...336. Benjamin Elman’s book is a complex history of interactions between the European West and Imperial China involving the transmission of scientific, medical, and technological knowledge over a period of roughly three-hundred years, lasting through the Qing dynasty. Previous to the sixteenth century, China was ripe with science and technological innovation; however, the history of modern science has been viewed with a Eurocentric account, consequently dismissing and undervaluing China’s role in modern science’s development. Elman explains this phenomenon throughout his book as the “failure narrative”; why did China not develop modern science and technology at the rate of its Western counterparts? Elman believes that cultural and historical factors resulted more often than not in an inconsistent and turbulent transmission of scientific, medical, and technological information from the West to China, resulting in a miscommunication of fundamental theories from both sides. Elman’s book focuses on two groups, Jesuit advisers and Protestant missionaries, whom he recognizes as the primary transmitters of modern scientific knowledge from Europe to China prior to the start of the twentieth century. In the early seventeenth century, Jesuits made their way to China and collaborated with literati and the imperial court with their knowledge of astronomy and cartography, helping with the Ming calendar crisis (p.18), and Matteo Ricci showing the Chinese how to utilize latitude and longitude...
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...Name: Trương Quỳnh Trang Class: K52_BFA Student ID: 1301BF5901 17/5/2015 Are scientific management and human relations approaches still applicable to organization of the 21st century? Scientific management and human relations approaches had been a well-known and well-used in business management in the 1900s. It is, however, still a question whether or not those methods are applicable to organization of the 21st century. Some opinions stated that these practices are still appropriate for organizations nowadays due to the benefits and effectiveness they brought to the organization, while other people based on the grounds of different features between recent organizations and organizations of decades ago to disregard the effectiveness of any of management theories from the 20th century. Therefore, the main focus of this essay will be demonstrating the illustration of some principles of scientific management and human relations approaches, comparison between them and writer’s personal view of their capabilities to determine whether or not they are still suitable for the modern organization. Even nowadays, it is no difficult to find examples of Scientific Management, for instance the car and computer manufacturing plants, work environment and anywhere that required a strict and accurate function to serve men. In fact, these methods of working seem so commonplace and so logical to a citizen of the modern world that it is almost impossible to accept that they...
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...Organizational Psychology Chasity Roush PSYCH/570 August 11, 2014 Instructor: Michelle Seyfarth Organizational Psychology The field of psychology was established over one hundred years and is concerned with human behavior. Psychology, over the course of time, has developed into many different fields that are growing and presenting in depth focuses on certain aspects of human behaviors in the workplace known as organizational psychology. Organizational psychology is the application of existing scientific knowledge and psychological principles to organizations (Van Knippenberg, 2011) and has significant growth over the last one hundred years. The health of the organization, the interests and concerns of the employees within an organization, and how organizations succeed as a whole are motivating factors behind organizational psychology. Through scientific application, studying employee attitudes and behaviors, evaluating company standpoints, and teaching leadership skills, organizations can increase organizational success and focus on increasing workplace productivity. Assessments of psychical and mental behaviors of employees within organizations provide useful information for organizational psychologists to evaluate the health of the workplace. Organizational psychologists can facilitate responses to issues and problems involving employees by serving as advisors and middle men for different areas of the organization...
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...Introduction The principles of today's management goes back to the mid 1990's when an article named the “principles of scientific management” was published by Fredric Winslow Taylor who pioneered the term ‘scientific management’ in 1911. He defined scientific management as a study to increase productivity by methodologically studying the correlation between the individual and the task for the purpose of reconstructing and improving the work process (Jones and George, 2003). In the 19th and 20th century working hours were long, intense and confined, which resulted in the workers performing their tasks slower (Brodner, 2007). These issues caught the attention of Fredrick Winslow Taylor who was from the industrial revolution era, which was previously characterized by mass production (Asyali and Bastug, 2014). His intention was to increase the efficiency of the workforce by scientifically studying how work was done and by improving each stage without wearing out the laborers (Ahlstorm, 2014). Principles of scientific management After conducting various experiments he derived 4 principles, which contributed to the various management practices upheld in the 20th century (Giannantonio and Hurley-Hanson, 2011). First, science not the rule of thumb. In the industrial revolution managers relied on their personal judgment to resolve issues also referred to as the rule of thumb but all such approaches by the managers would not be efficient. Taylor felt that to increase productivity...
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...Introduction Frederick Winslow Taylor was born in 1856 with a silver spoon in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was considered the founder of scientific management and was one of the pioneer batches of management consultants and he devoted his time to the development of his ideas. Scientific management is defined as the support of the selection of the right people for the right jobs, adequately training them, and placing them in the right spot and paying them well in a scientific method. Cause of Production Inefficiency Taylor attributed lack of productivity to soldiering. It is the scenario which workers perform their job below the maximum possible output on purpose or in deliberately. It is paramount to note that Taylor did not fully blame the workers. He concluded that soldiering was a result of misunderstandings by workers and management’s inability to understand and implement precise and efficient work processes (S.Pugh & J.Hickson 1996). According to Taylor also from Marshall (2007) p57, another reason for the inefficiency in businesses is the method that solitary tasks are done. He proposed a time study to identify the most pristine conditions, machines, tools and etc. Hence, the next part talks about the causes that Taylor attributed to soldiering. Firstly, workers had this deceptive idea that any increase in their productive output, fewer of them would be needed and jobs would eliminate which would ultimately inevitably result in unemployment. Many workers believed...
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...While the field of prosthetics and medical enhancement may be a relatively new field, the history of medicine is well over 2000 years old. The concept of medical ethics have been a backbone of the practice from the start, “The most famous document in medical history, the Hippocratic Oath (c. 400 B.C.E.), which established a model of ethical and professional behavior for healers” (Paul 1399). According to the article “I. United States” written by a biomedical ethicist and a member of the medical ethics committee: the development of bioethics can best be understood against the background of the development of medicine in the United States from 1900. The twentieth century saw enormous growth in American medicine—in scientific understanding, the...
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...explore why Taylor called his theory of management ‘scientific’. It will at first look at some fundamentals in Taylors work: measuring, standardizing and curing soldiering, then look at what happened with the perfect man, and further on conclude why this describes management as ‘scientific’. Firstly the essay will look at how Taylor measured manufacturing. Taylor discovered by dividing every movement done by a man into small pieces and time each piece, you can calculate the fastest possible way to do the work. For example Gilbreth (2. 1910-1924) measured how workers stamped dating requisitions, the results are shown in the following table: 1. One handed method | 1900 cards per hour | | 2. Two handed method | 2300 cards per hour | 21% more output | 3. Two hands and one foot method | 3050 cards per hour | 61% more output | (2. Developed from http://archive.org/details/OriginalFilm) As shown in the table provided, Gilbreth measured how much time was spent on stamping dates on cards. Based on these measurements he invented improvements to the stamping motions. That gave extraordinary results. In the last test with two-handed movement and stamping with a pedal he got 61% more output than in the first test with one handed stamping. By making all the workers do the same movement, the manager could get 1150 more cards stamped per worker per hour. Gilbreth basically used science to measure and calculate the best possible way to do the work; the same did Taylor, and put it together...
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...Class lectures on Approaches to management Prof. A. Akkas A number of experts offered ideas which became the basis for the development of management as a field of knowledge. There are many approaches to management. * Classical viewpoint. The classical era covered the period from about 1900 to the mid 1930s. * It is a perspective on management that emphasizes finding ways to manage work and organization more efficiently. Classical approach * It highlights the need for a scientific approach to management. * Emphasizes the potential importance of pay as a motivator. * Classical viewpoint is made up of three approaches- * Scientific management, * Administrative management and * Bureaucratic management. * Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory * Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. * Widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. * Hierarchical Structure * One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. * Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. * The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals...
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...Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species, detailing his view of evolution and expanding on the theory of 'Survival of the fittest.' * Used to describe natural selection. The most “fit” will better adapt to environment. The “unfit” will have less probability of surviving. * 1878 G. Stanley Hall received the first American Ph.D. in psychology. He later founded the American Psychological Association. * advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people’s lives. * 1879 Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig. * Marking the formal beginning of the study of human emotions, behaviors, and cognitions. * 1900 Sigmund Freud published 'Interpretation of Dreams'. marking the beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought. * The beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought. Analyzes thoughts when dreaming to explore internal conflicts or repression. * 1900 — The College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) was founded. The tests of the CEEB have been intended to provide objective measurements of academic aptitude. * It is used to standardize the admissions process administratively. To have a set a curriculum * 1905 Alfred Binet's Intelligence Test was...
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...Industrial/Organizational Psychology Worksheet The purpose of this assignment is to examine the fundamental concepts of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. Using the textbook, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your responses to each question will vary but overall should be 700- to 1,050-words in length. 1. Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. The roots of Industrial/Organization psychology was in the 1800s and early 1900’s, but did truly come around in the 20th Century. In the beginning it was experimental psychologist who were the first psychologist to apply new principles of psychology to organizations with problems. When first introduced the United States used these new psychology principles on performance of their job and the efficiency of the Organization. As Industrial/Organization psychology has grown it has brought around significant events in the United States such as the very first book of Industrial/Organizational textbook to be published in 1913, Hawthorne Studies which began in 1924, and Civil Rights Act passed in 1964 with many other events that happened. The first two psychologist to have founded Industrial/Organization Psychology was Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott which were college professors and experimental psychologist. Hugo Munsterberg was a pioneer in the field of Industrial/Organizational psychology and Clinical...
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...1. Discuss the main features of the key models of management theory since 1900. How have they contributed to today’s people management practices? This assignment will discuss the main features of the key models of management theory since 1900, it will also outline how they have contributed to today’s people management practices. There are 4 models that will be covered in this assignment, each model contains different theories by various authors although only a few will be addressed, this assignment will start by looking at the Classical Model, the Human Relations Model, the Systems Model and then concluding with the Contingency Model. Firstly addressed, the Classical Model is, according to Mullins (2010), the notion that the focal points of an organisation are purpose and formality in terms of structure in order to increase efficiency where there is emphasis on the planning of work, principles of management, the technical requirements and the assumption that employees behave logically and rationally. The Classical Model appears proposed by writers such as Fayol, Taylor and Weber in the early stages of the 20th Century. The main sub-divisions of the Classical Model are scientific management and bureaucracy. Scientific Management, suggested by Mullins (2010), aims at improving management through the improvement of productivity and profit which is achieved by selecting the best person for the job, training and developing workers for this specific job and using reward based...
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...industrial/organizational psychology is different from other disciplines in psychology. Industrial/organization psychology can be used in organizations and it focuses on the employees performance and how to make it better. The report will include the role of research and statistics in I/O psychology. The evolution of I/O psychology started in the twentieth century. Industrial and organizational psychology states; “I/O psychology is a twentieth century invention, with roots in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It has existed almost from the beginning of the psychology field.” Experimental psychologists were interested in applying I/O work to organizations. The problems that were associated with I/O were job performance and efficiency in the work place. Hugo M’unsterburg and Water Dill Scott were the two psychologists that were the founders of the field (Spector, 2008). The first text book about I/O psychology was published in 1913 (Spector, 2008). I/O psychologists focus on more of the way tasks are done on a job, and give certain types of test to each person to find out which person is better for the job. I/O psychologist seems to be interested in picking what tasks can be improved on the job. There was a group of Psychologist who help boost the field and they were hired by the United States Army. Industrial and organizational psychology states; “The best-known accomplishment of the group was the development of the Army Alpha and Army Beta group tests for mental ability. One of the...
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...07, 2014 Bradley Johnson, Ph.D. Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the study of the nature of homo sapiens, better known as scientific study and investigation of mental stabilities and activities. Through knowledgeable psychology was established from a powerful history of human beings that endeavored to acquire practical insight into one’s consciousness or demeanor. This type of study teaches what influences the behavior and mindset of men. Psychology has obtained roots in philosophy. There are numerous major schools of thought along with fundamental theories and assumptions which will be examined within this paper. Behavioral neuroscience or behavioral psychology involves evolution, heredity, adaptation, and ability to learn. The first psychology research laboratory ever launched was by Wilhelm Wundt that led to acknowledgement of psychology as a science in 1879(Peterson, &Nelson, 2011). In the early 1900’s it was thought that an individual’s environment affected learned reactions and behaviors. Maslow believed that people acquire and improve responses from incentives in their surroundings (Maslow, 1982). The Four Main Psychological Perspectives Are: The Psychodynamic Perspective This method was formed by a man named Sigmund Freud who thought ones actions dictated their mental thoughts or they were connected in some way (Robin Kowalski, 2011). Also he believed our mental events took place through our subconscious state. This being said our mental capacity...
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...greatly affect how people around the world think about the psychological processes of the human mind. Greek philosophers were the first people to start looking into the human mind and how it works. Plato and some of the other early Greek philosophers started creating the foundation for what would be known as today as cognitive psychology (Anderson, 2005). Plato's principles of rationalism described how reality should be viewed, stating that "reality resides not in the concrete objects we perceive but in the abstract forms that these objects represent (University of Arizona, 2008)." He also believed that the route of knowing knowledge could only be first found through logical analysis. Then Artistotle followed the same idea and belief that reality lies only in the concrete world of objects that the human body can fallow. Artistotle also believed that knowledge could also be obtained through experience and observation of different...
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...Quiz One 1. Efficiency is a measure of the appropriateness of the organizational goals chosen by managers. A. True B. False 2. A major part of the middle manager s job is to find the best way to use resources to achieve goals. A. True B. False 3. | A major responsibility of top managers is to establish organizational goals. A. | True | B. | False | | 4. | How to allocate organizational resources to attain goals is part of the organizing process. A. | True | B. | False | | 5. | The figurehead role is where the manager symbolizes an organization. A. | True | B. | False | | 6. | The level within the organization that requires the greatest degree of conceptual skill is: A. | top management | B. | line workers | C. | middle management | D. | first-line management | | 7. | The four building blocks of competitive advantage include each of the following, except: A. | quality | B. | reengineering | C. | innovation | D. | superior efficiency | | 8. | McDonald s recently developed a new fat fryer that reduces the amount of oil used in cooking by 30 percent. This is an example of a ___________ improvement in a company. A. | effectiveness | B. | Efficiency | C. | quality | D. | control | | 9. | Which of the four management tasks must a manager engage in to create a vision that energizes and engages employees? A. | leading | B. | organizing | C. | controlling | D. | planning | | Chapter 2 1. Early management...
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