...The Hammer or the Anvil The 19th Century in Europe was a time of power-balancing, revolution, industrialization, and imperialism. The turn of the century marked the end of French continental domination and the beginning of longest period of European peace in history following the Congress of Vienna. Up until 1848, the delicate balance of European power was maintained from an international perspective, but in that year, domestic uprisings plagued much of continental Europe. Given Britain’s geographical isolation and the success of its early colonies (like Australia), it experienced general domestic and foreign tranquility, as well as economic success and worldwide naval supremacy. However, as the British Empire continued to expand, its domestic industrial infrastructure was almost altogether abandoned, causing its inevitable technological obsolescence by the last quarter of the century. The relative decline of British industry and global dominance began in the 1870s along with a shift in gross national investment from domestic markets to overseas, requiring British foreign policy to ensure the naval, military, and financial security of its empire through defensive build-up and diplomacy at the turn of the 20th Century; in response to Britain’s relatively weaker position, German policy became more aggressive in an effort to assert Germany’s new global power status and attract Great Britain to an Anglo-German alliance. Britain’s escape from the revolutionary fervor engulfing...
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...Systems theory: a scientific/philosophical approach and set of concepts, rather than a theory, for the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena. It was first proposed by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1940's (anthology: "General Systems Theory", 1968), as a reaction against scientific reductionism*. Rather than reducing a phenomenon (say, the human body) to a collection of elements or parts (say, the organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the relations and interactions between the parts, which connect them into a whole (see holism*). The particular arrangement of elements and relations determines an emergent* organization, or system*. That organization is abstract, independent of the concrete substance of the elements, which may be atoms, molecules, cells, transistors, or people. This entails that the same principles of organization can be found in different domains: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology, technology... One of the aims of systems theory is to unify different scientific disciplines by uncovering these general principles (see unity of science*). Systems theory studies characteristics common to many or all complex systems. These...
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...Beauty, Life and Death Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on A Snowy Evening” is a simple and literal poem that has been interpreted and emphasized in many different ways. Frost tells a simple story that manages to get any reader to think about its scene and how profound this story can actually be. Many different opinions have been expressed as to what the poet was trying to convey in these lines; happiness, life, or maybe even death. The poem was written during the early 20th century, around the 1920s. According to an analysis done on this poem: “...Frost wrote the poem on a hot summer day...” (Gualdoni 2). Quite an interesting piece of information that questions why Frost would use a season opposite to the one he was currently writing through. The poem itself is written in iambic tetrameter so that 4 lines are grouped together in each stanza. There is a visible rhyme scheme and figures of speech that coexist within the piece. The first two lines in a stanza rhyme with each other while the third line stands to temporarily disrupt the balance, only to be followed by a fourth line with a rhyme that will match the previous two. A broad sense of imagery invites the reader to his/her imagination and calmly surrounds them in that cold winter night. In the woods with just his horse, the snow and a frozen lake, is a simple setting the poet used for this piece. The first few lines display a character that is in the middle of nowhere and mentions of an unknown person that the “woods”...
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...Policeman of the World Laura Ortega Strayer University LaRonda Pondexter Contemporary U.S History 12/21/13 Policeman of the World It is common knowledge that by the 20th century, the United States had become the dominant force in international relations. Some have argued that the United States' military functions as the world's police. For centuries United States has been found as the world's policeman regardless if they were asked for the help or not. In this paper I will highlight two instances in which United States intervene in an international matter. Also I will identify what prompted America to become a dominant force after World War II and what were the differences in the foreign policy before and after the war. Throughout the history United States has come across a lot of different situations in which we are either pushed to declare war against another country because we were threatened or we do it because we feel the necessity to save that other country from their enemy. Probably one of the biggest instances was after the September 11 terrorist attack in New York city. After this happened president Bush sent out troops to Afghanistan and declare war against them. In another note a more recent event was the Libyan attack known as: Operation Odyssey Dawn. It's only purpose was to enforce a no-fly zone and to prevent the Libyan's from attacking their own citizens. In 2012 troops were deployed to the border of Jordan and Syria to help contain the...
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...to go deeper into the expressive dances of black culture. Dunham had a major impact on 20th/21st century society and culture because of her new dance techniques that incorporated tradition and...
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...of “traditional” and “modern” forms of antisemitism? Even though a complex topic looking at antisemitism and how it contributed to the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler, and all the events that occurred, it gives us some insight into why the events occurred during Nazi rule. To understand the various ways Hitler and the Nazi party used elements of “Traditional” and “modern” anti-Semitism, what needs to be explored is what is anti-Semitism, and what differentiates “modern” and “traditional” antisemitism. Furthermore, what these thoughts of thinking could have meant to society.The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. In 1879, German Journalist Wilhelm Marr originated the term antisemitism. Could it be that without the development of such anti-Semitic theories, the holocaust would be inconceivable, or either way it had to happen? What is to be understood is that the term not only denoting the hatred of Jews, but also various liberals, socialism, LGBT community, communists and other various groups. Further exploring this, we need to look at the distinctions, and the changing ways of thinking of “traditional” and “modern” antisemitism. “Traditional” antisemitism refers to religiously based prejudice against the Jews, and in the medieval and early modern periods (900-1500 AD) hatred and persecution of Jews were justified on religious grounds. The Jews were seen as the devil incarnate, and were nothing but a burden on society. Moving on to “modern” antisemitism...
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...of the reform efforts Pennsylvania Quakers, were houses of penitence, and it was believed that solitary confinement- which left prisoners alone in their cell with nothing to do but repent- was the most expeditious route to spiritual reformation.” There are still confrontations about individual isolation today, and it is shown in the case of Aref v. Holder which consisted of the opposition of the usage of Communication Management Units (CMU’s). Downs (2011) found that “at the forum, Meeropool announced some good news: that very afternoon, a judge had decided that CCR’s lawsuit Aref v. Holder, challenging the existence of the CMUs, could proceed to trial to challenge the violation of prisoners’ fundamental constitutional rights that the CMU’s represent.” Not long after the introduction of solitary confinement, the deprivation of certain needs for us as humans to continue to perform at a sufficient level of competence was discovered; furthermore, these effects are the reasons why the U.S. Supreme Court decided to prohibit prisons from using solitary confinement. Demers (2013) stated that “by the late nineteenth century, however, the practice was largely phased out, in part due to a US Supreme Court ruling that solitary confinement constituted additional punishment and caused serious mental problems and suicide.” Therefore, there is a lot of gray zone that has been covered and still in question when it comes to individual...
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...Pondra Zigler HUMN-303 Professor Elliott October 14, 2012 “Pigments” Pigments are the foundation of all paints, and have been used for thousands of years dating back to prehistoric times. More than 15,000 years ago cavemen began to use colour to decorate cave walls. These colours were called earth pigments - yellow earth, red earth and white chalk. In addition they used carbon black by collecting the soot from burning animal fats. These colours were all that were needed to produce the sensitive and exquisite drawings and stencils which we are still able to see today (Winsor & Newton. 2003). According to Douma, M. (2008), the first paintings ever found were cave paintings. Ancient peoples decorated walls of protected caves with paint made from dirt or charcoal mixed with spit or animal fat. In cave paintings, the pigments were able to stick to the walls because the pigments became trapped in the porous wall and also, because the spit of fat dried and adhered the pigment to the wall. It is hypothesized that the way that the paint was applied was through brushing, smearing (using their fingertips), dabbing and using spraying techniques. Brushes were made from horsehair, and paint spraying (similar to air brushing) was accomplished by blowing paint through hollowed animal bones. Historians found the shoulders of animals, as well as other animal bones in caves stained with color presumed to have been used as mortars for pigment grinding. The pigment was made into...
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...Realism is a 20th century art movement which took a diverse approach to representing the figure, yet has being ongoing from around the 18th century. It depicted what was happening in a contemporary way, an attempt to define what was real with no bias or personal preference from the artist. Only portraying what they saw. The movement originated in france in the 1850’s after the 1848 revolution. These Realists positioned themselves against Romanticism, a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Seeking to be undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against the exaggerated emotionalism of the Romantic movement. Truth and accuracy became the goals of many Realists. Many paintings depicted people at work, underscoring the changes wrought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions. The popularity of such 'realistic' works grew with the introduction of photography, a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look “objectively real.” Thereafter this new approach to representing the figure grew and new forms such as American realism and social realism where introduced to the art world. Therefore in view of this i will be looking at the American realist Edward Hopper and the realist painter Lucian Freud. Both these artists where at the forefront of modern art and both took different approaches to representing...
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...the story. Joyce chooses to reveal this to us in forms of motifs of music to structure the story, and with this use of musical references the meaning of the story comes out in so many different ways creating a melody, thereby binding the music, and story together. Joyce uses the main character Gabriel to reveal to us the overall reoccurring theme, and how emotionally dead these characters are which leads up to Gabriel’s epiphany at the end of the story. With a title like “The Dead” we imagine that it is going to take place in some gloomy place, like a graveyard. However, to our surprise the story opens up to a Christmas party in which Mr. & Mrs. Conroy, Gabriel and Gretta, are invited to attend. We do not get the feeling of gloom or death, but more of a warm inviting environment. However, with the progression of the story the focus shifts towards the isolation and insecurities that Gabriel is exemplifying. We first see this taking place when he is questioning himself about his speech that he is planning on giving later on in the night. Gabriel is wondering whether or not to quote Robert Browning because he “fears they would be above the heads of his hearers.” (2174) He feels it better to quote “Shakespeare or from the Melodies would be better.” (2174) It seems relevant that we read this within the first pages of the story, because the Irish Melodies he mentions were “extremely popular in the late 19th and early 20th century.”(2174) These collections of songs by Thomas...
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...88 Yoshiharu Tsukamoto House & Atelier Bow-Wow, Tokyo, 2005 Perspective section of the House & Atelier Bow-Wow. The different sizes of the floors are disposed in the continuous vertical/lateral space of the building envelope defined by the local code. Working and living are intertwined. Void MetabolisM Since the Second World War, the urban fabric of Tokyo has been shaped by individual landownership and the proliferation of the detached house. For most Japanese architectural offices, domestic practice provides the mainstay of their work. This focus on the single private house, though, also limits the range of possibilities for urban interventions. Yoshiharu Tsukamoto of Atelier Bow-Wow explains how through its development of ‘Void Metabolism’, the studio has been able to turn its focus on the residential into a positive, breaking down the barriers between private and shared space in the city. 89 Atelier Bow-Wow has been designing small houses in Tokyo for more than a decade. But even as the practice is joined by most architects of the same generation, who also predominantly design small single-family homes, it has realised that with each housing unit averaging a floor area of just 80 square metres (861 square feet) within this enormous city of over 30 million inhabitants, this pursuit would have little effect on the city itself. Looking back in history, Japanese architects have worked feverishly on the different housing types of Tokyo, while the area in which...
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...Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a deadly infection around the world claiming 1.7 million lives per year. TB is generally recognized as a respiratory disease but can also attack the brain and spine, circulatory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems as well as the skin, bones and joints. (Furlow, 2010) The groups of people in the United States that are at risk of developing tuberculosis are those infected with HIV, the homeless, prisoners, poor individuals who live in urban areas, minorities such as African American’s, Hispanics and Asians. Healthcare workers are also at risk in the US and around the world. Countries outside of the US hardest hit by TB are in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Rates for infection among American born individuals has steadily dropped since 1990 while the numbers for foreign-born individuals infected has remained the same and is the largest group in America infected with TB. (Maurer & Smith, 2013)...
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...and American Indian. The influence of the indigenous people and their culture on the modern Venezuelan life is found in typical staples of the country, such as arepas and cachapas, in the geographically names and in the vocabulary. The African influence is limited to a few words of vocabulary and gastronomy, but it is particularly apparent in the music with musical instruments like the drum. Since the most of the colonial people came from the Spanish regions of Andalucia and Extremadura, the influences of these regions can be found in food, music, language, art and religion. The 19th and 20th century brought to Venezuela immigrants from other European countries, including Italy, France, Portugal and Germany, whose cultural tradition has mixed with Venezuelan. The fact that Venezuelans like baseball and have many fast food restaurants clearly means that the country hasn’t been spared of the US influences too. Lifestyles. Venezuela is a country where modern and traditional lifestyles are mixed together. For many Venezuelans, family life is of most importance. Although the tradition has started to change recently, the country seems immune to generation gap. Children live with their parents even after they get married and take care of them. Few Venezuelans leave their parents to live by themselves when they get to their legal age. Communication styles. In general, Venezuelans are open and friendly, sometimes maybe too noisy, but usually kind to strangers. Venezuelans are characterized...
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...Trifles The sensitivity of feminism was very complicated in early 20th century, and Trifles by Susan Glaspell comes out not only for entertainment to this day but also it’s a message to the world about gender roles in expect actions. The story took place in the kitchen, which was the domain of Mrs. Wright and the women, whereas the men were not so familiar. The background of the story focuses on one side, the women, and it is known for inequality of gender through history. By using the bird cage and the bird are symbolisms, and the way protecting their friend Mrs. Wright from being charged with murder, which is the guilty between of feminism and the world dominated by men. Trifles by Susan Glaspell represents the problem of gender discrimination in terms of crime and guilt. The birdcage represents a falling marriage, and it is a first motive in establishing guilt. The birdcage is a physical trap to keep the bird or ant kind of animals, and they are not free and loneliness. As the same Mrs. Wright was trapped in her marriage, and could not escape it. Whatever she does everything and couldn’t keep her free, and that will become a strong motive to push her make up a guilt. The birdcage’s door, which represents her troubled marriage to Mr. Wright, is broken. We can compare Mrs. Wright to a wild animals who just want to escape the trap as same as her marriage from Mr. Wright. Whenever the door open, it allowed Mrs. Wright to become a free woman. At that point in time, the cage’s...
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...CHAPTER 1 - What is Corrections? | Chapter Outline and Summary | | | Chapter OutlineI.IntroductionA.Growth of the system has changed how much people know about corrections1.In 1973 the prison incarceration rate was 96 per 100,000 Americans2.By 2008, after 35 years of steady growth, the U.S. imprisonment rate reached 506 per 100,0003.About 7.5 million Americans are now in the corrections system4.Correctional population growth continued throughout the 1990s, although crime rates fell by more than 50 percent between 1993 and 20075.The expansion of corrections has affected some groups more than others6.About one-third of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control7.Prison budgets, by far the most expensive portion of the overall penal system, grow even when monies for education and others services lag8.Today, Corrections pervasive—especially for poor, minority Americans II.The Purpose of CorrectionsA.Punishment1.From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control, of compelling people to behave according to the norms and rules of society2.Protecting society by defining limits of behaviorB.Three basic concepts of Western criminal law define the purpose and procedure of criminal justice1.Offense2.Guilt3.PunishmentC.The central purpose of corrections is to carry out the criminal sentence1.Corrections—the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management...
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