...reason that abortions were made illegal at one point was because of money issues and a lust for white supremacy. It seemed to have nothing to do with the rights of a child or a woman. One of the reasons why abortion came into question in the beginning of the 1950s was due to the fact that a lot of doctors and lawyers were seeing many cases of illegal abortions and it was becoming a large social problem. Since there was a lack of competition for legal abortions, doctors found no problem making them legal again -- “They felt that abortions were justified under certain circumstances, and they began to see the laws against abortion as an infringement on their own medical discretion” (Straggenborg, 1991). And so the issue arose again with many pro- choice groups speaking up. Then with court cases like Griswold v. Connecticut and Roe v. Wade, abortion again became legal in the United States. When looking at a topic like abortion, there are many things that one must take into account. Yet before we look at both sides of the issue, let’s look at exactly what the issue is. If we were to state that abortions should be illegal, then we are potentially putting the burden of a child and a pregnancy on a teenager. As well if it were to be illegal,...
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...name is Norma McCorvey; she raped and became pregnant. In 1969, when she moved back to her home state, she was denied an abortion on grounds that her health was not threatened. She had given up searching for a safe clinical abortion when two lawyers contacted her about her story. These lawyers were Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington. John and Mary Doe, a couple that had offered their services in a previous abortion case, approached Coffee and Weddington who quickly included them in the case. Coffee and Wellington made a perfect couple of lawyers to head up the fight against the District Attorney of Texas, Henry Wade. Henry Wade chose one of his most capable lawyers, John Tolle, to defend him in this suit. Coffee and Weddington went off the argument that, "A woman is guaranteed the right to an abortion by her constitutional right to privacy. No state could interfere with a woman's decision to have an abortion which was a private matter." They based this on the first, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth and fourteenth amendments. The first amendment protects a person's right to freedom of speech, which had been violated when a doctor was not aloud to talk to their patient about all forms of treatment. Coffee and Weddington stated that the fourth amendment, which protects a citizen from unreasonable search and seizure, should protect a person from being unlawfully questioned about their contraception. The Fifth Amendment creates privacy around citizens, which are safeguarded and should not...
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...a controversial issue dating back long before the United States Supreme Court’s 7-1 decision on the case of Roe versus Wade. As a result of the case, it was decided that the procedure was a fundamental right. Since then abortion has continued to be a subject that draws fluctuating heated emotions from society. The social predictors of abortion attitudes are greatly influenced by varying religious beliefs, demographics, and political views. Generally, the debate over abortion consists of two stances, pro-choice or pro-life. Those who distinguish themselves as a proponent for the pro-choice attitude towards abortion believe that the procedure is a right that should not be limited by the government or a religious entity. They believe that if women do not have legal access to abortions, these women will resort to unsafe options to eliminate their unwanted pregnancy. Individuals who distinguish themselves as a proponent for the pro-life attitude towards abortion believe that life occurs at the time of conception. Therefore abortion is the immoral killing of an innocent human being. As previously mentioned, this debate stems back to the infamous case of Roe versus Wade. This case originated in Dallas, Texas in 1969 when “Roe”, the legal pseudonym for Norma Leah McCorvey, found herself pregnant with her third child. With her best interests at heart, friends and family advised her to have an abortion. However, at the time Texas laws prohibited abortions with the exception of unwanted...
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...abortion deals with two separate questions: 1. Is abortion morally wrong? 2. Should abortion be legal or illegal? Women's rights arguments in favour of abortion Here are some of the women's rights arguments in favour of abortion: • women have a moral right to decide what to do with their bodies • the right to abortion is vital for gender equality • the right to abortion is vital for individual women to achieve their full potential • banning abortion puts women at risk by forcing them to use illegal abortionists • the right to abortion should be part of a portfolio ofpregnancy rights that enables women to make a truly free choice whether to end a pregnancy This argument reminds us that even in the abortion debate, we should regard the woman as a person and not just as a container for the foetus. We should therefore give great consideration to her rights and needs as well as those of the unborn. Women's rights arguments against abortion Not all who support women's rights support abortion, and many of them are active in trying to promote practical solutions to the causes that drive women to abortion. Some join other pro-life advocates and say that the right to lifeshould always outweigh the right of an individual to equality or to control their own body. But others raise arguments that are specifically related to women's rights: Abortion does not...
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...Abortions should be Illegal. Nine Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal Actually, I have been laughing to myself at Planned Parenthood's list, because it is so easy to defeat. It's not Planned Parenthood's fault--there are no good reasons to support abortion, other than serious health issues of the mother or baby. Also, I believe that Planned Parenthood serves many valuable functions. I agree with many things they do. I strongly disagree in their support of abortion. I only chose to debate their particular opinions because a) They are a large, national, pro-abortion organization. b) They have made a list, and my debate tactic suits such a list. I invite you to read the following debate with an open mind and consider the validity of the two opposing opinions. If you can find any error in my facts or reasoning, I hope you will let me know. I am an unmarried, conservative male. I have always been supportive of the life of the unborn. However, in the past my opinion was, "Well, the country is evenly divided on this issue. Although I am personally against abortion, there are others who don't agree with me. I won't force the issue unless there is a consensus against abortion. I will thus support the democratic process." However, I have gradually realized that the abortions (murders of the unborn) are continuing at the rate of FOUR THOUSAND ABORTIONS PER DAY in the USA (ONE HUNDRED TWENTY THOUSAND PER DAY worldwide). Meanwhile, some people are actually campaigning to increase access...
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...Stem Cell Research Sarah-Renee Keller So far, stem cell research had been a topic of great debate and will continue to be. This is mainly for moral or religious reasons. Stem cell research, though hotly debated, could possibly change or save millions of lives. This is why I believe Stem Cell Research should be continued. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Also, while the moralities of others should be considered and respected as much as possible, it shouldn't take precedence when the benefits of stem cell therapies have the potential to be so many. Definition of stem cells Stem cells are cells with the ability to divide many times and can eventually develop into many different tissues that perform specific functions. The two types of stem cells are embryonic and adult (or somatic) stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from embryos, most of which are left over attempts from in-vitro fertilization. They are then placed in a culture dish in the hope that they will continue to multiply and not differentiate. Somatic stem cells are cells acquired from adults in tissues that need to generate more cells to maintain themselves and function (such as bone marrow). Scientists typically have much more difficulty trying to generate adult stem cells in cultures than embryonic stem cells. Stem cells can be totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent. Totipotent cells are the most useful, because they can become any cell or tissue type. The middle ground between...
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...Planned Parenthood& The Defunding Movement Introduction Planned Parenthood is a national nonprofit organization of the United States. It is a fundamental provider of reproductive health care. Planned Parenthood has 61 affiliates throughout the country, with an estimated 700 health clinics in almost all states. It is not only a health care provider, but also an educator and advocate for women’s health. Planned Parenthood assists women in making conscious and well-informed choices about health, sex, and family planning. Every year over three million women, men, and teens visit Planned Parenthood associated medical centers to receive health care such as routine gynecological exams, breast and cervical cancer screenings, contraceptive services, abortion care, sexually transmitted infection/disease testing and treatment. According to Planned Parenthood, one out of five female Americans pays a visit to a Planned Parenthoodcenter throughout the course of her life (Planned Parenthood, 2014). Because Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization, it relies heavily on government funding to support its broad mission and programs. At the end of the 2014 fiscal year, it was revealed that Planned Parenthood health centers were recipients of $528.4 million in government funds. These funds were the largest source of income for the organization followed by private donors, charitable foundations, and non-government sources. With this being said, federal funding is absolutely essential to...
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...Jordan Gruschke English 112 Mr. Sexton 4/30/12 Collaborative Classical Argument Essay Our group made the decision to argue on the likeliness of life to exist outside of earth. We choose to argue from the pro side of the topic. Our claim is that it is likely that life exists outside of earth. Our biggest thought when doing this debate was that we wanted to go with the strategy that went to the side of bacteria life existing and not so much that little green men exist. We had brainstormed many reasons but we narrowed it down to our best four. Our first reason is that the scientific community out there all believes that it is likely for life to exist. So with so many smart people agreeing with us we thought it would be necessary to include this in our argument. Our second reason is that there have been a lot of recent discoveries of planets that have the means to harbor life. So with all these planets that can harbor life that increases the likeliness that life does exist outside earth. The third reason we came up with is just more in depth of the planets that can harbor life. We picked two of the most popular planets which are Kepler 22b and Europa. They are the best choices for a place to have life exist. Our fourth and final reason was our strongest one. It is the evidence that we found from mars, like the meteorite that had evidence of bacteria life. We believe that the opposing views are going to mainly be that we are crazy. They are going to think that we are going...
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...The legal and ethical issues surrounding abortion have been an ongoing debate for years. Pro- life activists, or those who oppose abortion, say that a fetus is a human being and should have rights. They say that abortion is the murder of an innocent life. Believers in pro-choice, or those who support abortion, argue that a baby should not be considered anything more than a “potential life” dependent on the mother’s body. A body that she owns the rights to and can therefore choose whether or not it will sustain another life. Although I do not agree with every belief that many pro-choice supporters have, I do agree with some of them. Abortions must remain legal because of certain circumstances that occur beyond a woman’s control and also for the lives, and quality of life that they actually save. Abortion became legal following the ruling of the Supreme Court case, Roe V. Wade, in 1973. This was the most significant abortion court case there has ever been for both supporters and those who oppose. The court viewed it was a “fundamental right” of a woman to be able to decide to end her pregnancy if she wishes to. According to the court ruling, a woman’s right to have her pregnancy terminated is protected by the United States Constitution in the First Amendment, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and also the Fourteenth Amendments (Frontline, 2006). The judge declared that any state laws that make abortions inaccessible by placing strict conditions on which an abortion can be performed will...
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...had claimed she was gang raped and attempted to have an abortion in Texas. ("Roe and Doe"). After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that an American’s right to privacy included the right of a woman whether or not to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy. ("Celebrating 25 Years of Reproductive Choice"). The moral issue of abortion—whether or not it is murder—has been debated since it was legalized in 1973. Roe v. Wade has been one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century. ("Roe No More"). More than two decades since the Supreme Court first upheld a woman’s right to abortion, the debate over the morality and legality of induced abortion continues in the United States. ("Abortion," Encarta 98). Abortion is one of the most divisive and emotional issues facing United States policy makers today. ("Economics of Abortion"). The people who are in favor of the Roe v. Wade decision and the right to have an abortion are called "pro-choice." They believe that the government does not have the right to interfere on a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute, "Forty-nine percent of pregnancies among American women are unintended; one half of these are terminated by...
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...Media Topic 1: Explanations of Media Influences on Antisocial Behaviour Observational Learning Where individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others. Many argue that watching television can teach viewers violent behaviour/draw their attention to behaviours they wouldn’t have previously considered. Bandura (1983) used his Social Learning Theory to explain this. Watching violent role models may increase violent behaviour in those who are already motivated to behave aggressively. TV may also teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial...
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...Tournaments and Piece Rates Revisited: A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Premium Incentives Werner Guth Rene Levnsky Kerstin Pully Ori Weiselz June 22, 2010 Abstract Tournaments represent an increasingly important component of organizational compensation systems. While prior research focused on xed-prize tournaments, i.e., on tournaments where the prize or prize sum to be awarded is set in advance, we introduce a new type of tournament into the literature: premium incentives. While premium incentives, just like xed-prize tournaments, are based on relative performance, the prize to be awarded is not set in advance but is a function of the rm's success: the prize is high if the rm is successful and low if it is not successful. Relying on a simple model of cost minimization, we are able to show that premium incentives outperform xed-prize tournaments as well as piece rates. Our theoretical result is qualitatively con rmed by a controlled laboratory experiment and has important practical implications for the design of organizational incentive systems. JEL Classi cation: C72, C91, J33 Keywords: Tournaments, Incentives, Economic experiments Max Planck Institute for Economics, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. yEberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Nauklerstrasse 47, 72074 Tubingen, Germany. zThe Hebrew University, Center for the Study of Rationality, Giv'at Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel...
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...Version 1 General Certificate of Education (A-level) January 2013 English Literature A (Specification 2740) LTA1C Unit 1: Texts in Context The Struggle for Identity in Modern Literature Report on the Examination Further copies of this Report on the Examination are available from: aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2013 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. Copyright AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Report on the Examination – General Certificate of Education (A-level) English Literature A – Unit 1: Texts in Context: The Struggle for Identity in Modern Literature – January 2013 PRINCIPAL EXAMINER’S REPORT: January 2013 LTA1C The Struggle for Identity in Modern Literature The entry was around 2000 candidates, compared to nearer 7000 last summer and about 1400 the previous January, with the large majority of students choosing to answer on Duffy’s...
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...Ethical Problems with Death, 2006 "A woman deciding whether to continue a pregnancy stands on moral ground. She is entitled to make her decision....No one else...should decide whether she will use her body to bring new life into the world." In the following viewpoint Caitlin Borgmann argues that abortion is ethical for many reasons. First, women have the right to decide what to do with their own bodies, she contends. Second, abortion allows women to participate equally in society by enabling them to postpone childbearing until they finish school or establish their careers. Borgmann also maintains that abortion allows women to have children only when they are ready to take care of them, and protects their health by allowing women to terminate pregnancies at legal clinics. At the time this article was written, Caitlin Borgmann was state strategies coordinator for the American Civil Liberties Union Reproductive Freedom Project in New York. As you read, consider the following questions: What two groups of women does the author suggest suffer the most due to restrictions on abortion rights? In the author's view, in addition to a woman's right to choose, what else does the pro-choice movement stand for? What examples does the author use to support her argument that institutional opposition to abortion rights is part of a campaign to undermine women's autonomy and equality? The movement to preserve and advance reproductive freedom is suffering the consequences of a great victory...
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...lPolitical Theory http://ptx.sagepub.com Two Concepts of Liberal Pluralism George Crowder Political Theory 2007; 35; 121 DOI: 10.1177/0090591706297642 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ptx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/121 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Political Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ptx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ptx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://ptx.sagepub.com at Ebsco Electronic Journals Service (EJS) on September 6, 2008 Two Concepts of Liberal Pluralism George Crowder Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Political Theory Volume 35 Number 2 April 2007 121-146 © 2007 Sage Publications 10.1177/0090591706297642 http://ptx.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com Is the liberal state entitled to intervene in the internal affairs of its nonliberal minorities to promote individual autonomy as a public ideal, or should it tolerate the nonliberal practices of such groups in the name of legitimate diversity? This problem can be fruitfully approached from the perspective of Isaiah Berlin’s notion of “value pluralism.” According to William Galston, value pluralism privileges a form of liberalism that is maximally accommodating of nonliberal groups and their practices. I agree that pluralism...
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