...Jennifer Edwards Economic History of Europe September 14, 2010 Prof. Alpert Mr. Douglas North proposes his new framework which is the new institutional economics which it entails the institution property rights, transaction cost, economic organization in history and the economic development of countries. In the chapters 4, 5 and 6 Mr. North explains about his framework and he breaks them down in details. Mr. North uses many examples to describe different sections of his framework starting with “Analyzing Economic Organization in History,’ Mr. North starts off by saying that “One must be able to measure the quantity of a good in order for it to be exclusive property and to have value in exchange. Where most measurements cost is very high, the good will be a common property resource. The technology of measurement and the history of weights and measures is a crucial par of economic history since as measurement costs were reduced the cost of transacting was reduced.” (North, 1981) When you look at things like economic growth and how it can be either negative or positive. When I say that economic growth is either negative or positive I mean it could be shrinking our increasing. If the economic growth is negative or shrinking I would say that we are in an economic depression and recession. In some cases when economic growth increases the some available labor increases as well. If you look at economic growth and quality of life it improves up to a certain limit...
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...Douglas MacArthur: The American Caesar Douglas MacArthur Is one of the United States greatest war heroes. He was a brilliant commander that was blessed with the instinctive gift for the strategy and tactics of military combat. Even though his critics found him extremely arrogant the Unites States military needed him on the battlefield in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. He was a man who lived his life by the West Point code of Duty, Honor, and Country and did it proudly. Douglas MacArthur was born at the Arsenal Barracks in Little Rock Arkansas on January 26, 1880 to Arthur and Mary Pinkney MacArthur. He was the youngest of three children in the MacArthur home. His brother’s names were Malcolm an Arthur, but his brother Malcolm died when they were children. His father Arthur MacArthur fought in the civil war and served as Theodor Roosevelt’s highest-ranking military officer, which spelled out Douglas’s military future. On June 3, 1899 he was enrolled at the Unite States Military Academy at West Point. During his time At West Point MacArthur managed the Cadet Football team and received his letter as an outfielder in the first Army vs. Navy baseball game (Douglas). MacArthur was not just an athlete while attending West Point he also excelled in academic and military strategy. He scored one of the highest scholastic averages in West Point history and was top of his class in his first, second and final year at West Point. MacArthur graduated in June of 1903...
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...Douglas Macarthur Douglas Macarthur was a five star general in the US Army from the 1930’s-1950’s and played a prominent role of the victory in the Pacific. Macarthur was and still is dubbed the most intelligent general in the military. He led the campaign in the Philippines against the Imperial Japanese in the second world war and led the joint United Nations forces in the korean war. Douglas Macarthur was born on January 26, 1880 in Little Rock, Arkansas. Macarthur spent a majority of his childhood on the western frontier due to his father being in the military and constantly moving duty stations. It was there in the western outposts that Macarthur himself said “ I learned to shoot and ride before I could read and write,” Macarthur knew from an early age that he wanted to follow in his father’s footsteps and become an officer in the army....
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...Who is the Greatest Canadian of the Twentieth Century? Thomas Clement Douglas was born on October 20, 1904 in Falkirk, Scotland. He was often called Tommy. He and his family immigrated to Canada in 1911. They settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba. When Tommy was 10, he had a bone infection in his leg, osteomyelitis, which needed many operations. None of the operations helped him and his family could not afford to send him to a special doctor. He was extremely fortunate when a visiting surgeon volunteered to operate on him for free. He was also a minister and a politician. Tommy Douglas is the greatest Canadian due to the fact he achieved Medicare, became the first national leader of the NDP and fought for social programs even in the presence of strong oppositions. Tommy Douglas learnt from the experience of his sickness the importance of doctors. The sickness and how he was saved was his inspiration for the Medicare. He wanted everyone to receive the Medicare they needed, even if they did not have a great deal of money. During one of his speeches as a politician, he said, I came to believe that health services ought not to have a price-tag on them, and that people should be able to get whatever health services they required irrespective of their individual capacity to pay. This inspired him to work hard so as to make health care available to all Canadians at no cost. In 1959, Tommy announced the plan to establish a medical insurance called Medicare. He faced strong...
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...Tommy Douglas was born on October 20, 1904. He was born in Falkirk, Scotland. He died when he was 82 on February 24, 1986. Tommy Douglas is responsible for many of the great benefits we have today. He introduced paved roads, sewage systems and power to most farmers. He somehow managed to reduce the provincial debt by $20 million. He later introduced Saskatchewan residents to car insurance and labour improvement. He is most famous for his long-standing dream of universal Medicare. He supported many and provided hope for the people of Saskatchewan. He won the respect of millions of Canadians due to his excellent debating and speaking skills. It was only after his death when he was voted "The Greatest Canadian" in a national CBC Television contest by his advocate George Stromboulopoulos. The Douglas family emigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1910. The family then returned to Glasgow, Scotland, during World War I, but came back to settle in Winnipeg in 1919. He was the child of Scottish immigrants. As a youth, Tommy experienced a bone infection in his leg. The doctors recommended he had his leg amputated. His parents had no money for a specialist. This happened not long before a specialist offered to perform a surgery on his leg, as long as his students were able to witness it. This surgery saved his life, and was his inspiration for universally accessible medical care. As a child Tommy Douglas' behavior and characteristics revealed the personality traits that he would be greatly...
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...Theories X and Y According to The Economist (2008b), Theories X and Y were contrived by Douglas McGregor, who published them in his 1960 book “The Human Side of Enterprise”. He was heavily influenced by Abraham Maslow, and this was particularly evident in his theories that contrasted greatly with the prevalence of scientific management at the time (The Economist, 2008a). Theories X and Y identified a principle divergence between management approaches and this formed the foundation for the development of modern management theory. (The Economist, 2008b) Theory X emphasises “productivity, on the concept of a fair day’s work, on the evils of feather bedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance … [it] reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work” (McGregor, 1960). It makes the assumption that individuals naturally require motivation and coercion to maximise their output. Theory Y, however, “assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in the achievement of organisational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives” (McGregor, 1960). It asserts that individuals possess a natural inclination to placate their desire for self-fulfilment through work. Google Inc. is an acclaimed example of Theory Y’s successful implementation. It gives stock options to 99% of its employees, effectuates the provision of workplace benefits (e.g. Day care, maternal/paternal leave programmes)...
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...Organizational Behavior Psychology Term Paper By James Bishop Instructor: William Lucht Rachel Carson Elementary School, a subsystem of the Montgomery County Public Schools, was built in 1990. The goals of the school are to maintain the proper education for its students. Rachel Carson provides the setting for my examination of various organizational theories. The theories under examination are McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory. McGregor’s Theory X assumes that people are basically lazy and need to be coerced into performing effectively. I illustrated this by comparing the teachers to management (these are the individuals who give rewards and recognition to get students to work). I also compared the pupils to workers (individuals needing coercion to fulfill expectations). McGregor’s Theory Y assumes that individuals seek autonomy. This theory is best depicted by Rachel Carson’s administration and its teachers. Teachers are allowed to manage their classrooms with minimal administration intervention. Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory believes organizations should function like machines using the concept of bureaucracy. This concept was best depicted by the entire Rachel Carson staff and how it abides by the rules set forth by the Montgomery County Public Schools. Montgomery County Public School System was established in the early nineteenth century. The goals of education for the school system were adored in 1958. Since then, the goals have...
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...American forces already stationed in the Philippines as a deterrent against a Japanese invasion of the islands, were attacked by the Japanese hours after Pearl Harbor. With more than 72,000 American and Filipino soldiers fighting with outdated weapons, lacking supplies, stricken with disease and malnourishment were forced to lay down their arms to the Japanese on April 9th, 1942. This was due to the promise of reinforcements after General MacArthur and a few select officers evacuated the island on orders from the president. The Japanese however had only accommodated for 10,000 to 25,000 thousand POWs and the Us and Philippine soldiers were forced to march 60 miles to the Cabanatuan and Bataan prison camps. On October 20th, 1944 General Douglas MacArthur’s forces landed on Leyte, as Americans prepared for the main invasion of Luzon the Japanese captors continued to execute their prisoners. Several plans were submitted for possible rescue attempts of the prisoners but most fell through simply due to logistics or possible traders amongst the ranks of the Philippine guerillas. On January 26th, 1945 major Bob Lapham, the American US Army Forces Far East senior guerrilla chief and another guerilla leader Juan Pojota, traveled from his location near the prison camp to the Sixth Army headquarters. Lapham proposed to Lieutenant General Walter Krueger’s intelligence Chief Colonel Horton White that a rescue attempt needed to be made to liberate the estimated 500 POWs at the Cabanatuan prison...
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...Japanese internment: Japanese americans on the Pacific coast; Washington top command feared that japanese would act as aboteurs for Japan in case of invasion, forcibly herded them together in concentration camps; internment camps deprived them of dignity, basic rights, and millions of dollars in property and foregone earnings 1. Korematsu vs. US: Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese relocation in this case 2. Issei: “first”, legally barred from becoming citizens Nissei: American-born children; home of issei that they would reap the full benefits of their birthright by encouraging them to learn English, excel in school, etc. many grew up in 2 worlds 3. War Production Board: through this, American factories pored forth a mass of weapons; halted the production of nonessential items such as passenger cars assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials 4. Henry Kaiser: miracle-man shipbuilder; his prodigies of ship construction; one of his ships fully assembled in 14 days 5. Office of Price Admission: brought ascending prices under control with extensive regulations; formed after a crisis of full employment and scarce consumer goods; rationing held down the consumption of critical goods such as meat and butter 6. War Labor Board: imposed ceilings on wage increases; labor unions hated this; there were many labor walkouts (most famous: United Mine Worker); you pay this with overtime pay 7. Smith-Conally Anti...
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...Theoretical Framework Operations management is the business function that plans, organizes, coordinates, and controls the resources needed to produce a company’s goods and services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using the least possible resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting the customer needs. Needs are the basic forces that drives consumers to take actions and engaged in exchanges. The desire to satisfy these needs is what motivates a man to act, but the satisfaction of these needs must be done in the order of their priority so that a higher need does not strongly motivate a person unless the next preceding lower need has been substantially satisfied. For each society there is a set of needs perceived by the people that they feel should be satisfied as part of the development process. It is usually recognized that needs could be generated by physiological deprivation or by a positive desire to have something. It is also recognized that those needs generated by deprivation are typical and that usually one of needs is based on attaining certain goals. The humanistic approach espoused by Abraham Maslow, leader in Humanistic Psychology believes that Thus man is perpetually wanting animal. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of his...
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...mills for sale. The company was founded 70 years ago by Pete Bunyan. The current CEO is Paula Bunyan, the granddaughter of the founder. The company is currently evaluating a 7,500-acre forest it owns in Oregon. Paula has asked Steve Boles, the company’s finance officer, to evaluate the project. Paula’s concern is when the company should harvest the timber. Lumber is sold by the company for its “pond value.” Pond value is the amount a mill will pay for a log delivered to the mill location. The price paid for logs delivered to a mill is quoted in dollars per thousands of board feet (MBF), and the price depends on the grade of the logs. The forest Bunyan Lumber is evaluating was planted by the company 20 years ago and is made up entirely of Douglas fir trees. The table below shows the current price per MBF for the three grades of timber the company feels will come from the stand: TIMBER GRADE PRICE PER MBF 1P $575 2P $555 3P $530 Steve believes that the pond value of lumber will increase at the inflation rate. The company is planning to thin the forest today, and it expects to realize a positive cash flow of $450 per acre from thinning. The thinning is done to increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, and it is always done 20 years following a planting. The major decision the company faces is when to log the forest. When the company logs the for- est, it will immediately replant saplings, which will allow for a future harvest. The longer the forest is allowed...
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...energy that flows from enthusiasm for the firm’s strategic intent. We believe that the task of focusing intellectual and emotional energy is as important for top management as allocating financial responsibilities—unless every employee feels a deep sense of responsibility for success, and has a clear channel for contribution, global leadership, will remain elusive.” (Hamel and Prachald, 1994). Thus, we must manage our businesses so employees—advise from management—must have a clear channel for how they can contribute. To this end, is there a venue that exists that will give the worker on the assembly line the same sense of direction as the CEO? We will first test a remedy proposed in the 1960’s by published management theory mentor Douglas McGregor. McGregor’s perspective was that management was more that simply giving orders and coercing obedience; it was a careful balancing of organizational needs with those of the individual. He defined these individual needs through psychologist Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. During McGregor’s writings the leading social movement in his arena was support for Maslow’s arguments. By applying the idea of a hierarchy of needs to the work environment of the mid-and late 1850’s, McGregor offered a new theory of management that promised to unlock the creative potential of the American workforce and bring about a new...
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...Douglas MacArthur: The Big Chief in America and Japan General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), is well-known in the history of army in the United States and one of the soldiers who served the United States for more than a half-century. He was born on January 26th, 1880, at the Little Rock Barracks in Arkansas and grew up on outposts of the western borderline in which his Army officer father, Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912), was positioned. He later mentioned about the experience in his early childhood, “It was here I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write–indeed, almost before I could walk or talk.” (History.com) MacArthur was talented and candid; besides is best known for his crucial parts in World War II and following reconstruction of Japan. In this paper, his educational and political background, political challenges and accomplishments, and also relationship with particularly the United States and Japan are going to be explicated. EDUCATIONAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND Douglas MacArthur spent his entire life in the military of the United States. He lived in a far-off region of New Mexico in his early childhood in which his father, Arthur MacArthur Jr., instructed an infantry company charged with guarding settlers and railroad employees from the Indian "menace." When he was a teenager, Arthur served with division in the Union Army, and he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor after all for showing a courageous assault up Missionary Ridge...
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...Political Frame: Intro to frame: The political frame assumes that competition for scarce resources creates an emphasis on power, conflict, and organizational politics. (Roddy 2010) subordinates contesting decisions. Shafritz, Ott, and Jang (2005) offer a definition of power: “Power is the ability to get things done the way one wants them done; it is the latent ability to influence people” (p. 284). There are two basic benefits to understanding organizations through this definition. First, this definition emphasizes the relativity of power. Second, it reminds the reader that conflict and use of power are often not about outcomes, but rather methods, means, and approaches (Shafritz, Ott, & Jang, 2005). {Roddy:2010th} organizations are redefined as “complex systems of individuals and coalitions, each having its own interests, beliefs, values, preferences, perspectives, and perceptions” (Shafritz, Ott, & Jang, 2005, p. 283). {Roddy:2010th} The political frame is rooted in the power and politics organizational theory which describes organizations as places where power is exercised in the allocation of scarce resources (Durocher, 1996). The source of this power is found through authority, expertise, controlling rewards, and personal power or characteristics (such as charisma, intelligence, communications skills, etc.) (Bolman & Deal, 1984). {Roddy:2010th} many have gone on to define politics as the tactics and strategies actors use to articulate...
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...BOOK REVIEW: AN AMERICAN SOLDIER IN WORLD WAR I xxxxxxxxx History xxx xxxx November x, xxxx An American Soldier in World War I Any individual in one way or another is part of History just by living during a certain time period. This setting takes place during World War I. Through a soldier and his fiancée their constant letters written back and forth to each other also serve as an avenue for the reader to understand in more detail what transpired during this horrific war. Amazingly, by using these letters a new historical book was born, “An American Soldier in World War I.” George Browne, Brownie, chooses to enlist in the Army when the United States declares war with Germany on April 6, 1917. In early, July Browine was processed into the army and was assigned to the 117th Engineers Regiment, 42nd Division. Preparation and training became of utmost importance. This account took place around September 29, 1917. The preparation for the men was unfortunately limited. The shortage of equipment was one major issue. With the means being unavailable, only certain drills like elementary, close order, and those of the brigades existed. The training of the officers and soldiers alike was a very aggressive lifestyle. On the other hand, they participated in wholesome games while making many lasting friendships. On September 2, 1917 they finally arrived in France. The trip over to France from the United States was not positive. It took forever across the Atlantic Ocean...
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