...The Lion King Essay When is a movie not just a movie? When it has been painstakingly researched, as in the case of Disney’s The Lion King. It took Disney three years to make The Lion King, and a significant portion of that time was spent researching Africa and its ecology to make sure they portrayed everything correctly. The Lion King is an entertaining movie, but it also has ecological lessons for the discerning viewer. For instance, a large food chain, or multiple series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food, is shown in the Pridelands; the symbiotic relationships displayed in the movie have counterparts in real life; and abiotic and biotic external factors which influence organisms, populations and communities are present in the movie as well as real life. In the movie, Mufasa says to his son, “… When we die, our bodies become the grass. And the antelope eat the grass. And so we are all connected in the great Circle of Life.” This is only part of the aforementioned food web (also known as the Circle of Life) There are food webs everywhere, yet none is exactly alike. The food web specific to the Pridelands is unique, yet similar to savannas in real life. The lions are the top carnivore in the mentioned/implied food web. Lions in real life eat smaller mammals such as antelopes, zebras, hippos, and warthogs. Lions in the movie eat mice, antelopes, zebras, hornbills, hippos, and warthogs. Note: Timon, a meerkat, and Pumbaa, a warthog introduce Simba, the...
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...PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE I. TERMINOLOGY * Pathology- the study of disease * Infection- the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism * Disease- abnormal state of health as the result of an infection * If Pseudo aeruginosa infects the eye it can cause a disease termed Pseudomonas keratitis. The etiologic agent (cause) of this disease is: Microbial pathogenesis- the characteristics/traits the microbe has that leads to the disease. II. NORMAL MICROBIOTA * 1 x 10^13 human cells in our body * 1x10^14 bacterial cells on/in our body (permanent residence that under normal conditions do not cause disease) * Areas with normal Microbiota: 1. GI tract 2. Upper respiratory 3. Skin 4. Urogenital Tract * Areas that are relatively sterile: 1. The Nervous System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in...
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...- Increases opportunity for success and survival of genes Azolla - Hairy leaves - Collect air bubbles and add surface tension - Symbiotic relationship with algae - Access nitrogen, which means the plant can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days. - Folded leaf surface - Maximise leaf surface are area for photosynthesis. - No supporting roots or stems; supported by the water - Able to absorb water directly, with a high surface area available for absorption. Construct a table of these abiotic factors (wind speed, air and water temperature, turbidity, humidity, pH and oxygen levels., the equipment used and a description of how they were measured in detail. Equipment Used How They Were Measured Wind speed Anemometer 1. The anemometer was held up to where the wind could...
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...1. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship and both partners benefit whereas commensalism benefits only one and the other gets nothing. 2. A negative externality is a when a third party effects someone or something in a bad way and there is no compensation. 3. Gathered from my readings in the book negative feedback can be a great thing for nature. It allows a system to stabilize itself. Positive feedback can cause an ecosystem to destabilize. This is usually a bad thing but sometimes good things come from all of the chaos. 4. Isotopes are atoms of an element with different number of neutrons. 5. Entropy describes the chaos that is brought forth when energy transforms. 6. I believe that yes the term carrying capacity can apply to both the ecosystems and human beings. The definition is explained in the book using human population growth. But I also believe that many ecosystems can destroy themselves with over population so in order for them to survive they need a equal “birth” rate and death rate. This carrying capacity would allow an ecosystem to survive. 7. CFC’s are Chlorofluorocarbons. They are used in refrigerators, aerosol, and air conditioning. They have to do with the ozone hole because they are one of the main causes of it. Over the years uses of CFC’s started to grow and with it the hole in our ozone. 8. The Little Ice Age lasted between 1300 and 1870. It was a time when Europe and Northern America endured a much colder temperature then they were used to, and mountain...
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...Bleaching based on the Symbiotic Relationship with their Zooxanthellae, Using DNA Sequencing Techniques http://www.wiki-reef.com/CoralSpecimen.aspx?cid=28 Elizabeth Velazquez Fall Quarter 2011 Luisa Marcelino, Timothy Swain Northwestern University, Field Museum, Shedd Aquarium Abstract Coral samples were obtained from Shedd Aquarium to investigate the symbiotic relationship between the corals and their zooxanthellae under environmental stress. The zooxanthellae DNA were extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The sequences were then analyzed using Sequencher 5.0 and BioEdit where they were aligned individually and then against other sequences found in previous literature research. The aligned sequences were run in Genbank using the BLAST function to identify the zooxanthellae at the subclade level. Further research into current literature was done with the best matched subclades to our sequences to further investigate the thermal resilience of the zooxanthellae. It was found that thylakoid membrane lipid compositions as well as lipid energy reserves are correlated to bleaching susceptibility. Clade D symbionts have higher lipid energy reserves, allotting for more thermal resilience in comparison to clade C as well as increased abundances in D symbiont types among reefs after bleaching events. Bleaching susceptibility was also found to have variation within clades. More research is needed to fully understand the coral-zooxanthellae relationship and acclimatization under...
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...almost twenty-five percent of all marine species (Perry). The United States, since the nineties, has been working to improve the conditions of coral reefs. There are disagreements and opposing claims that coral bleaching stems from other factors besides fluctuating water temperatures. Coral reef bleaching is still a prevalent issue that the United States alongside other countries needs to work towards a more efficient solution in preserving oceanic life. The general public is informed on the progression of coral reef bleaching, but not the factors that cause the issue. People are choosing to be ignorant of the situation involving coral reefs by not taking action. The underlying problem could be resolved with the knowledge of existing relationships in the diverse habit. The National Oceanic and Administration has asserted that coral bleaching...
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...Coral bleaching is caused by the changing temperatures of the ocean. Ninety-three percent of climate change heat is absorbed by the ocean. This means that as the temperatures rises from global warming, so does the ocean. Coral are unable to adapt to the changing heat at the rate that it is changing. Under normal conditions, the algae perform photosynthesis and provide nutrients that provide the coral with energy to continue to build. However, with the rising temperature this makes it difficult for the algae to photosynthesize. Bleaching is caused by a response from the changing temperatures in the ocean. As the temperatures rise, this causes the relationship between the coral and algae to break down. The algae are unable to process the sun’s...
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...during the Middle Ages thought, which eventually helped shape what is now the western world. Aquinas is renowned for his view on law which he categorized into three sections which include: natural, positive and eternal. Natural law governs a man’s sense of right and wrong. Positive law is the law imposed by government and is extended by natural law. External law is when man acts in accordance to his free will based upon what he deems rational behaviour. Aquinas states that these laws are natural to humanity and are very important to the social welfare of civilization. The three laws have a...
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...Kotas or Kothar or Kov by self-designation are an ethnic group who are indigenous to the Nilgiris mountain range in Tamil Nadu, India. They are one of the many tribal or ethnic groups indigenous to the region. Others include Todas, Irulas and Kurumbas. Although all groups lived closely by and had intimate interactions, elaborate taboos were developed to maintain social distance and prestige. Todas and Kotas have been subject to intense anthropological, linguistic and genetic analysis since the early 19th century. Study of Todas and Kotas has also been influential in the development of the field of anthropology. Numerically Kotas have always been a small group not exceeding 1,500 individuals spread over seven villages for the last 150 years. They have maintained a lifestyle as a jack of all trades such as potters, agriculturalist, leather workers, carpenters, and black smiths and as musicians for other groups. Since the British colonial period they have availed themselves of educational facilities and have improved their socio-economic status and no longer depend on the traditional services provided to make a living. Some anthropologists have considered them to be a specialized caste as opposed to be a tribe or an ethnic group. Kotas have their own unique language that belongs to the Dravidian language family but diverged from South Dravidian sub family at some time in BCE. Their language was studied in detail by Murray Barnson Emeneau, a pioneer in the field of Dravidian linguistics...
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...SOIL ECOLOGY AND BIOREMIDIATION Faculty of Engineering and Architecture CIVE 652-Environmental biotechnology By: Contents INTRODUCTION 3 SOIL MICROORGANISMS 3 Bacteria and Actinomycetes 3 Protozoa 3 Algae 4 Fungi 4 Macrofauna and Mesofauna 4 SOIL UNDER OXIC AND ANOXIC CONDITIONS 4 SOIL CYCLES 5 Carbon Cycle 5 Nitrogen Cycle 6 Sulfur Cycle 7 SOIL POLLUTION 7 Main Causes of Soil Pollution: 7 Main Effects of Soil Pollution: 7 SOIL BIOREMEDIATION 8 EX SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 8 EX SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Ex situ thermal processes 9 2) Ex situ chemical/physical remediation ( Soil scrubbing ) 9 EX SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Composting 10 2) Land farming 11 3)Biopiling ( Heap technique) 12 4) Bioslurry reactor 13 IN SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 13 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 14 1) Bioventing 14 2) Biosparging 15 3) Bioaugmentation: 15 4)Biostimulation 15 4) Bioslurping : 16 5) Phytoremediation 16 IN SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 16 1) In situ thermal processes 16 2) In situ chemical/physical process: Pump and treat processes 16 INFLUENCING FACTORS 16 CONCLUSION 17 Table of figures: Figure 1. Soil microorganisms pie chart 3 Figure 2. Acquisition of phosphate by Mycorrhizal roots………………………………...3 Figure 3. Mycorrhizal roots……………………………………………………………….4 Figure 4. Carbon Cycle 5 Figure 5. Nitrogen Cycle 6 Figure...
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...Algae and Friends 1. Why are algae important in nature? How are algae, fungi and lichens related and how is this relationship defined? Explain how the presence of algae can indicate either pollution or productivity of a body of water. Algae are a very large and diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, ranging from unicellular genera such as Chlorella and the diatoms to multicellular forms such as the giant kelp. Most are autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types found in land plants such as stomata, xylem and phloem. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of algae that includes Spirogyra and the stoneworts. Algae has several uses in nature and for mankind. Agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from algae, which is derived from red algae, has a number of commercial uses. It is a good medium on which to grow bacteria and fungi as most microorganisms cannot digest agar. Alginic acid, or alginate, is extracted from brown algae. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavors. Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source of natural...
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...Lichen /A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae[->0] or cyanobacteria[->1] (or both) living among filaments of a fungus[->2] in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic[->3]) relationship.[1][2][3] The whole combined life form has properties that are very different to properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Lichens may grow like a tiny, leafless, branching shrub (fruticose[->4]), like it has leaves (foliose[->5]), like a crust of paint on a surface (crustose[->6]),[4] or have other growth forms.[5] A macrolichen is a lichen that is either bush-like or leafy. A microlichen is everything else.[1] Here, "macro" and "micro" do not refer to size, but to the growth form.[1] Common names for lichens[->7] may contain the word "moss" (e.g., "Reindeer moss[->8]", "Iceland moss[->9]"), and lichens may superficially look like and grow with mosses, but lichens are not related to mosses or any plant.[3]:3 Lichens don't have roots that absorb water and nutrients like in plants.[6]:2 Instead they produce their own food from sunlight, air, water, and minerals in their environment.[7] They are not parasites[->10] on the plants they may grow on, but only use them as a substrate to grow on or in. Lichens occur from sea level[->11] to high alpine[->12] elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.[7] Lichens are abundant...
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...SPORTS MARKETING AND BRAND BUILDING Marketing Management - II Prof. Sanjay Patro Section C - Group 5 George Antony B13148 Mayank Siotia B13156 Vijender Kaur B13180 SPORTS MARKETING AND BRAND BUILDING An Introduction Not that long ago, a company that wanted to reach 20 million young Americans could do it easily—place an ad on Friends on Thursday night. With the proliferation of media types and channels, though, such large and predictable audiences are few and far between. Among all the media touch points, for example, cable has the highest share—34 percent—and of course cable audiences are highly fragmented. Broadcast television gets only 20 percent. Getting people’s attention at all is difficult enough; getting them to pay attention is well-nigh impossible. Sports is the exception. Because it is live, and because there is so much free publicity around major events— everything from water-cooler gossip to blogs to newspapers—sports breaks through the static. It is one of the few areas (music and fashion are others), where people are admittedly passionate. In that passion is opportunity for marketers. Because fans are already invested in the event or their team— think how insufferable New York Yankee or Manchester United fans can be—companies can tap into these emotions to connect with consumers and build an emotional bond with them. And because sports are best watched live, it’s harder to skip the ads, as Tivo- or DVR equipped viewers increasingly do. To begin with,...
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...m Biology 2 – Study Guide # 1 Chapters 24 & 25 - Macroevolution What are the two main points of Darwin’s book? What is microevolution? Macroevolution? What are the two theories of macroevolution? What are the three types of gradualism? What is punctuated equilibrium? What is a biological species? What is allopatric speciation? What conditions favor allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation? What is autopolyploidy? Allopolyploidy? What is a hybrid zone? What are the three outcomes? What is the origin of novelty? (exaptations) What is evo-devo? What is allometric growth, heterochrony, paediomorphosis, paediogenesis? What are hox genes (homeotic genes)? How do evolutionary trends behave? What is adaptive radiation? Know the ways fossils are formed and what fossilizes. What are the limitations of the fossil record? Know how to do a radiometric problem? What is a half-life? Know the geological time scale. What is continental drift? Plate tectonics? K-T boundary? Pangaea? Laurasia? Gondwana? Chapter 17 – Viruses Know the structure of viruses. Know how viruses replicate. Know the viral genome structure. What are bacteriophages? What are the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles? Know the information give on HIV virus. What are the treatments? Chapter 27 – Bacteria Know the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Know how bacteria reproduce asexually and through genetic combination. (binary fission, transduction, transformation, conjugation)...
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...The professors nod in agreement. “Phil, altruistic actions occur without intentionality or concern of others welfare, maybe even just for the sake of our own wellbeing. And Bio the routine behavior proves a mutually beneficial cycle therefore more of a cooperative behavior that you call reciprocal altruism”. Behave goes on “ I’m not sure why Altruism is in your vocabulary Bio, but I digress, I think you both are right in a way. I believe altruism to be a common casual relationship with strong reciprocity. Illustrating that altruism is what creates strong reciprocity, therefore creating a exponentially redundant cycle that becomes more founded every time an action describe as altruistic occurs.” The above dialogue describes how behavioral altruism develops deduce universal definition, in which it dispels if altruistic actions are pure in their own since. The last except attributes altruism as a motivating factor behind the action rather than labeling the action itself as altruistic. The digression through the different definitions helped stripped away threshold on each definition and reiterated the complex composition of what motivates us can not define the action. However, the post analysis wether measured in...
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