...control the supply of money by targeting a rate of interest, and to promote the economic growth and stability, a good control over the monetary policy is a must for every country. Bangladesh is a developing country and its monetary policies are generated by the central bank of the country. Though the land size of Bangladesh is not that big but in terms of total people, it is a big country relative to other countries. As a developing country it is undertaking so many developments and business projects both publicly and privately. The monetary policy of Bangladesh is playing a pivotal role to control the money supply of the country which in turn is promoting the overall economic growth of the country. This essay briefly discusses about some of the activities of the central bank related with the monetary policy of Bangladesh along with some other primary things which are related to the basic monetary policy. In this essay the “Monetary Policy of Bangladesh” will be presented by following this sequence, 1. A brief overview of monetary policy 2. Objectives of the monetary policy 3. Types of monetary policy 4. Tools to implement the monetary policy 5. Organization responsible in Bangladesh for the formulation and implementation of the monetary policy 6. The monetary policy framework of Bangladesh 7. The money supply process in Bangladesh 8. Factors determining the money supply in Bangladesh 9....
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...not magic; it’s mainly because of aerodynamics. And when we talk about aerodynamics, it goes way beyond elevators, rudders, etc. Therefore we go to the depths of aerodynamics and its power to control a massive plane in the air. To be engineering in aerospace we need this extensive knowledge. In this report, you will learn about how an aircraft moves. The stability and control of the aircraft we also learn the factors influencing the static stability, the static margin and load factors. This report also gives us knowledge about the aircrafts control systems. | | | 1.1 | Motion of an aircraft | 4 | 1.2 | Degree of freedom | 4 | 2.1 | Static stability | 5 | 2.2 | Static margin | 5 | 2.3 | Dynamic stability | 6 | 3.1 | Stability in an aircraft | 6 | 3.2 | Longitudinal stability | 6 | 3.2.1 | Longitudinal dihedral | 7 | 3.3 | Lateral stability | 7 | 3.3.1 | Dihedral | 7 | 3.3.2 | Sweepback | 8 | 3.3.3 | Keel effect | 8 | 3.4. | Directional stability | 9 | 3.4.1 | sweepback | 9 | 4.1 | Load factor | 9 | 4.2 | Maneuver envelopes | 10 | 4.3 | Constraints on load factor | 10 | 4.4 | Load factors with respect to different maneuvers | 11 | 5.1 | Horizontal stabilizers | 12 | 5.2 | elevators | 12 | 6.1 | Vertical stabilizers | 13 | 6.2 | rudder | 13 | 7.1 | Role of swept back wing | 13 | 8.1 | Role of swept forward wing | 14 | 9.1 | Role of tapered wings | | Motion of an aircraft #Fig1: Axis of rotation #Fig1: Axis of rotation ...
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...correcting short term macroeconomic maladjustments because of the frequency in applying and altering the policy tools, relative ease of its decision process and the sheer nature of the sector which propagates its effect to the real economy – the financial system. The main objective of monetary policy in Nigeria is to ensure price and monetary stability. This is mainly achieved by causing savers to avail investors of surplus funds for investment through appropriate interest rate structures; stemming wide fluctuations in the exchange rate of the naira: proper supervision of banks and related institutions to ensure financial sector soundness; maintenance efficient payments system; applying deliberate polices to expand the scope of the financial system so that interior economics, which a re largely informal, are financially included. Financial inclusion is Particularly important in the sense that the larger it is, the larger the interest rate sensitivity of production and aggregate demand and so the more effective monetary policy is. The economy of Nigeria is faced with unemployment low investment and high inflation rate and these factors mitigate against the growth of the economy. Thus adopting monetary policy in manipulating the fluctuations experienced so far in the economy, CBN undertakes both concretionary and expansionary measures in tackling the problems observed above. Therefore, the need is felt to research on the impact of monetary policy on the economic growth of Nigeria...
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...9 1.5. LIMITATION OF RESEARCH 10 CHAPTER 2 11 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1. DEFINITION OF RISK MANAGEMENT 11 2.2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF RISKS IN BUSINESS 12 2.3. CONSTRAINTS 14 2.4. RISK ASSESSMENT 14 2.5. HISTORY OF RISK MANAGEMENT 15 2.6. PROCESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT 15 2.7. Enterprise Risk Management 16 2.8. ERM&CRO 18 2.9. BANKING RISK 19 2.10. Credit risk management in UK banking sector 19 CHAPTER 3 21 3. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 21 3.1. ECONOMIC CRISIS AND BANKS OF UK 21 3.2. Minimizing the moral difficulties involved in the originate and distribute model of banking. 22 3.3. Transparency of risk in financial products is essential if regulation is to work 22 3.4. Reform Basel ii so that it is not so pro-cyclical 23 3.5. RISK MANAGEMENT AND COSTS OF BANKING CRISIS 24 3.6. Costs of Risk 25 3.7. SIGNIFICANCE OF REGULATORY STYLE 26 3.8. KEY WAYS TO MITIGATE BUSINESS RISK 27 3.9. Risk dash board every bank needs 28 3.10. ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND 29 3.11. RISK MANAGEMENT AT KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK (KCB) 29 3.12. Risk management in hotel and tourism industry in India and in the whole world 30 3.13. The management of risk in agricultural sector in the United States of America 31 3.14. THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT 33 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 35 4.1. CONCLUSION 35 4.2. RECOMMENDATION 36 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report is the main and final part of our MSc in Finance and Business Management course...
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...BitCoin the Future of Currency Currency is basically anything that is accepted as a medium for exchange. The common concept of currency is a physical note or coin of a certain denomination regulated and guaranteed by particular government or bank. Everyone around the world uses and depends on currency on a daily basis, hundreds of millions of transactions transacted by hundreds of millions of people whose individual wealth depends on the stability of their currency. The stability of any currency is dependent on many economic factors the most implicit being the stability of the issuing government. If the government who is backing the tender is unstable then the value of its money will directly be affected. Another huge factor in the value of a countries currency is inflation. Inflation is dependent on many factors, most of which are subsequent to the nature of an economic cycle. Some inflation is a by-product of the regulation, de-regulation and/or government monetary policy. What if there was a new currency that was not associated with a nation, government or bank? What if there was unified currency that allowed the wealth of one person to directly compare or exchange with to the wealth of another regardless of geographic location? This “new” currency has recently been developed and it is called the Bitcoin. The Bitcoin and its concept is extremely progressive and is not considered a savior currency that will solve any monetary problems; however, this paper will outline the...
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...Objective 9 * Strategy of Monetary Policy 11 * Conclusion 13 INTRODUCTION: Monetary Policythe policy adopted by the central bank for control of the supply of money as an instrument for achieving the objectives of general economic policy. With the shifts of the policy stance of the government in various phases, necessary adjustments were made in the country's monetary policy. The Department of Research in the Bangladesh Bank plays an important role in the formulation of economic policies of the country. The principal function of the Department is to help the bank in the formulation of monetary and credit policies and also to assist it in discharging its duty as adviser to the Government on economic and financial matters. To this end, the department keeps the top executives of the bank fully informed of latest economic development both at home and abroad, in a regular and systematic manner. For this purpose the Department keeps a close watch on trends in the domestic economy as well as on international economic developments with particular reference to monetary, fiscal and trade problems and policies. Domestic and international economic developments are brought within the compass of comprehensive reports and reviews which are submitted for perusal of the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Senior Executives of the bank, as also the bank’s Board of Directors. The Importance of Monetary Rule: There is a difference in between “pegged” and “fixed” rates, which lies...
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...Name: Ogayo Julius Muga Diploma in Business Management University of Nairobi BANKING & INSURANCE CENTRAL BANK A central Bank is a public institution that usually issues the currency, regulates the money supply, and controls the interest rates in a country. The central bank often also oversees the commercial Banking system within its country. A central Bank is distinguished from a normal commercial bank because it has a monopoly and creating the currency of that nation, which is usually that Nations legal tender. Central Bank of Kenya is the highest Banking institution in the country and responsible for ensuring the smooth working of banking sector and other financial institutions. Central Bank differs from commercial banks in that it does not engage in ordinary banking activities e.g. accepting deposits from the general public. It is owned by the government while commercial banks are owned by shareholders. CBK usually implements certain government policies. OBJECTIVES OF CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA i. To formulate and implement monetary policy directed to achieving and maintaining stability in the general level of prices. ii. The Bank fosters the liquidity, solvency and proper functions of a stable market based financial system. iii. Support the economic policy of the government including its objectives for growth and employment. iv. Formulate and implement foreign exchange policy v. Hold and manage its foreign exchange reserves. vi. License and...
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...know it's tougher to get a home loan these days compared with just a few years ago. Banks tightened their credit standards dramatically during the credit crunch, and lenders now accept only 55% of all mortgage applications. according to the latest annual statistics from the Mortgage Bankers Association: Overall lending by U.S. banks plunged by 7.4% in 2009, the sharpest decline since 1942, based on FDIC data. And so far in 2010, banks have yet to ease lending standards. Here are ten reasons people get turned down for a housing loan and some advice on how to overcome these obstacles. 1. BAD OR LOW CREDIT SCORE * You cannot build a house if the foundations are flimsy, When it comes to loan approvals, banks use a similar analogy. If you have a low credit score, you will be denied a home loan rejection even if you fulfill all other conditions. Credit score is considered to be the most important factor by the banks while disbursing a loan." * Credit score reflects a consumer's behavior towards the financial transactions. In some ways, it is a mirror to his financial habits and underwriters base their decision and develop risk-based pricing based on the credit score," says Anil Sachidanand, MD & CEO, Aspire Home Finance Corporation. So, if a person has defaulted or delayed the payment on any kind of loan or credit cards, it will have a negative impact on the credit score. Other factors like being guarantor to a person who defaults on payment of his loan can affect your...
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...March 22, 2011 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n8p216 Abstract Recently, Knowledge Management System acquires high attention in all sectors, since it is a valuable instrument in improving performance. In this study, an explanatory research on evaluating knowledge management systems will be conducted for the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) based on a survey of decision makers working in the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB). It is our intention to evaluate the impact of implementing the knowledge management system on decision making by evaluating the impact of the knowledge key factors which are the information technology infrastructure, human resource, knowledge sharing and the culture of the organization. The study investigates the relationship between knowledge management and decision making. It reveals that the knowledge management factors are crucial indicators which need to be effectively implemented to make success decisions. Keywords: Knowledge management system, Decision making process, Business performance 1. Introduction Businesses have witnessed a fast motivation of the governments toward enhancing and improving the knowledge management. Therefore, it becomes an important theme at many large business firms towards greater transparency as well as...
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...Definition: “Individual gathered towards under the similar circumstances to achieve common goals”. Or “Organizational are the social or UN social arrangements for the collective goals”. Organization structure Every organization should have Organization structure because it tells about the level of hierarchy that who is responsible to whom and also shows position of a person. Organization structure consists of vital pillars of an organization which the organization is composed of. Frame of Organizational Structure:- Work Specialization:- Work specialization is a key factor of organization structure. In the organization there are several jobs along their workers. So the workers perform individually their tasks so they are performing that activity again and again then they trained and work specialized on their field. This factor is gives advantage and disadvantage both e.g. In a Honda company these are many portions every worker is specialize on their portion by doing one job. He could be more accurate, takes less time In less input will give more output and the disadvantage is that if the work specialized person is absent so the production will be stop. By doing the same job he might be bore so the moral will be down... Departmentalization:- Though departmentalization jobs are divided into the specialize work and they perform the tasks in a groups the following are the forms of departmentalization Customer Departmentalization Geographical Departmentalization Functional...
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... This rate differs from country to country and depends on many economical variables, the main of which are the general balance and disbalance of economy, monetary and fiscal policy, the state of the budget, international policy, the condition and development of the country’s economy compared to the world situation and dominating countries, purchasing power of the currency, and other internal and external factors. The history of world exchange rate systems shows us that the world community (in its majority) has in fact shifted from the system of fixed exchange rates to floating exchange rate system. Currently there exist different combinations of floating and fixed exchange rate systems, together with specific economical instruments, created for exchange rate regulating. Since the development of production and a number of divisions of labor there existed such a phenomenon as commodity money. There was no other monetary system until 17th century when there appeared coins having an intrinsic value, not linked with commodity. Usually the value of the coin was associated with the content of gold in the coin. The exchange rate between different coins and different currencies depended on the content of gold in the coin as well, and equaled to the relative content of gold in the coins. In 17th century banks started issuing own banknotes which had the same purchasing power as coins and were backed by precious metals in the banks. People could convert these banknotes into precious...
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...Switzerland; 2) Overview of Swiss Private Banking Sector; II. Strengths and Opportunities of Swiss Private Banking: 1) Privacy; 2) Protection and Safety; 3) Stability and High Quality Standards; III. Weaknesses and Problems that Swiss Private Banking is facing: 1) Dependency on socio- demographic factors; 2) Shifting of wealth concentration; 3) Speed of recovery of markets; 4) Threat to offshore banking; 5) Hard to ensure sustained profitability; IV. Offshore banking in the light of current financial crisis V. Differences in the way different sized banks were effected: 1) Megabanks; 2) Small – medium sized banks; VI. Strategies adopted by private banks after financial crisis: 1) Credit Suisse; 2) UBS; VII. Conclusion Switzerland is one of the most stable, modern and highly developed economies in the world nowadays. Percentage of Swiss Workforce by Sector of Economy is as following: - 1960: Services (39%); Manufacturing (47%) ; Agriculture (15%) ; - 2008: Service (73%); Manufacturing (23%); Agriculture (4%). Economic history of Switzerland is characterized by steady movement to higher productivity industries and services. Traditionally, the Swiss economy used to ran as calmly and soundly as a Swiss clock, well-oiled by the money inflows to Swiss private banks. The country of Switzerland has a small territory compared to surrounding countries and spans only about 16,000 square miles. However we should not underestimate its size...
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...Why did so many Asian companies and banks borrow dollars, yen, and Deutsche marks instead of their local currencies to finance their operations? What risks were they exposing themselves to? Several factors affected the cause of Asian companies and banks borrowing foreign currencies. First, most Asian countries depended on exports as their engines of growth and development. The majority of these exports were destined to the shores of Japan and the United States. These exports include clothing, footwear, office machinery and telecommunications equipment to name a few. Because of this, most of the countries tied their currency to the dollar. This strategy worked out well until 1995, were low inflation and stability was in place. This strategy also boosted exports at the expense of Japan, as the dollar fell against the yen. This caused Japanese firms to shift their own production to East Asia in order to cope with the strengthening yen. A country’s export competitiveness depends on its exchange rate. This not only includes it being against the dollar, but also against its major competitor’s currencies. Because other currencies such as the dollar, yen and Deutsche mark carried lower interest rates, it was financially found advice for East Asian companies to finance themselves with those currencies. In total, they borrowed around $275 billion worth, much of it in short term loans. The key to understanding why East Asians borrowed from other currencies is in the interest rate...
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...PROJECT COMMERCIAL BANK MANAGEMENT TOPIC 5 BANK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT- CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK Submitted to: Submitted by: Group 5 Prof. D.N. Panigrahi Abhishek Singh (2014013) Anisha jain (2014042) Bakul Malik (2014072) Gurusha Godwani (2014100) Ketki Chaturvedi (2014133) CHAPTER 1 BANK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT- CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION Bank capital is often defined in tiers or categories that include shareholders' equity, retained earnings, reserves, hybrid capital instruments, and subordinated term debt. Capital ratios are commonly measured as a percent of bank assets or risk-weighted bank assets. Bank capital serves as an important cushion against unexpected losses. It creates a strong incentive to manage a bank in a prudent manner, because the bank owners’ equity is at risk in the event of a failure. Thus, bank capital plays a critical role in the safety and soundness of individual banks and the banking system. Role of bank capital: • Source of funds – Start-up costs – Growth or expansion (mergers and acquisitions) – Modernization costs • Cushion to absorb unexpected operating losses – Insufficient capital to absorb losses will cause insolvency – Long-term debt can only absorb losses in the event of institution failure • Adequate capital – Regulatory requirements to promote bank safety and soundness – Mitigate moral hazard problems of deposit insurance by increasing shareholders’ exposure to bank operating losses ...
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...Solutions for exchange rate policy of transition economy of Vietnam Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaft (Doctor rerum politicarum, Dr. rer. pol.) der Juristischen und Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg vorgelegt von M.A. Mai Thu Hien geb. am 23. August 1976 in Hanoi, Vietnam Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Pohl, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Klein, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Datum der Einreichung: 07.06.2007 Datum der Verteidigung: 12.07.2007 Halle (Saale), Juli 2007 urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000012127 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3-000012127] 2 Acknowledgements This doctoral dissertation could not be completed if I have not received the help and encouragement from numerous people. Firstly, I am greatly indebted to my first supervisor, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Pohl, who kept an eye on the progress of my work and was always available when I needed his advices. His great advices, supports, criticisms, comments, and encouragement helped me to develop necessary knowledge to understand and to build theoretical context in this dissertation. I also would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Martin Klein, my second supervisor, for his suggestions and concerns with my dissertation. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of DAAD, without which this dissertation would not have been...
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