...Benedict: The Rule Context The Christian church has taken on a new social structure as a result of the peace of Constantine. The persecution has ceased and the church has become powerful as acceptance is found for the Christian. The church now becomes open to the influence of riches and comfortable living, and the theology of the church conforms taking on a structure like that of the imperial empire. Aristocracy and privilege is accepted within the church, which leads to lack of discipline. This opens the door to division and scrutiny within the church and its believers. The monastic movement comes as a result from this scrutiny. There are those who believe that that the current security and life of comfort are enemies of the church. They leave for the desert where they seek out a way of asceticism. Paul and Anthony were both monks who sought this life in the Egyptian desert, seeking solitude and a place away from the temptations and chaos. Two generations later Benedict, who was born to Roman aristocracy in the small town of Nursia in 480 A. D., is influenced by this same struggle and seeks to live in solitude. At the age of 20 he leaves the city and lives as a hermit for three years in a cave developing a following of people seeking the same discipline and structure. He builds a monastery in Monte Cassino, where they can practice asceticism. Benedict’s rule is his structured framework for the monastic society. His rule proved to not be as harsh as the monks in the...
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...Was Socrates and Enemy of the States? It’s well known that Socrates, a classical Greek Philosopher, who speaks in a simple plain conversational manner. He does not have many material possessions. He is also one of the most important figures in the history of western philosophy. Socrates method of doctrines consists of questioning others who claimed to have great knowledge or wisdom, and through elenchus, cross examination, showing them that they were in fact ignorant. Thus, his influence lies not in the theories he advanced but his method of approaching questions, and unrelenting scrutiny. With this, he was accused of corrupting the thought of the young people, his students and by failing to honor the gods of the city (Plato p24b, c). 1. What is your initial point of view? No, Socrates was not an enemy of the state. Enemy of the state is usually referred to those who oppose the core values of the system. The Athenians thought that Socrates is against the state and the over-ruling of the government. He strongly believes in living one’s philosophy and the pursuit of one’s belief is necessary for all intelligent man. He was seen as an enemy of the states by criticizing some of the ways of the Athenians in his teachings. He announced himself having doubts about the democracy as an effective form of government, as well as about the authority of city religious system. 2. How can you define your point of view clearly? Socrates developed unique methods and philosophies in...
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...In this paper I want to focus on Virtue ethics and why I believe virtue ethics is the way to go when it comes down to personal and professional development in life and business. In personal/life development, virtue ethics transforms the paradigm of doing “what is right and wrong?” to a freedom of thinking in “what kind of person you are and does this action fit into what you are?”. Virtue ethics in personal development allows a dynamic way of thinking that allows a person to grow and learn that everything isn’t black and white as Kantian ethics suggest neither is it as dutiful as Utilitarian ethics. Virtue ethics in professional and business development allows for definition or a guiding light in a sense, in terms of question if your business is performing for your patients best interests if you’re in medicine or are you looking to provide a real solution for your prospects financial trouble and not stealing homes, if you’re in the buying real estate business. To explain and understand virtue ethics, you would first need to know Aristotle and understand his philosophies on virtuous society and what he considers virtuous behavior. Aristotle was an intelligent man being a student of Plato and teaching Alexander the Great. Aristotle’s written and spoken works were very serious and influential in subjects from logic to biology, meta physics to ethics and poetry that he was literally known to his colleagues as “The Philosopher”. With...
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...help he knows she will grant it and “perform it / To the last article”. This is important as the more Desdemona pursues Cassio’s suit, the more evidence he can present to Othello and the larger the rift he can drive between them. It is not just Othello who plays into Iago’s hands; Desdemona, Cassio and Emilia all fall victim to his scheming plans. The way Desdemona pursues Cassio’s cause at the most unfortunate times and the sheer amount of time she spends with him or talking about him in Act 3, Scene 3, encouraged by Iago, merely places her under more and more scrutiny from and Othello. Also, how Cassio slinks about in front of Othello out of embarrassment makes him appear guilty and secretive. Emilia’s fault was to have hidden Iago’s deceptive and cruel nature. All these things show how Othello was played by Iago. I think this takes some of the blame a way from Othello’s actions. Iago’s ability to know peoples virtues and exploit them, coupled with his innate ability to twist or spin an event however it benefits him most is very powerful. For example, at the beginning of a scene Cassio is talking with Desdemona and Emilia but leaves as soon as Othello and Iago come near due to his admirable sense of propriety. When Iago sees this, he simply says “Ha! I like not that”, he does not have to say anything more as yet; he has already planted a seed of doubt in Othello’s mind which...
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...Assignment 3: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Major Dr. Lynn MacBeth Law and Ethics in the Business Environment September 8, 2013 Ethical issues related to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety. “Advertising ministers to the spiritual side of trade…it is a great power…part of the greater work of the regeneration and redemption of mankind” (Halbert, 2012). This is a very powerful statement and is completely true as the only way to get ahead in this world as it pertains to business is to be able to advertise and market one’s products efficiently, effectively, and ethically. One ethical issue related to marketing would be the whole idea of false advertising that is present by companies that market and advertise their products. This is an ethical issue because false advertising is misleading to consumers. Consumers trust certain companies and the products they put into the marketplace. An ethical issue that relates to intellectual property would be one that is present amongst many educational institutions all over the world, which would be plagiarism. Plagiarism is the use of someone else’s work as your own without giving proper allocation and praise to the original author. Copyright infringement would be another ethical issue that deals with the stealing of the original authors of works of art, music, and other original masterpieces. There are two essential...
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...selling large amounts of product at costs much lower than its competitors. This was done by keeping their profit margins low. Walton's vision was definitely a successful one, reportedly, the store sells over $42 million in merchandise per hour. With great success, there also comes great strife as well and the company has also had its share of controversy. The Walmart corporation has based their business model on profit. Their moral perspectives and ethical views are aligned with this ideology as well. The company has globalized and continue to expand based on their low operating costs which flow down to the prices of the products they provide. Walmart has faced much scrutiny but are able to withstand much criticism when it comes to their legal ethical practices. Issues come into play when virtue ethics come into question in regard to the treatment of their employees. As a corporation, they are among one of the many that toe the line between what is legal versus what is ethical. They are notorious for paying low wages with minimal if any benefit packages to their female and minority employees. They are facing legal action in China from workers' unions because...
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...Ethics Monique Giron MGT/498 September 25, 2012 Robert Jenkins Ethics Ethics are a set of values subjected to analysis based on morals varying by each individual’s belief systems. Moral factors are represented differently given the nature and personal beliefs of human beings involved in certain social settings or working environments. Ethics deal with a person’s values, beliefs, virtues, and relevance of duties in an organization or working environment. When ethics are subjected to analysis the relevance of behaving ethically or unethically differ according to moral reasoning set by a person’s background or cultural upbringing. For the discussion on ethics details will explain the role of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan while considering stakeholder needs and agendas. Further along in the ethics discussion will include one example of a company overstepping ethical boundaries for stakeholder agendas and what types of preventative measures could be taken to avoid this type of situation. The relationship of ethics in a social setting can require strategic planning based on the responsibilities an organization sets for employees providing different components in a social setting. The strategic responsibility in developing a strategic plan is set into motion by strong leadership in management that should provide a guideline for a strategic management process. Role of Ethics and Social Responsibilities The roles of ethics based on a person’s...
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...Issues of Corporate Responsibility Page 3 2.1 Issues Relating to Outsourcing Page 4 and 5 2.2 Child Labour Page 5 and 6 2.3 The Use of Animal Fur and Environmental Issues Page 6 and 7 3.0 Best Practice Within the Sector Page 7 3.1 Primark, Compensation and Utilitarianism Page 7 and 8 3.2 H&M, Child Labour and Deontology Page 8 3.3 M&S and Virtue Theory Page 8 and 9 4.0 Recommendations Page 9 4.1 Responsibility Auditing Page 9 4.2 Education Page 9 and 10 4.3 Making a Stand Against Animal Fur Page 10 5.0 Conclusion Page 10 6.0 References Page 11 and 12 7.0 Appendices Page 13, 14, 15 and 16 2 1.0 What is Corporate Responsibility? Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is “about businesses and other organizations going beyond the legal obligations to manage the impact they have on the environment and society.” (Lea, 2002) In recent years, the fashion retailing sector in Europe has gained a lot of media interest over its irresponsibility to society and its employees. Some companies which have been under scrutiny around this issue include: Primark, Zara and H&M as well as many other brands which are increasingly popular on the high street today. 2.0 Key Issues of Corporate Responsibility Responsibility in business terms can be defined as how a business‟s “operating activities impact on society, the environment and the economy.” In order to be responsible, companies “look at their stakeholders...
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...“Takaful and Insurance” A comparative study Submitted to : Dr.Aziz-ur-Rehman safee Submitted by: [Year] Comparative study of Takaful and insurance [Type the company name] [Pick the date] CONVENTIONAL INSURANCE AND TAKAFUL: CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DIFFERENCES M.Arsalan Tahir & Hatim jabbar Abstract: This study attempts to differentiate concepts and operations to execute the conventional insurance and Takaful. Management, financing, ownership and accounting system creates difference between both apparatus. Conventional insurance based on Riba (interest), Gharrar (uncertainty) and Maisir (Gambling), which are prohibited in Islam. Unlike Insurance, Tabbarro (voluntarily) and Ta’wan (mutual assistance) are cornerstone of Takaful fund. Rich literature in study, collected from secondary source, describe the differences discussed above. INTRODUCTION: Miss haps, disasters, damages and risks are inevitable in Human life, but manageable. To manage risks, damages through fire, floods, accidents, and Business, Man has find out ways to protect him from these challenges. Conventional insurance and Takaful are the ways to protect lose, but both have major differences in concepts and operations. Insurance definition According to Pfeiffer (1956) defines as “insurance is a device for the reduction of risk of one party, called the insured, through the transfer of particular risks to another party, called the insurer, who offers a restoration, at least in part...
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...In the 30s, one of the public's most prominent cinematic whims was to submit the bizarre, the unfathomable, the dangerous or the eccentric to the scrutiny of scientific exploration. This caprice was capitalized in exotic adventures that sharply contrasted with the lameness of real life, and that, by virtue of their populist nature, reinforced certain ideological agendas and even social prejudices largely extinguished today. This movie descends from a long tradition of jungle movies in America, specifically, a subgenre that explored pseudo-romantic relationships between apes and...
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...given to men that they may use it… To prohibit what they think pernicious is not claiming from error, but fulfilling the duty incumbent on them, although fallible, of acting on their conscientious conviction. If we were never to act on our opinions, because those opinions may be wrong, we should leave all our interests uncared for, and all our duties underperformed.” (p. 18). In this passage, Mill argues that “judgment,” in this case the ability to question and criticize, is so necessary and vital to the point that it holds a place of importance above human “interests” and “duties.” Mill believes that constant reflection and assessment is so necessary that even if the majority opinion is true, it should nonetheless go through continual scrutiny so as to avoid a static society: “when the received opinions are true… it might be...
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...Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Commons: * It is an elected chamber, hence enjoys democratic legitimacy. * Composed of 650 MPs, whereby each has been elected to represent a constituency. * It therefore has supremacy and the commons may thus pass any bill that they wish and the Lords may only delay it becoming law. * Executive can therefore only govern if it retains the confidence of the House of Commons. * It the executive loses the vote of confidence, it has no option but to resign and hence provoking a general elections. * Given that there are two Houses of Parliament, the system is called Bicameral. Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Lords: * It compromises of four types of Lords. * The vast majority is Life Peers, where they have been appointed to the House of Lords by the Prime Minister on his own recommendations and that of other party leaders. * While a smaller number of People’ Peers have been appointed by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. * There are 92 Hereditary Peers. * There is Lords Spiritual, the 26 Bishops of the Church of England. * However they are not elected and therefore does not enjoy democratic legitimacy the powers of the Lords are inferior to those of House of Commons. * This means all they can do to proposed legislation that they disapprove of its delay it for one year. * But they cannot do this to the budget. * According to the Salisbury Convention, they...
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...need to maximize benefits but rather focuses on utility, 2) when calculating benefits, utilitarian’s consider themselves equally with others in the equation, 3) utilitarian’s focus on long-term consequences in addition to the short-term benefit-harm ratio. According to utilitarianism an act is not moral only because its benefits outweighs its harm, instead one where utility i.e. satisfaction has been maximized. (Frederick, 1999, pp. 17-19) 2. Unlike the utilitarian approach, the Virtue ethics approach does not take into account the principles of the action, the action itself, or the consequences of the action, rather focusing on the values and moral character of the person performing the act. Characteristics are the personal virtues. (Frederick, p. 30) The shortcomings of virtue ethics are its inability to solve the problem of dilemma when a person has contradictory values. Second, the justification problem, because every culture has different virtues how do you justify which character traits are virtues. (Hursthouse, 2013) 3. Deontological ethics approach judges the morality of an action based on expectations from the person based on a rule. Different forms of deontology include: rights, contractualism, divine command ethics, monistic deontology and duty. In the first form of deontology, Rights, an action is moral if it respects the right of other individuals. Contractualism considers an action morally right if it agrees with the rules and rational moral agents bring into social...
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...Chief and sheriff are two different positions. A Sheriff is generally (but not always) the highest, usually elected, law-enforcement officer of a county. Chiefs of Police usually are municipal employees who owe their allegiance to a city. Oftentimes, Chiefs are appointed by the Mayor of a city; or, they may be appointed by or subject to the confirmation of a Police Commission. Being a chief in a large city or county sheriff is a very challenging profession and rank. They are the leaders that control a squad. The three skills that are required of a police chief in a large city or a county sheriff would be: communication skills, leadership, and management skills. A police chief must have good communication, because they are the head of the department. When an officer needs help to address a situation the chief takes the officer place to address the situation with the individual. They have to know what to say at the right given time to the right person. According to Greene (2007), “The chief, as a communicator, must build lines of communications not only within the police department but among the community and other government entities” (p. 930). Being a chief holds great responsibility, since the public hears what the chief says on the news. The community looks for answers that the police cannot give. Another skill that a chief in a large city or county sheriff needs is good leadership skills because they must be the leader and set an example to their fellow officers. They must...
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...The purpose of this essay is to discuss the meaning, nature and scope of administrative laws and administrative ethics. In order to achieve this the essay will start by defining the major terms making up the subject, it will further discuss the meaning, nature and scope of administrative laws and administrative ethics. Finally a comprehensive conclusion will be given based on the discussion. There is no universally accepted definition of administrative law, but rationally it may be held to cover the organization, powers, duties, and functions of public authorities of all kinds engaged in administration; their relations with one another and with citizens and nongovernmental bodies; legal methods of controlling public administration; and the rights and liabilities of officials. In other words, administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government. Government agency action can include rulemaking, adjudication, or the enforcement of a specific regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. As a body of law, administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government (for example, tribunals, boards or commissions) that are part of a national regulatory scheme in such areas as police law, international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the twentieth century, as legislative bodies...
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