...Renewable Energy Wave Technologies Table of Contents: 1.0) Introduction 2.0) Wave Technologies 3.0) Where can it be used? 4.0) Wave Technologies 4.1) For the Study only consider the following Technologies: 4.2) Current Issues with Wave Energy Generation 4.3) Oscillating Water Column (Scowcroft) 4.3)1. Construction of OWC at Isle of Islay, Scotland 4.3)2. Installed OWC Technology 4.3)3. OWC cost 4.3)4. Problems with OWC 4.4) Pelamis 4.4)1. Construction of Pelamis 4.4)2. Installed Pelamis Technology 4.4)3. Pelamis Costs 4.4)4. Problems with Pelmis 4.5) Wave Technology: CETO 4.5)1. Installed CETO Technology 4.5)2. Construction of the CETO Technology 4.5)3. CETO Costs 4.5)4. Problems with CETO 5.0) Application in Australia 5.1) Wave Technology feasibility in Australia 5.2) What is the plan for Western Australia? 5.2)1. Wave Technology selected for Western Australia is the CETO system by Carnegie Wave Energy Limited 5.2)2. Why is the CETO the right option for...
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...technology advanced, the way people of second-wave civilizations lived changed. Political, economic, social, and cultural changes took place from the first-wave civilizations to the second-wave civilizations. Between the first-wave and second-wave civilizations, many changes occurred within the social systems of each civilization. Population increase was one aspect that inevitably changed society. As we move from the first-wave to second-wave civilizations, we see a more rapid increase in population, and as a result an increase in globalization as ell. We can see this growing of globalization in the new, global trading routes, such as the silk roads and the sea routes. In a general sense, we can attribute many...
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...accomplished through the use of a surface acoustic wave passing through a low dimensional electron layer. The power efficiency is increased with a piezoelectric substrate. Quantum wires are formed with higher wave intensity, and quantum dots are formed with the interference of two waves. Such methods have applications in electronics. Excitons are preserved for longer times with the use of an acoustic charge transport system, which allows for the development and implementation of optoelectronic delays and storage devices. A common goal of much of today’s technological development is finding ways to make existing technology smaller or more efficient. This is especially apparent in electronics, where a constant push is made to make devices smaller, lighter, and more powerful. Acoustic charge transport (ACT) is a relatively new concept and technique which has applications in both electronics and optoelectronics, which uses light instead of electricity. Not only does ACT have applications in these areas, it has distinct advantages by being smaller and more efficient than currently employed systems. Acoustic charge transport, as the name suggests, is the moving of charge through the use of acoustic waves. The charge that is transported consists of electrons forming a lowdimensional layer, residing in a semiconductor film called a quantum well. The layer of electrons is called low-dimensional because it forms a quasi-two-dimensional electron system, a layer of electrons so thin that the third...
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...through the use of a surface acoustic wave passing through a low dimensional electron layer. The power efficiency is increased with a piezoelectric substrate. Quantum wires are formed with higher wave intensity, and quantum dots are formed with the interference of two waves. Such methods have applications in electronics. Excitons are preserved for longer times with the use of an acoustic charge transport system, which allows for the development and implementation of optoelectronic delays and storage devices. A common goal of much of today’s technological development is finding ways to make existing technology smaller or more efficient. This is especially apparent in electronics, where a constant push is made to make devices smaller, lighter, and more powerful. Acoustic charge transport (ACT) is a relatively new concept and technique which has applications in both electronics and optoelectronics, which uses light instead of electricity. Not only does ACT have applications in these areas, it has distinct advantages by being smaller and more efficient than currently employed systems. Acoustic charge transport, as the name suggests, is the moving of charge through the use of acoustic waves. The charge that is transported consists of electrons forming a lowdimensional layer, residing in a semiconductor film called a quantum well. The layer of electrons is called low-dimensional because it forms a quasi-two-dimensional electron system, a layer of electrons so thin that...
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...Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Final draft Physics 222 November 11, 1999 Aaron Astle Dan Hale Dale Kitchen Wesley Krueger Abstract Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We list several possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discuss the characteristic signals each source sends to Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being implemented. These include resonant mass detectors and laser interferometry. We also discuss improvements being made to each system and how these improvements further our progress towards detection of the waves. Finally, we conclude with a prediction that laser interferometry will first detect these waves within the next few years. In 1905 Albert Einstein presented his Theory of Special Relativity with two postulates that led to a new realm of reasoning and observing the universe. Eleven years later Einstein extended these postulates to form the General Theory of Relativity. This theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves and describes properties these waves must have. If such gravitational waves could be detected, they could reveal much about...
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...97 percent of all water on earth is from the ocean. Ocean waves are disturbances in the ocean that move energy from one place to another. The most common types of waves (such as the small waves out in open sea) are caused by wind on the ocean’s surface. As the wind gains strength, the oceans surface gradually changes from smooth to rough (a common term for the roughness developing in the water is “cat paws”). First ripples will form along the surface, and then larger waves will begin to form, this is called chop. As the waves continue to build three factors decide the final size. Theses factors are wind speed, wind duration, and the area where the wind is blowing (this is called the fetch). A group of waves have several crests that are separated by troughs ( A trough is a hollow between two wave crests). The height of the wave is known as the amplitude, the distance between each wave is called wavelength and the time between each wave is called the period. Ocean waves behave just like light rays, and are reflected or refracted by obstacles in their way ( for example, islands or reefs). The “overall state of a sea surface” can be measured by using the significant wave height ( defined as: “the average height of the highest one third of the waves”). As waves approach the shore, their motion begins to interact with the sea floor. This slows the wave and causes the wave crests to bunch up, which is known as shoaling. The wave gains height, and the period remains constant as the energy...
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...WAVE ENERGY POWER PLANT Installation along Indian East Coast OE 430 OCEAN ENERGY Prof. SANNASIRAJ Team Members: RITURAJ (NA06B019) VIKAS VERMA (NA06B031) RAVI KIRAN (NA06B018) PRITHI PRASAD (NA06B017) ROHIT DILIP (NA06B020) TABLE OF CONTENTS • Overview • Indian Scenario • Location Information • Technology • Advantages and Disadvantages • Turbine selection • Device layout • Conclusion • References Overview of Wave Energy A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of energy. Waves travel and transfer energy from one point to another, often with little or no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium (that is, with little or no associated mass transport); instead there are oscillations around almost fixed locations. Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work — including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). Wave power is a form of renewable energy. Though often co-mingled, wave power is distinct from tidal...
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...produced, propagated, and detected. The basis for the understanding of sound, music and hearing is the physics of waves. Sound is a wave which is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another. In this subject, we will investigate the nature, properties and behaviors of sound waves and apply basic wave principles towards an understanding of music. The Elements of Communication Communication: transfer of information from a source or stimulus through a medium to a reception point. The medium through which the information travels can be air, water, space or solid objects. Information that is carried through all natural media takes the form of waves - repeating patterns that oscillate back and forth. E.g. light, sound, electricity radio and TV waves. Stimulus: A medium must be stimulated in order for waves of information to be generated in it. A stimulus produces energy, which radiates outwards from the source in all directions. The sun and an electric light bulb produce light energy. A speaker, a vibrating guitar string or tuning fork and the voice are sound sources, which produce sound energy waves. Medium: A medium is something intermediate or in the middle. In an exchange of communication the medium lies between the stimulus and the receptor. The medium transmits the waves generated by the stimulus and delivers these waves...
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...energy from the sun's heat, andmechanical energy from the tides and waves. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar collectors. The sun's heat warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference creates thermal energy. Just a small portion of the heat trapped in the ocean could power the world. Workers install equipment for an ocean thermal energy conversion experiment in 1994 at Hawaii's Natural Energy Laboratory. Credit: A. Resnick, Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation. There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid. Closed-cycle systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low-boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapor expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine/generator. And hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. As a result, tides and waves are intermittent sources of energy, while ocean thermal energy is...
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...I 621. 384 1 AN "'\. til.... .... , . ~ l~h'J.' , \-r..I..Hitt~ . Radio Systems III A textbook covering the Level III syllabus. of the Technician Education Council DeGreen MTech. CEng. MIERE Senior Lecturer in Telecommunication Willesden College of Technology Engineering Pitman / ~ ,..-- " fI fI n o V V ~ v v ~ A \J v v V Time V Fig.1.4 Amplitude-modulatedwave of modulation depth greater than 100% v The maximum value of the modulation factor is limited to 1 since this gives a minimum value to the envelope of Ve(1-I) or zero. If a greater value of modulation factor is used, the envelope will no longer be sinusoidal (Fig. 1.4) and the waveform will contain a number of extra, unwanted frequency components. Power Contained in an Amplitude-modulated Wave The expression for the instantaneous voltage of an amplitudemodulated wave, equation (1.2), can be rewritten in terms of the modulation factor m: (1.7) (1.8) The power developed by an amplitude-modulated wave is the sum of the powers developed by the carrier frequency, upper sidefrequency and lower sidefrequency components. The carrier power is (V)2I R .J~ 2.J2 R V2 or 2~ watts and the power developed by each of the two sidefrequencies is mVe)2 1 m2V~ - or --watts ( -8R so that the TOTAL POWER is AMPLITUDE MODULATION 7 As previously mentioned, the maximum modulation factor used in practice is m = 1, and for this condition...
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...hydrogen, a mixture of mercury vapour and ethylene is irradiated with a mercury lamp. The mercury atoms absorb the light energy, there being a suitable electronic transition in the atom that corresponds to the energy of the incident light. In colliding with ethylene molecules, the mercury atoms transfer the energy and are in turn deactivated to their initial energy state. The excited ethylene molecules subsequently undergo decomposition. Another mode of photosensitization observed in many reactions involves direct participation of the sensitizer in the reaction itself. Q 15 b Polarization (also polarisation) is a property that describes the orientation of oscillation of certain types of waves. Electromagnetic waves, such as light, and gravitational waves exhibit polarization; acoustic waves (soundwaves) in a fluid such as a gas or liquid do not have polarization because the direction of vibration and direction of propagation are the same. By convention, the polarization of light is described by specifying the orientation...
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...Differentiator Not Grounded Grounded Low pass Filter, f0 = 150Hz Grounded Not Grounded High pass Filter, f0 = 0.5Hz Grounded Not Grounded N Muscles repeatedly flexing (no high pass filter) Muscles repeatedly flexing (after high pass filter) 60Hz Notch Filter Grounded Not Grounded Final ECG Output (after amplifier) Grounded Not Grounded The following figure was captured using LabVIEW. Top Waveform (White) = Output Middle Waveform (Red) = After differential amplifier, before any filtering Last Waveform (Green) = Buzzer Output, R wave detected This output demonstrates that our filters are working well enough to detect Rwaves. Looking at the 4th R-wave in the red waveform, which is before any filtering, we see that the EMG noise is at the same magnitude as the R-wave. However, our buzzer still detected an R-wave. The noise was reduced in such that the R-wave is not clearly above the noise. We are also able to see 60Hz noise filtered out in the output. Digital Circuit Timer Interrupt at 250Hz (Sampling Rate) Verified by checking on the oscilloscope to see a spike every 4ms (250Hz) Analog-to-Digital Converter We inputted the ECG waveform to the microcontroller ADC and graphed the output values. The graph resembles an ECG waveform. This means the ADC was able to digitilize the analog signal. By creating a conversation chart, we could were able to confirm the ADC representation of the signal corresponded with the original...
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...justice system, an outwardly fair organization of integrity and justice, is a perfect example of a seemingly equal situation, which turns out to be anything but for women. The policies imposed in the criminal justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and how the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice system and the affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practices towards women in this system. I plan to argue that the criminal justice system is another form of patriarchal control, a sexist organization which creates conflict between the private sphere of a woman's life and the public. This control extends far beyond the just incarcerated women, it affects all women. Despite the fact that there have been changes to certain policies and prison regulations, though made with resistance, none of the changes have been for the better. By looking at past and present situations as well as the differing feminist perspectives on the justice system, I...
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...II - Modeling converters in microgrid power systems DC/AC inverters DC/DC converters AC/DC rectifiers Part III - Microgrid solar energy systems Photovoltaic power conversion Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module Part IV - Microgrid wind energy systems Wind power - Modeling of induction machines Load Flow Analysis of power grids and microgrids Part V – Solar water heating systems Part VI – Fuel Cells: Components and operation Part VII - Renewable Energy Impacts Methodology of Energy Planning / Life-cycle Analysis / Greenhouse Warming / Ecological Sustainability 2 Part II – Modeling converters in microgrid power systems Single-phase DC/AC inverter with 2 switches (single-phase half-bridge inverter) P: 94 Objective: Convert power from DC to AC at the system frequency of operation. • The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique is used to achieve an AC voltage with a fundamental frequency of 60 or 50Hz. • The two power switches are sequentially turned on an off. • If SW1+ is on, potential in a is the same as potential of the positive DC bus, that is: Van = Vidc. • If SW1- is on, potential in a is the same as that of the negative DC bus, that is: Van = 0. • To generate a time-varying voltage at point a, a sine wave with the desired frequency is compared with a triagular wave to determine the switching policy. • The turn on and off sequence of the 2 switches is decided by the relative value of the sine wave with respect to the triangular wave. 3 (Fig. 3.4, P: 95, Ali Keyhani) Part II...
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...response of the measuring receivers The RF generator provides a continuous wave signal at the different frequencies selected for bands C and D. Then, the AWG produces the gating signal that modulates the carrier by switching on and off the CW signal, creating a pulse according to CISPR16-1-1 requirements. Finally, the modulated pulse is feed directly to the EMI measuring receiver. The amplitude of the CW signal and the gating duration are defined in Table IV for bands A to D. TABLE IV. REFERENCE PULSE DURATION AND AMPLITUDE SPECIFICATION Frequency Band Td (μs) Urms (mV) A 100 95,5 B 2,2 101,6 C 0,167 186,3 D 0,167 186,3 The specific carrier frequency...
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