non-infectious. Attah et al. (2012) makes similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases which is one of the areas that is gaining grounds and acceptability world-wide (p.1). According to the World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to acquire different effective drugs and, therefore, those plants should undergo investigation to have a better understanding of their properties, safety and efficacy (Rajeh et al., 2010; Nascimiento et al., 2000). There are some published reports describing the antimicrobial activity of various crude plant extracts (Igoli et al., 2005; Alzoreky et al., 2003). It is estimated that there are about 2.5 million species of higher plants and the majority of these have not yet been examined for their pharmacological activities (Ram et al., 2003). In relation with the applications of herbal plants, weed, which is a plant that grows out of place and is competitive, persistent and pernicious (James et al., 1991), have been a part of civilization and...
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...Adasia S. Zackery Mrs. Howard World History (Honors) 29 November 2014 Egypt Geography The transcontinental country of Egypt is located in the northern part of Africa right alongside the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Egypt shares borders with the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, plus the countries of Libya, Israel, and Sudan. Egypt is mainly made up of desert plateaus, yet the Nile River flows through its eastern part. The country is 386,662 square miles, which make it the 30th largest country in the entire world. The Egypt is normally humid and hot, but the nights are cool. Since Egypt only has two seasons, humid summers and mild winters, the temperatures change tremendously, yet in the winter they don’t seem to change drastically. In fact, in the coastal regions the temperature can range from a minimum of 14°C in the winter to a maximum of 30°C in the summer. In the inland areas temperatures vary widely in the summer. They can range from 7°C at nighttime to 43° in the day. In the winter the temperatures range from 0°C at night to 18°C in the daytime. Winter lasts from November to April, and the summers are from May to October. There aren’t many variations between the two seasons besides the temperature in the daytime and the day-to-day winds. The country barely receives and rain on a yearly basis. In fact, Egypt’s wettest area is the Alexandria, which only receives a maximum of 200 millimeters of rain each year. Egypt receives winds, known as the sirocco and the khamsin...
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...Proceedings of the National Seminar on River Valley Civilization of Chhatisgarh & New Research in Indian Archaeology.Raipur,C.G. p.227 to 244 CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE TRIBAL ART IN CENTRAL INDIA: A CASE OF THE BODY DECORATION OF THE BAIGA TRIBE Dr. Basanta Kumar Mohanta1 Dr. Mohan Lal Chadhar2 Abstract The tribal arts, crafts and architectures are one of the most fascinating parts of their culture. The knowledge of this art is a hereditary one which transmits from generation to generation through oral tradition. The art of tattooing or body decoration is widely found among the tribal of India in general and the tribals of Central India in particular, which is treated as an integral part of their life and culture. Baiga is one of the Particularly Venerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of Central India, known for their traditional method of treatment and shifting cultivation. They live in a particular forested area of Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, identified as “Baigachawk” and its neighbouring area. Both the male and female Baigas are very fond of body decoration. Besides, the female members like to decorate their body with different kinds of tattoos, known as Godna. Each of these tattoos has a specific cultural significance and tattooed at a particular age and a specific location of the body. It is related to their religion, belief system, health care practice, body decoration, social status, wealth etc. In this present paper an emphasis has been given on the importance...
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...Feminist perspectives are slowly becoming the standard for deconstructing popular culture. When doing so issues of masculine hegemony, gender roles, heteronormativity, objectivity, and an abundance of other concepts that stir up controversy are brought to the surface. Popular culture allows for the challenging of problems women have faced for many years, but it some cases is adheres to these traditions. It is vital to be able to see the overall message in a pop culture text in order to understand its implications. Some texts hold messages that were not intended to be there in the first place. There will forever be controversy when it comes to pop culture, especially when it comes to television shows, as the average Canadian watches 30 hours of T.V a week. (Ryan, 2013) When being constantly exposed to these messages it is important to know what information you are being fed. Some shows are more complex than others, and consist of mixed messages when looking at them from a feminist standpoint. One example of this would be The Mindy Project, a sitcom that first aired in 2012, and has since gained an average of $2.34 million viewers per episode, (IMDb, 2012) The Mindy Project is packed full of messages that can be depicted from a feminist standpoint, but are often blurred behind the hilarity it is known for. To give a brief synopsis of the show, Mindy Lahiri, played by Mindy Kaling, also the director of the show is the main character and also the narrator. The show is about her...
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...What is Cloning? Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Below, find out how natural identical twins are similar to and different from clones made through modern cloning technologies. How Is Cloning Done? Many people first heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep showed up on the scene in 1997. Artificial cloning technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though. There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy of an organism in a lab: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. 1. Artificial Embryo Twinning Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins. In nature, twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens in the first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilized egg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical. Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but it is carried out in a Petri dish instead of inside the mother. A very early embryo is separated into individual cells, which are allowed...
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...Free Essays Home Search Essays FAQ Contact Search: Go View Cart / Checkout Search Results Free Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Search by keyword: wind Sort By: Go Your search returned over 400 essays for "wind" 1 2 3 4 5 Next >> These results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search). You may also sort these by color rating or essay length. Title Length Color Rating Wind Power and Wildlife Issues in Kansas - ... Turbines can produce electricity at wind speeds as low as 9 miles per hour, reach their peak of production at 33 miles per hour, plus shut down and turn sideways at wind speeds above 56 miles per hour. An average wind speed at the site of a turbine is 20 miles per hour. Because of these features on the towers, they rank Kansas the 3rd in the US for wind energy potential. The Gray County Wind Farm in Kansas, powered by Florida Power and Light Energy, has collected data from 2001-2009 on electricity production.... [tags: kansas, wind energy, wind turbines] :: 1 Works Cited 1537 words (4.4 pages) $29.95 [preview] Analysis of Wind Turbine Designs - Abstract Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and one of the most philanthropic men in history giving over 28 billion dollars to charity so far, states his number one wish for the world wouldn't be to rid the world of aids, vaccinate kids around the world, or feed every starving children; instead, it would be...
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...Tablet I Summary The story begins with a prologue introducing us to the main character, Gilgamesh, the Priest-King of Uruk. Gilgamesh’s mother is Ninsun, sometimes referred to as the Lady Wildcow Ninsun. She was a goddess, endowing Gilgamesh with a semi-divine nature. Lugulbanda, a priest, was his father. Gilgamesh constructed the great city of Uruk along the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, and surrounded it intricately decorated walls. He also built a temple for the goddess Ishtar, the goddess of love, and her fatherAnu, the father of the gods. Gilgamesh is credited with opening passages through the mountains. He traveled to the Nether World and beyond it, where he met Utnapishtim, the sole survivor of the great flood that almost ended the world, the one who had been given immortality. When he returned to Uruk, he wrote everything down on a tablet of lapis lazuli and locked it in a copper chest. As the story begins, Gilgamesh is a tyrannical leader who shows little regard for his people. He takes what he wants from them and works them to death constructing the walls of Uruk. He sleeps with brides on their wedding night, before their husbands. It is said that no one can resist his power. The old men of Uruk complain and appeal to the gods for help. The gods hear their cries and instruct Aruru, the goddess of creation, to make someone strong enough to act as a counterforce to Gilgamesh. Aruru takes some clay, moistens it with her spit, and forms another man, namedEnkidu. Enkidu...
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...African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (8), pp. 1643-1650, 20 April, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis based on socio-economic documentation Arshad Mehmood Abbasi1, Mir Ajab Khan1, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Muhammad Zafar1*, Hamayun Khan2, Niaz Muhammad2 and Shazia Sultana1 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan. 2 Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Accepted 14 November, 2008 The present study deals with socio-economic documentation of medicinal plant species against jaundice and hepatitis. A total of 30 plant species belonging to 24 families were reported by local practitioners for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis. The most important plant species are Adiantum capillus, Boerhaavia procumbens, Equisetum debile, Carissa opaca,Cucumis sativus, Hordeum vulgare, Justacia adhatoda, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus niruri, Plantago ovata, Prunus domestica, Punica granatum, Raphnus sativus, Rhus chinensis, Saccharum officinarum and Tamarandus indica. Key words: Medicinal plants, jaundice, hepatitis, Socio-economic documentation. INTRODUCTION From the very beginning of human existence, man has familiarized himself with plants and used them in a variety of ways throughout the ages. In search of food and to cope successfully with human...
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