...2000s, mortgage interest rates were low, which allow you to borrow more money with a lower monthly payment. In addition, home prices increased dramatically, so buying a home seemed like a sure bet. Lenders understood that homes make good collateral, so they were willing to participate. In 2007, the US economy entered a mortgage crisis that caused panic and financial turmoil around the world. The mortgage crisis was a result of too much borrowing and flawed financial modeling, largely based on the assumption that home prices only go up. Greed and fraud also played important parts. Banks offered easy access to money before the mortgage crisis emerged. Borrowers got into high risk mortgages such as option-ARMs, and they qualified for mortgages with little or no documentation. Even people with bad credit could qualify as subprime borrowers. Fraud on the part of homebuyers and mortgage brokers helped make the mortgage crisis more serious. Mortgage applications were not checked for accuracy as well as they should have been. This is what started the subprime mortgage crisis, popularly known as the “mortgage mess” or “mortgage meltdown,” came to the public’s attention when a steep rise in home foreclosures in 2006 spiraled seemingly out of control in 2007, triggering a national financial crisis that went global within the year. Consumer spending is down, the housing market has plummeted, foreclosure numbers continue to rise and the stock market has been shaken. The subprime crisis and...
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...Subprime Special The term "subprime" refers to the credit status of the borrower, which is being less than ideal. Subprime lending is a general term that refers to the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their deficient credit history. According to the U.S. Department of Treasury guidelines issued in 2001, "Subprime borrowers typically have weakened credit histories that include payment delinquencies, and possibly more severe problems such as charge-offs, judgments, and bankruptcies. They may also display reduced repayment capacity as measured by credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, or other criteria that may encompass borrowers with incomplete credit histories." Subprime lending is also called B-Paper, near-prime, or second chance lending. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit instruments, including subprime mortgages, subprime car loans, and subprime credit cards, among others. A subprime loan is offered at a rate higher than A-paper loans due to the increased risk. Subprime lending crisis, which began in the United States has become a financial contagion and has led to a restriction on the availability of credit in world financial markets. Hundreds of thousands of borrowers have been forced to default and several major subprime lenders have filed for bankruptcy. Types of subprime lending Subprime mortgages Subprime mortgage loans are riskier loans in that they are made to...
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...The recent subprime mortgage crisis in the United States had a devastating impact not only on the economy of the United States, but also on an international level. The only way that many of those who were involved can accept the crisis and their losses is to be able to put someone at fault, which poses the question, who is to blame? This question cannot be answered simply, and involves many complications which have been researched, examined and debated over the years to try to come up with some answers. The only substantial answer that has been formulated is that everyone that was involved in any way is to blame, each for their own reasons. The two main parties involved include the lenders (mortgage companies) and the borrowers (potential homeowners). Mortgage brokers and the US Government also played a part in the way the crisis unfolded, but fell somewhere in the middle. I personally agree that each of these four groups is, in a way, at fault. Borrowers are often seen as the victims, as they were deceived into buying loans that they could not afford, and were then forced to default on their mortgages. What most people do not know is that they are also responsible for deceiving the mortgage companies in return. When attempting to purchase a mortgage, an individual must complete forms containing information about themselves and their family, their economic history, and other information that would help to determine what kind of mortgage they might qualify for. It is fairly...
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...SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS The beginning of 2000s, commodity, especially “petrol” and agricultural products prices was soared unexpectedly. Economic growth of high population countries such as India and China raised demand of agricultural and merchandise products and thus, this demand caused increasing of these products prices. In 2008, not only food prices but also gold and petrol prices reached the highest level in history. On the other hand, while these prices was increasing, the value of the United States Dollar fell than almost all currency units. It was paralelled that the market of real estate particularly “housing prices” decreased a great value in the US in 2006. Hovewer, housing prices started to increase gradually early 2000s in the US because of mortgage. Due to the this increment, banks provided credits to their low income family in order to purchase a new house, but when housing prices fell into decline suddenly, a new credit market which is called subprime mortgage collapsed. In 2006, home mortgage foreclosures were at record highs. From 2006 to 2007 foreclosures fillings grew 75 percent and leaving more than 1 percent of all households in some stage of foreclosure. Foreclosures in the subprime mortgage market were leading the way. In the end of 2006, about 300,000 foreclosure proceedings were initiated, with subprime mortgages accounting for more than half. Majority of these subprime borrowers were low and moderate...
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...Legal issues concerning sub-prime mortgage lenders Outline I. Introduction II. Subprime History III. What lead to subprime lenders making unethical and illegal decisions IV. What safe guards are in place V. Conclusions VI. Works cited page Introduction When most people hear the phrase “subprime lending”, the first thoughts that come to mind are the mortgage meltdown; predatory lenders, high interest mortgages for borrowers who have poor credit or low incomes. All of these thoughts may be true to a certain extent, but contrary to popular belief subprime mortgage lending has helped expand homeownership for all borrowers regardless of credit or income level in the US between 1995 and 2006 (Favro, 07). The problem is that this ethical and legal lending market took an unethical and illegal turn and has been cited as one of the contributing factors that aided in many Americans defaulting on their home loans that resulted in sending this country and many others into one of the biggest recessions since the Great Depression. It has been almost six years since the subprime meltdown and this country, the housing markets, and the economy have yet to fully recovered. In this research paper I will cover the history and original purpose of subprime lending, what lured the subprime lending market to take an unethical and illegal turn, and what safeguards have been put in place to lessen the likely hood of subprime mortgage lenders making unethical and illegal...
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...style/voice—in other words, how to write up your information in each section, by demonstrating how you might begin each section. In these examples section I and II present questions that the Preliminary Report would answer. For example, the first paper would explain who was affected by Katrina, what Katrina was, and so on. Section III presents questions that the Preliminary Report would not answer but would describe. For example, the first paper would point out that experts are still debating whether the Army Corps of Engineers was negligent. You don’t have to answer these questions in your report, just mention what a few such questions are. In these examples section IV looks at possible answers to the research question. In your actual paper you’ll present one answer—the one you think is best—and a very brief (1-2 sentences) explanation of why you think that answer is best. Topic: Hurricane Katrina Subtopic: Government response and public reaction Research Question: Why was the public unhappy with the government’s response to Katrina? I. Introduce the overall topic, explain basic info about that topic a. Who: People of the south surrounding N.O. b. What: Big hurricane that devastated the land. c. Where: Southeastern United States (i.e. Louisiana, South Florida, Mississippi). d. When: End of August 2005. e. Why: High Pressure, Low Pressure, Warm temperature, and combos. Natural Disaster, global warming, linked to climate change...
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...Subprime Mortgage Crisis 1. What is Subprime Mortgage? A type of mortgage that is normally made out to borrowers with lower credit ratings. As a result of the borrower's lowered credit rating, a conventional mortgage is not offered because the lender views the borrower as having a larger-than-average risk of defaulting on the loan. Lending institutions often charge interest on subprime mortgages at a rate that is higher than a conventional mortgage in order to compensate themselves for carrying more risk. There are several different kinds of subprime mortgage structures available. The most common is the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which initially charges a fixed interest rate, and then converts to a floating rate based on an index such as LIBOR, plus a margin. The better known types of ARMs include3/27 and2/28 ARMs. ARMs are somewhat misleading to subprime borrowers in that the borrowers initially pay a lower interest rate. When their mortgages reset to the higher, variable rate, mortgage payments increase significantly. This is one of the factors that lead to the sharp increase in the number of subprime mortgage foreclosures in August of 2006, and the subprime mortgage meltdown that ensued. Many lenders were more liberal in granting these loans from 2004 to 2006 as a result of lower interest rates and high capital liquidity. Lenders sought additional profits through these higher risk loans, and they charged interest rates above prime in order to compensate...
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...Defining Subprime Lending The problem to be investigated is the effect of subprime mortgage loans on the economy. According to Merriam Webster subprime is defined as having or being an interest rate that is higher than a prime rate and is extended especially to low-income borrowers; extending or obtaining a subprime loan (Webster, 2012). Subprime mortgage loans are loans given to people with a low credit score. Subprime borrowers normally don’t qualify for prime loans or prime lending. According to Jennings, the subprime mortgage market is defined to include those borrowers with a FICO (Fair Isaac Co.) score below 570 (Jennings, 2012, p. 434). The American Dream Home ownership has always been a big part of the “American Dream.” It allows you to have your piece of “the rock.” It gives one the ability to invest in your community. This need to have a piece of the American dream not only drives the average American to capitalize, it also drives mortgage lenders to take their portion of your dream as well. Initially, this relationship tends to have win/win connotations; however, true colors eventually prevail when dealing in subprime mortgage loans. Subprime Lenders It seems subprime lenders never call themselves just that. You have to be aware of the enormously high prices; prices much higher than your prime lenders. Subprime lenders based their rates and fees on the same factors as prime lenders. For example, rates were higher the lower the credit score and the...
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...The Mortgage and Financial Crises: The Role of Credit Risk Management and Corporate Governance William W. Lang Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Ten Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Phone: 215-574-7225 E-mail: William.Lang@phil.frb.org Julapa Jagtiani Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Ten Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Phone: 215-574-7284 E-mail: Julapa.Jagtiani@phil.frb.org February 9, 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the role of risk management and corporate governance as causal factors in the onset of the financial crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. We argue that this failure was a result of principal-agent problems internal to the firms and to breakdowns of corporate governance systems designed to overcome these principal-agent problems. Forthcoming in Atlantic Economic Journal (2010) JEL Classification Numbers: G01, G18, G21, G28 Keywords: Financial Crisis, Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Subprime Crisis _________________________ The opinions expressed in this paper...
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...SUBPRIME LENDING INTRODUCTION: Sub-prime lending usually refers to the practice of giving loans to those who do not qualify for regular loans at market interest rates because of their poor credit history. Due to the increased risk associated with the takers, sub-prime loans are offered at a rate higher than market rates. These loans are risky for both, those who are giving and those who are taking, because these combine high interest rates, bad credit history, and often, murky financial situations of the takers. Subprime lenders use a risk-based pricing system to calculate the terms of loans, including the interest rate, which they offer to borrowers with varying credit histories. The securities issued by subprime lenders tend to carry more credit risk but less interest rate risk than securities backed by prime loans. This is because subprime borrowers tend to have a shorter time horizon and fewer opportunities to refinance when interest rates fall. SUB PRIME CRISIS: The subprime mortgage crisis, popularly known as the “mortgage mess” or “mortgage meltdown,” came to the public’s attention when a steep rise in home foreclosures in 2006 spiraled seemingly out of control in 2007, triggering a national financial crisis of USA that went global within the year. Consumer spending was down, the housing market had plummeted, foreclosure numbers continue to rise and the stock market had been shaken. The subprime crisis and resulting foreclosure fallout has caused dissension...
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...Financial Institutions & Risk Management in Subprime Crisis Vikrant Joshi The Role of Financial Institutions & Risk Management in The Subprime Crisis This paper discusses the role of financial institutions & their risk management strategies in the subprime mortgage crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. Introduction: This paper analyzes the role of financial institutions in the light of risk management and corporate governance in the events leading to the subprime crisis. This paper explores the following question: Given the tremendous advances in financial risk measurement and management, why was the solvency of large and complex financial firms threatened by large losses in the mortgage market? First, the subprime mortgage market was about $1.3 trillion. Even a very high percentage loss in this market seemed manageable, given the overall size of U.S. and world debt markets. Commonly cited reasons such as high mortgage defaults in 2006 and 2007 do not provide a sufficient explanation for...
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...assumptions in the financial crisis Manuel B. Aalbers Amsterdam Institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how some of the assumptions about the current financial crisis are wrong because they misunderstand what takes place in the mortgage market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses four wrong assumptions: one related to regulation, one to leveraging, one to subprime lending and one to predatory lending. It briefly discusses some policy implications. Findings – The role of the state in the mortgage market is more complex than suggested by those who blame the state for not doing anything. The concept of leveraging can explain, at least in part, why the losses in financial markets are bigger than the losses in the housing market. Many subprime loans were sold to prime borrowers. Subprime lending was not designed to increase homeownership rates, but to fuel profits by exploiting vulnerable borrowers. Practical implications – It is too easy to argue that everyone made mistakes; most borrowers cannot be blamed for being sold risky, overpriced loans. A rescue plan is needed for defaulting borrowers and those already in foreclosure. Originality/value – The paper does not present new research, but brings together research that demonstrates that the roots of the crisis in the mortgage market are in many ways different from what is suggested by professionals...
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...Street banks, mortgage brokers, investors/speculators, Congress, the Federal Reserve, bank regulators, and individual borrowers. The period leading up to the collapse was filled with vast excesses, lax supervision, irresponsibility, greed and self-interest (Geelan T. , 2011). Community banks had nothing to do with sub-prime lending or the resulting financial crisis, yet they are being caught in the net of the overly far-reaching response. Community banks are the life-blood of the communities they serve. They meet the financial needs of consumers, families, small businesses, foundations and not-for-profit organizations. When the too-big-to fail institutions were worried about their credit default swaps, derivatives, sub-prime loans, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) they turned off the lending spigot, while community banks didn’t stop lending (Geelan T. , 2011). So how did we get to where we are? At one point in time, banks would refuse to lend money to people with poor credit history or no income. There were pretty tight qualification guidelines to obtain a mortgage. At that same time, back in the early 2000's, there was “excess capital” globally (The Subprime Mortgage Crisis Explained, 2011). Investment managers were looking for ways to invest money; generally the demand was for low-risk investments that would yield a nice return. However, such investment options were not easy to find. This pushed a great amount of money straight into the U.S. mortgage market, thanks...
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...UNDERSTANDING THE SUBPRIME LENDING The term "subprime" refers to the credit status of the borrower, which is being less than ideal. Subprime lending is a general term that refers to the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their deficient credit history. According to the U.S. Department of Treasury guidelines issued in 2001, "Subprime borrowers typically have weakened credit histories that include payment delinquencies i.e. non-payment of the mortgage, and possibly more severe problems such as charge-offs, judgments, and bankruptcies. They may also display reduced repayment capacity as measured by credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, or other criteria that may encompass borrowers with incomplete credit histories." This is when the borrowers have a poor credit history that is they are bad borrowers. Subprime lending is also called B-Paper, near-prime, or second chance lending, as the borrowing is done to customers with a poor credit history or no credit history without any security in return of the money lending. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit instruments, including subprime mortgages, subprime car loans, and subprime credit cards, among others. A subprime loan is offered at a rate higher than A-paper loans due to the increased risk. Subprime lenders To access this increasing market, lenders often take on risks associated...
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...Macroeconomics - The Financial Crisis of 2008 Mason S. Clark In 2008, a sequence of bank and insurance company failures resulted in a financial crisis that effectively brought global credit markets to a halt and required unprecedented government intervention. For example, Fannie Mae (FNM) and Freddie Mac (FRE) were both taken under the control of the government. In addition Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy after it was unable to find a buyer. Furthermore, Merrill Lynch was purchased by Bank of America, and American International Group was bailed out by the federal government with an $85 billion dollar capital injection. Shortly after, Washington Mutual (WM) went under; however, J P Morgan Chase (JPM) agreed to purchase the assets of WM resulting in the largest bank failure in the history of the United States. Due to the failures stated above it brings me to realize why banks are so hesitant to lend money between themselves or to anyone. The crisis began in the real estate market and the subprime lending crisis. As long as we can remember, the values in commercial and residential properties have been exponentially increasing and were not interrupted for nearly a decade. With housing prices increasing it lead to banks lowering lending standards allowing unqualified buyers to take out mortgages while at the same time deregulation blended lines between traditional investment banks and mortgage lenders. However, when housing prices failed to rise and homeowners...
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