...Muscle Contruction 2014 Assist. Prof. Dr. Yekbun Adıgüzel Istanbul Kemerburgaz University School of Medicine MED 121 Cell Tissue and Organ Systems I Biophysics Lecture Percentage Contributions of/in Muscles • Muscle composes 40 percent of body weight in adults, and 50 percent, in children • Muscle contains – 75 percent water – 20 percent protein – 5 percent organic and inorganic compounds • 40 percent of body is skeletal muscle • 10 percent of body is smooth and cardiac muscle CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES LOCATION http://biochem.umn.edu/muscle_lectures%5CLec13_Barnett2.pdf NEURAL CONTROL Voluntary ANATOMY OUTPUT TYPICAL ACTIVITY Normally relaxed Skeletal Attached to the skeleton High Cardiac Involuntary Heart High Rhythmically active Normally contracted Smooth Involuntary Viscera Low Modified from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/sk_musc_macro.jpg, http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/neur_musc_junc.jpg Spaces between the myofibrils are filled with intracellular fluid called From:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma. sarcoplasm, containing large quantities of potassium, magnesium, ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sarcomere.png and phosphate, plus multiple protein enzymes. Also there are tremendous numbers of mitochondria… n Myofibril is composed of about 1500 adjacent thick (myosin) filaments and 3000 thin (actin) filaments, which are large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction...
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...1. Compare the three types of muscle cells and relate this to the arrangement of fibers and anatomy. There are three types of muscle cells the cardiac, the skeletal, and the smooth. The cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. This muscle is involuntary because the contractions are not under our control. The cardiac usually have a single nucleus. The cells are often branched and are tightly connected by specialized junctions, the ends of the cells that connect to another cell is the intercalated disc. Both the cardiac and skeletal muscles are called striated because they have dark and light bands. The Skeletal is also called voluntary because its contractions are under our control. There are many myofibrils...
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...700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body.... Muscular System Anatomy Muscle Types There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. 1. Visceral Muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind. The term “smooth muscle” is often used to describe visceral muscle because it has a very smooth, uniform appearance when viewed under a microscope. This smooth appearance starkly contrasts with the banded appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. 2. Cardiac Muscle. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract. The natural pacemaker of the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue that...
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...Chemistry 306 Dr. Mark Lee 05/12/2015 Abstract In common metabolic biochemistry human burns fuel (food) and generate energy. This energy is responsible off doing all types of processes of her body. Human body work in a very complex way when there is a demand on working muscles. During running so many changes are noticeable in human body. Those changes are faster heartbeat, sweating, hurting of muscles and very fast and deep breathing. These things consider normal doing marathon run. In order for runners to run marathon they have to train their body with hours of training. These trainings prepare their different body areas for example heart, lungs and red blood cells. Red blood cells are train so they can release maximum oxygen for muscle use during marathon run. Before the actual race to start runners brain prepared their body for “flight or fight” process. This is done by releasing epinephrine which is also known as Adrenaline. The chemical formula of adrenaline is C9H13NO3. With the release of epinephrine runner’s body get ready for action. Muscles are used in any type of exercise according to Shuo Qing, “during running muscles are working to accelerate body and keep it moving”. Muscles generate force by using energy. In human body, muscle work as an electric motors. They use the chemical called adenosine dry phosphate (ATP) for the source of energy. Three different types of food Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used to generate ATP. But mostly Carbohydrates in...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...Malignant hyperthermia causes a hypermetabolic state in skeletal muscle, which is triggered by high demands for ATP during uncontrolled muscle contractions. a. What is the role of ATP in cross bridge cycling? The role of ATP in cross bridge cycling to is bind to the myosin head to help release the myosin head from the actin. The ATP is then broken down into a configuration to help pull on the actin. b. What is the role of ATP in generating a resting membrane potential? ATP is the energy source for the active transport via the Sodium Potassium pump which functions to keep the outside of the cell slightly positive and the inside of the cell slightly negative. c. What is the role of ATP in maintaining calcium concentration gradients? The role of ATP in maintaining calcium concentration gradients is to help by pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after muscle contraction. 6. Dantrolene is the only drug available to treat malignant hyperthermia. It works by inhibiting calcium channels of the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Explain how this inhibition helps to terminate skeletal muscle contraction. What effect would this have on David’s body...
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...efficiency and energy delivery are deemed very important to achieve a high performance. Recently, shorter sprint competitions have been adopted; skiers are subjected to time-trial qualification race with three knockout heats. The heats take approximately 3-4 minutes and 20 minutes between the heats. Therefore, the ability of the skiers to reproduce subsequent technique, high efficiency, and energy is very imperative in the sport. Sessions of intense competition produce anabolic mechanism and chronic stress,...
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...Diploma in Public Services Unit 5 Physical Preparation, Health and Lifestyle for the Public Services Learner Resource Pack Introduction The human body is a very complex piece of machinery. It is made up of many different systems that work together to allow us to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides the framework for movement...
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...system that transmits impulses to muscles to cause contraction is the: | | | | | | | | The nervous system. 2. The organ system that transports oxygen to muscles is the: | | | | | | | | The circulatory system. 3. The organ system that forms a framework that is moved by muscles is the: | | | | | | | | The skeletal system. 4. Tendons are made of ____fibrous connective ____ tissue, and are attached to the _____fascia__ of a muscle. | | | | | | | | 5. The structure that connects a muscle to a bone is called a: | | | | | | | | Muscle structure 6. The origin of a muscle is its: | | | | | Stationary, attaches muscle to bone. | | | 7. The insertion of a muscle is its: More movable attachment point for muscle to bone | | | | | | | | 8. Muscles with the same function are called: | | | | | | | | Synergistic muscle 9. Muscles with opposite functions are called: Antagonistic muscle | | | | | | | | 10. An antagonist for a muscle on the posterior side of the thigh would be found on the: Biceps femoris | | | | 11. An antagonist for a muscle on the dorsal side of the trunk would be found on the: (please use proper anatomical terms when describing location) Latissimus dorsi | | | | 12. Knowing where our muscles are without looking at them is...
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...more than 600 muscles. Every movement you make, regardless or how slight or exaggerated, involves a muscle contraction. During exercise, your muscles work in concert to move body parts numerous times. Consuming the proper nutrients will allow you to do this action optimally and help speed recovery. ------------------------------------------------- Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are macronutrients that are pivotal for muscles during exercise. When carbs are consumed, they get converted to glucose, which is either used immediately for energy or stored in the muscles as glycogen and used for energy at a later time. If you do not consume enough carbs before a workout, you run the risk of "hitting the wall" or "bonking." This is a point where exhaustion kicks in and your energy levels are tapped. The recommended daily intake of carbs is 130 grams for the average person. Athletes however, should aim for 250 grams or more. Include carb-containing foods in your diet like fruits, sweet potatoes, oatmeal, brown rice, yogurt, whole wheat pasta, whole grain bread and legumes. ------------------------------------------------- Potassium and Sodium Potassium and sodium are electrolyte minerals that play critical roles in exercise, especially when it is intense and of a long duration. Excessive sweating cause’s potassium and sodium levels to become depleted in the body. Your body needs potassium and sodium for fluid balance, nerve signal transmission and muscle contractions. Include foods...
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...through the bone, bringing nutrients to the cells that maintain the bone structure while carrying away waste materials from those cells. It picks up and deposits minerals as instructed by hormones and vitamin D. Several vitamins and minerals are essential to the growth and maintenance of healthy bones. Vitamin D directs the mineralization of bones, while vitamins K and A participate in bone protein synthesis. There would be no bone at all without deposits from the major minerals calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium that give the soft protein bone structure its density and strength. The trace mineral fluoride hardens and stabilizes the bone to maintain bone integrity. |Vitamin* |Function |Food Source |Deficiency Effect |Toxicity Effect |Chapter/Page Reference | |Vitamin K (fat-soluble) |Synthesis of proteins for bone |Green leafy vegetables, |Poor skeletal mineralization, |Interference with anticlotting |Chapter 11, pp. 383-85, 386 | | |mineralization and |cabbage-type vegetables, milk, |hemorrhage |medication |Chapter 12, p. 436 | |DRI adult: |blood-clotting |liver | | | | |Men: 120 µg/day ...
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...1) The types of muscles that are affected by Duchene Muscular Dystrophy are skeletal and cardiac muscles. 2) The protein that composes the Thick filament are called myosin. The proteins that compose the thin filament are called actin. The myofilment that troponin is associated with is actin. 3) The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to bond with the troponin, which allows the tropmyosin to move its potion that is blocking the active sites on actin filaments so cross bridges can attach. The calcium regulates muscle contractions. 4) Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is released by motor neurons. 5) A motor unit is a combination of a motor neuron that is connected to a multitude of different skeletal muscle fibers. Semimembranosus...
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...are needed in smaller amounts than major minerals. Brain, muscle, heart, and bone function depend on these minerals and are vital for the body’s cells. Consuming too little or too much of certain minerals can cause serious disorders. Major minerals | Mineral | Function | Sources | Sodium | Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction | Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, breads, vegetables, and unprocessed meats | Chloride | Needed for proper fluid balance, stomach acid | Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, meats, breads, and vegetables | Potassium | Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction | Meats, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes | Calcium | Important for healthy bones and teeth; helps muscles relax and contract; important in nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, immune system health | Milk and milk products; canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines); fortified tofu and fortified soy milk; greens (broccoli, mustard greens); legumes | Phosphorus | Important for healthy bones and teeth; found in every cell; part of the system that maintains acid-base balance | Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, processed foods (including soda pop) | Magnesium | Found in bones; needed for making protein, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, immune system health | Nuts and seeds;...
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...Creatine phosphate energy system- Adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate make up the ATP-CP energy system. ATP Adenosine triphosphate is made of one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds in the molecules and when this is broken down energy is then released. In this process one of the phosphate atoms is no longer in the chemical bond. This forms adenosine diphosphate which is made of one adenosine molecule and two phosphate molecules. When ATP is broken down it gives energy for a muscle contraction too occur; it is the only molecule that can do this. This all happens in the muscle cells. CP This is a high a high energy compound, when the exercise levels are high creatine phosphate (which...
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...Internal Assessment The Effect of External Temperature on Muscle Fatigue Henry Richardson Biology HL Mr. Lee September 24, 2016 IB Candidate Number: 004622-0032 Word Count: Design Research Question: What is the effect of external temperature on muscle fatigue? Introduction: Muscular fatigue is caused by various things, one of which being insufficient adenosine ti-phosphate or ATP for short. ATP is an energy source that is essential to muscular contractions. Its production is primarily aerobic, however when there is insufficient oxygen for aerobic synthesis to occur, it will happen anaerobically which produces lactic acid as a by product ("Sports 'n Science”). ATP has an essential role in the contractions and fatigue...
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