...The book Indian Wars of Texas, by Mildred P. Mayhall, is one of two books by the author that address conflicts between various Native American tribes and the Mexican and American citizens of the Southwest region. Each chapter is dedicated to a different confrontation at times focusing on particular warriors and soldiers. While reading it becomes evident that although some battles were won the outcome would not be victorious for the dissipating tribes . From the devastating losses of tribesmen, squaws, children and even the eradication of their food sources they were left with limited option as far as survival went and eventually were limited to life on reservations. The idea behind the book was to create an all-in-one collection that covers “Indian warfare” in Texas history in hopes of inspiring interest and curiosity among Texas...
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...The Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is a tribe of indians that was believed to have been from Texas in the 18th century. Now, scholars are thinking that this group of Indians moved from north western Oklahoma in 1601 to Texas. On their way back to Texas they were first encountered by the Spanish explorers in 1691. While on their way to Texas, they lived next to the Red river by 1700. When the Indians moved back to Texas, they were soon going to have to move back to Oklahoma in the upcoming future. The Tonkawa tribe had to overcome resettlement, wars, and rebuilding their tribe in the near to come future. When the Tonkawa tribes had made it back to Texas, the first place the settled was along the Brazos river in 1854. Here, they would live for the next thirty years until they were to be removed by the government. While they were settled at the Brazos river, they were about 5,000 people that had homes their. In 1855, they had officially been removed from the Brazos river in Texas and were being relocated to Indian territory in Oklahoma. Also during this time period, a war was brewing between the confederate states and the southern states. They chose the side that would...
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...led to the civil war. 12. Chapter 11 Page 430 The Indian Removal, 1820-1840- After the election of 1828, one of Andrew Jackson’s goals was to remove the Indians. Jackson wanted the Indians to move westward toward Oklahoma, so he passed the Indian removal act. Most tribes including; Choctaws, Seminoles, and Chickasaws did not argue and agreed to move west. The Cherokees however believed that they had a right to a state government and saw Georgia’s new law as unconstitutional. Therefore the Cherokees had to be forced to move. This began the trail of tears where four-thousand Cherokees died of hunger, cold temperatures, and diseases. After the act took place, more than fifty-thousand Indians had been removed and twenty- five million acres of land were now open. 14. Chapter 14 Page 539 Wagon Trails West- The western wagon trails started out as settlers heading west for new trade opportunities with Mexico. An example of a wagon trail in the west was the Santa Fe Trail. Here travelers sought to go to Oregon and California. Like the other settlers traveling different western trails, those on the Santa Fe Trail road in wagon caravans. The discovery of gold in California had a great effect on the growth of travelers on the Oregon Trail in 1849. There were times where Indians attacked the settlers demanding for food. 15. Chapter 14 Page 559 Major Campaigns of the Mexican War- In 1845 John Tyler signs a congressional resolution to annex Texas. In response to...
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...According to History.com, ”Houston journeyed to Texas in 1832. Interested in land speculation and negotiating with Texas Indians on behalf of both the Cherokee and the United States, he was at the time and afterward accused of also intending to promote, with Jackson’s encouragement, a Texan insurrection against Mexican rule.” He was the meeting point between the Indians and the Americans which helped everybody get along. Secondly,History.com says”On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston And some 800 Texans defeated Santa Anna’s Mexican force of approximately...
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...Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, claimed that since the arrival of the Americans in 15th century, the Indian people had made no progress in becoming civilized like the Europeans. He spoke of the Indians as inferior to the Americans and insisted expansion would “help” them. (Doc C) Resulting from his words, actions of Indian removal began. Six existing tribes in the southern states were moved westward over land and sea to west of the Missouri and Arkansas Territory, moving them out into the Louisiana area. (Doc D) A common tale that came away from this was the Trail of Tears. The Indians experienced terrible conditions on their journey, many of which died from disease, starvation, and injury. Andrew Jackson has a wrap for being heartless towards the Indians, but in truth he just wanted to...
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...Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War was fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848, and it was marked the first American military battle to be fought on foreign soil. The Mexican American War was mainly driven by the idea of “Manifest Destiny”; the belief that the Americans had a God-given right, based on racial superiority, to spread across the Pacific Ocean (Chavez 2). The motives that were really behind Manifest Destiny was the acquisition of new territory, and the Americans wanted territories which were relatively uninhabited by people they considered inferior. As Americans wandered in search of land towards the west, the reality that the majority of those lands had occupants living in them got overlooked. President Polk shared and guided the dream of manifest destiny, and offered to purchase some territory of Mexico. His aim was to convince Mexicans to get into a negotiation and surrender a portion of their land to America .However, the refusal of the offer by the Mexican government and the unbending of the Polk to populate the area resulted in tension in the two nations. President Polk told the congress that blood had been shed, and he provoked war with Mexicans. With the end of the Mexican War, the United States absorbed one third of that nation’s total area. Even though American’s gained a considerable amount of land, it created great political sectionalism in America. The Mexican American War was for the most part determined...
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...The Comanche Indians of Texas The Comanche Indians were great horsemen of the Southern Plains that held an important role in the history of Texas. The Comanche Indians were originally part of the Northern Shoshone tribe that wandered in the vicinity of the Great Basin, a region in the western United States. The Shoshone Indian nation were ill equipped hunters and gatherers. In the seventeenth century when the Comanche Indians obtained horses, this revolutionized their culture. They were better equipped to hunt and gather food from distances that were out of their normal range. They were able to leave the mountainous region of the Shoshone Indian nation and move to the plains just due east of Colorado and western Kansas where there was a great amount of food. The Comanche Indians did not leave the mountainous region of the Shoshone nation as a tribe but there were many groups of family members and bands. The groups split and came together depending on the needs and goals of the individual members. There were at least thirteen different Comanche Indian bands that are identified in history but there were only five that played major roles in documented Comanche history. One of the five bands was called the Penateka or also known as the “Honey Eaters; and there range extended down to the Central Texas rivers and the Penatekas played the most imperative role in Texas history. The Comanche Indians hunting was deemed an activity to be conducted by the men of the tribe. They...
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...under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia Plan). 4. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. 5. Nullification- in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. 6. Oklahoma/Indian Country- are used to describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas who held Aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded...
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...Summary of “The Paradise Called Texas” “The Paradise Called Texas” is a novel about a German girl Mina and her family, who emigrated to Texas in 1845 because of the war. The family had been told that a Verein awaits their arrival. The Verein would help them with supplies, horses and wagons. But they didn’t. It was a terrible winter on the coast of Texas, and Minas’ mother and many others died that winter. At last they gathered enough money together with the Kaufman family to by a wagon. The family was going to New Braunfel, because that was where the Verein have its headquarters, so that they could find out what to do next. On their way to New Braunfel, Mina and her sister met some Indians, while they were searching for food. The Indian man stood on a rocky rise near creek. He was tall and sinewy with a red robe draped around his waist, and he had long black hair. Mina was so afraid, that she dropped all of the food. Mina screamed to her sister, that she should run. After a while the Indian motioned with his arm for someone to come. From behind the bushes an Indian woman and girl appeared riding on a horse. The girl Amaya was the same age as Mina. The little girl undid her belt, and gave it to Mina. Mina then found out, that they were friendly, and the only thing they wanted was to trade with a lock of her hair. After Mina had given her lock of hair, the little girl helped Mina to pick up the food she dropped. Further inland the party of Germans decides to settle down...
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...The Mexican-American War was from 1846 to1848; it marked the first U.S. armed conflict. Mexico’s militarily was unprepared against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States, had a manifest destiny to expand United States territory, but also was destined for westward expansion. United States declined to unite as one country because Texas political interests were against slavery states. Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. When James K. Polk offered to purchase California and New Mexico was rejected, he instigated a fight by ordering General Taylor and his forces south into a borderline zone between the Rio Grande and Nueces River that both countries previously recognized as part of the Mexican...
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...started to take interest in California, Texas, and New Mexico. They liked territorial growth and thought these provinces would bring many useful resources. Expansionists believed in Manifest Destiny which was the belief that that God wanted the U.S. to own all of North America. Many expansionists used the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail to travel west. The Oregon Trail started in Missouri and ended in Oregon and many people used this trail in hope of a better life. The Santa Fe Trail was a famous trail in New Mexico that was used for business and trade. Other traders traveled up the Missouri River into the Rocky Mountains in search of beaver skin. In this search of the Rockies,...
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...Syllabus for the Module 1 assignment entitled, “Timeline Part I.” NOTE: The timeline project does not need to be submitted to turnitin. NOTE: Please write your answers in a clear and concise manner. Limit your submission of the Timeline Part I up to 250 words per topic/subtopic. For example, if a topic is divided into 3 subtopics, you may write a maximum of 250 per subtopic listed. Be sure to cite all sources. |Major Event/Epoch in American History |Time Period/Date(s) |Description and Significance of the | | | |People/Event(s) to American History | |Describe three different American Indian cultures prior to |1200-1900 |The Anasazi lived in the area that would one day | |colonization. | |become Colorado, Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. | | | |They focused on stonework, making fabrics and | | | |baskets. They were advanced compared to other | | | |cultures, in that they were involved in | | ...
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...expand the country from the frontier of the Louisiana Purchase all the way to California. The westward expansion used the issues of power, wealth, and morality to expand our country or in other words reach our “Manifest Destiny’’. Many Americans believed that God blessed the growth of American nation and even demanded of them to actively work on it. Since they were sure of their cultural and racial superiority, they felt that their destiny was to spread their rule around and enlighten the nations that were not so lucky. Their race gave them the idea that they had power over others so they started with the Indians. This is how Andrew Jackson beat the Creek Indians at horseshoe bend and forced them to give up...
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...Tejanos were the Spanish inhabitants that lived in Texas and Anglo-Americans was a name given to the Americans who settled down to Mexican owned Texas Stephan F. Austin a Tejano help grant many of the Anglo-Americans entry into Texas; however; many have entered Texas illegally and faced many opposition such as the Native Americans and the Spanish living in Texas and therefore lead to the Americanization of Texas. The Anglo-Americans adapted to the indigenous Native American population and the Tejanos living in Texas by being opportunistic and resourceful. The Anglo-Americans were very opportunistic to adapt, as they were able to gain from their selfish ways. Sam Houston was sent to Texas by Andrew Jackson to help redeem his life after the...
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...Major Event/Epoch in American History | Time Period/Date(s) | Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History | 1) Describe three different American Indian cultures prior to colonization. | 17,000B.C.–1492A.D. | One American Indian culture that existed prior to colonization was the Paleo-Indians. These were highly nomadic people who hunted mastodons, woolly mammoths, and other mammals of similar size with spears. They had nomadic tendencies, which led them to live a rather isolated way of life. This helped to avoid the spread of some extremely contagious diseases and allowed families to survive (Brands, 2012, p. 5). Another pre-colonization culture was the Plains Indians. This particular culture survived by using a combination of hunting, gathering, and farming. This development led to the establishment of villages near river valleys that assisted in the influx of population. The conditions in which the lived were optimal for multi-generation survival (Brands, 2012, p. 7). A third American Indian culture that thrived prior to colonization was the Aztecs. They were able to build enormous cities with complex governments, ruled by aggressive men. The Aztecs successfully developed their own hieroglyphic writing as well as a genuine solar calendar. Over time they conquered a great number of foes across the Valley of Mexico and participated in the practice of human sacrifice, which aligned with the maintenance of their crops. They considered human blood...
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