...Delinquency in Manila CR-21 CR-21 CHAPTER I Introduction A. Background of the study Delinquents is from the legislatic point of view the minors committing criminal act are not called criminals but delinquents. The persons under eighteen who commit violations of law are called delinquents. The penal codes of almost all the civilized nations make special provisions for the treatment of delinquents in law courts. There is a consensus among criminologists that delinquents should be reformed rather than punished. Earlier, it was mentioned that, throughout most of the world, juvenile offending has been recognized for hundreds of years. It would be logical to wonder exactly how juvenile offenders in historical times were handled. For one thing, as indicated earlier, there were, however, juvenile institutions and other procedures for handling juveniles that were created in America during the 19th (Roseheim et al. 2002). Historical accounts of the development of the juvenile justice system throughout the world indicate that before separate institutions and proceedings for juveniles were established in the 19th, juveniles were often treated as if they were small adults. Even children of royal families in England, for example, were exposed to adult situations, such as sexual activity among adults, and were thought to be ready for adult roles in society if they were exposed to hardships and adult behavior as youngsters. In America society, and this may be the case throughout the world as...
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...child’s life, which can help in scrutinizing, understanding, and addressing the issue of “child and youth crime”. These pillars include family, peers, school, and the community. In most cases, children reflect the behaviors they learn in their environment. For example, a child who has been nurtured on a diet of violence has a high probability of becoming a violent adult (Chambliss, 2011). This paper intends to discuss juvenile delinquency, factors that contribute to it, and the key strategies to embrace in curtailing it. Different aspects connected to juvenile delinquent behavior can be noted from the case study at hand. For instance, it is worth noting that a child who is brought up by deviant/violent parents will likely borrow the same traits in his/her youth and as an adult. This can be vindicated from the fact that Holly being born by a rebellious mother, who was once apprehended on a drug conviction, borrowed the same traits, and became mutinous, disregarding all the pieces of advice she received from her grandparents. Another aspect that can be derived from the case study is that children who have been rejected by their parents, who have been nurtured in families with considerable conflict or who receive inadequate supervision are more likely to become delinquent. This is evident from Sandy’s life. She was abandoned by her mother at the age of 15 months, and...
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...vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality. Juvenile delinquency- participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. Chronic juvenile offenders- youths who have been arrested four or more time during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts. This small group known as the chronic 6 percent is believed to engage in a significant portion of all delinquent behavior. Juvenile justice system- the segment of the justice system, including law enforcement officers, the courts, and correctional agencies, designed to treat youthful offenders. FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation- is the arm of the U.S. Dept. of Justice that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers. UCR- Uniform Crime Reports- complied by the FBI, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics Sampling- selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group Population- all people who share a particular characteristic, such as all high school students or all police officers Dark figures of crime- Incidents of crime and delinquency that go undetected by police. Racial Threat Theory- as the size of the African...
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...the best predictor for delinquent behavior in the future is delinquent behavior in the past. The youth continue their delinquency with no guide to change their delinquent behaviors. A study conducted by Abram et Al. followed approximately 2000 juveniles for an interview after serving three years in a detention center. The interview uses a child and adolescent function scale to determine what area the juvenile would need the most attention. Reports form the surveys identified that at least 30% of those juveniles were impaired in many areas. This can mean that they are likely to keep committing crime since the needs are not addressed or they will become adult offenders. These individuals are in need of interventions...
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...The routine activity theory was introduced by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felon. Both Cohen and Felon used a different approach to routine activity which was an extension to the human ecology analysis of crime and victimization rate over time. The change was structured for everyday life which had an affect on the crime against people and property. Cohen and Felson who developed the routine activity theory suggest that for a crime to occur there would have to be three factors. 1. There must be a motivated offender (teenage boys, an unemployed person, or drug addicts). 2. There is a target of opportunity (an unlocked car or a home). 3. Also the absentee of protection (police, homeowner, or a security system). Clifford R Shaw and Henry D McKay...
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...Applying Theory to Practice Over the past decade, youth, and individuals under the age of 18 antisocial Mary Jo Buttafuoco had no idea that on answer and violence behavior has become a grave global concern and a top political policy issue being sensationalized by media coverage of rare but devastatingly murder crimes being committed by young individuals at school, homes and other social places. The increase of media reports of notorious murder by young people may skew the public perception of its actual prevalence. In our case study, we look at Mary Jo Buttafuoco who is murdered by a teenage girl at her home on Adam Road West Long Island, N.Y., on May 19, 1992. Moral Development Theory explanations of delinquency in which propositions identify certain concepts and describe and how they are related to delinquent behavior, this theoretically predicts relationships that may be tested through research. For instance, one simple proposition of differential association theory is that attitudes favoring delinquency may be learned in the context of inmate personal groups, in our case, the girl suggests to Mary Jo that they should have a talk about her husband, where she notices a car with a young man of which the girl claims to be her boyfriend. Mary Jo becomes upset and orders the girl to leave. The girl shoots her in the head without a second thought (Regoli, Hewitt, & DeLisi, 2014). The predicted relationship portrayed here is that youths develop attitudes, in this case we find...
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...criminal behavior. Harry’s ability to condone to standard social norms became nonexistent when his atmosphere consisted of delinquent criminals. McCord’s sources state that “early-onset delinquents are more likely than later-onset delinquents to be more serious and persistent offenders” (McCord, 2001, p. 68). Harry began his criminal behavior in his adolescents. Without the proper conditions of social norms to counteract the impulses of criminal behavior from peers, this gateway allowed Harry to inforce these types of criminal behaviors. McCord also states that “a large number of studies report that delinquents have a lower verbal IQ compared with nondelinquents,...
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...many studies have been performed to determine the best course to reduce juvenile crime. By applying social learning theory, one can examine the impact of positive peer groups on reducing recidivism. For the purpose of such a program, recidivism will need to be defined as rearrests in the juvenile justice system. According to Akers and Burgess (1966), offenders learn criminal behavior via interaction with other people. This occurs more frequently with personal groups, like peer...
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...Their research tells us that psychological problems were very popular in children under the age of eighteen. Also, they wanted people to know that family environment was the most important determinant of delinquent behavior. According to Simon & Wallace (2004)” They completed several large-scale studies in our attempt to identify the causes of juvenile delinquency and adult crime (see Laub and Sampson, 1988, 1991). Compared with other studies completed during this period, the Glueck’s research projects were based on unusually large samples, utilized a variety of sources of information, and involved the collection of extensive follow-up data (pg. 16-7). After numerous studies, they come up with three family factors that play a huge role between parenting and child delinquency. These factors were parental supervision, disciplinary practices, and child parent attachment. The Glueck’s position on child delinquency tells us that parent and children relationship is very important. For example, they talked about the way children without their parent’s supervision are more likely to do deviant things. Also, they believe that lacking parental supervision could lead to more...
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...family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today. Society needs to recognize problems within the home before trying to find solutions to problems for todays at risk youth in America. Major structural changes inside of the home could adversely affect the raising of juveniles leading to delinquency. Some of the issues I will discuss in my paper are divorce, child abuse, mothers working outside of the home, and single-parent homes. Ineffectively raising a child can cause low self-control and low self-esteem while increasing the risks of delinquency as well. I will argue that with proper supervision, counseling, and monitoring of the behavior of the juvenile, it is possible that society can help eliminate some of the crimes committed by juvenile delinquents. Thesis The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today Introduction Family Structure has changed noticeably in the United States over the past several decades. It refers to various family characteristics that affect relationships and how families function. These characteristics include family size, family disruption, and birth order. High rates of divorce, single-parent housing, the spreading of non-parent families and step-families, and the propagation of cohabitation now delineate in American family life. Changes in family structure can be devastating to a child’s well-being, and have the potential...
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...Social Theories of Crime Linda Robuck AIU Online Abstract This text seeks to make more understandable and explain what social theories are all about, using four different social theories. The beginning of this text will offer a general description or definition of not only what exactly social theories are, but also a description or definition for each of the four theories mentioned earlier. For each of the theories, information that will be included involves a description of each theory, a short history of each theory which will include information with respect to when the theory was proposed, who the relevant theorist or theorists associated with each theory were, strengths of each theory which explains criminal behavior, why each theory was important at the time of its proposal, weaknesses of each theory which explain criminal behavior, and particular examples that will correspond with each of the four theories being discussed. A theoretical application involving an individual who has recently been convicted of a crime will be provided. Along with information regarding the individual and their criminal deviance particular to them, a discussion will ensue in regard to which of the four theories would be most relevant in regard to further explanation of the deviant actions committed by the individual. Social Theories of Crime Introduction In the annals of the early nineteenth century, criminology can find its beginnings in a newly urbanized...
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...Id, Ego, and Superego As with personality theories, Freud’s theory and other psychoanalytic theories may be difficult to test and prove in court. Analyze Freud’s theory and discuss the impact that it has on the development of criminal behavior. What roles do the Id, Ego, and Superego play in problematic behavior, and what influence do defensive mechanisms have on the development of criminal behavior? Discuss the pros and cons of Freud’s theory and how you feel it would hold up in court. Sigmund Freud’s tripartite model of self that separates the human mind into id, ego and superego. This model replicates the method where the ego and superego help to regulate and suppress id urges. Id The id is present at birth and is the make-up of the personality that functions to the same degree to the pleasure notion. According to Freud, dysfunctional personality and behavior comes from the failure of the superego to control the inappropriate inclination of the id. “The restraints that the ego and superego place on the id create aggression and resentment that is directed against the self and manifests in disorder and maladaptive conduct” (DeLisi, 2013). Ego The ego grows from the id and is the part of the personality that can change to the restrictions of the real world, dealing with problem solving aspects of the personality that set it apart from fantasy to reality. “As children develop and realize that life comprises more than simple pleasure gratification, they...
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...turning points which are responsible in redirecting trajectories and not mere temporary discourses in their lives’ the pathways. As such, a turning point is especially helpful in the study of alterations in deviant behaviors within different contexts and over the life span. Turning points offer potentially fruitful areas of investigation that may enhance an understanding of how and why offenders quit their behaviors over the long-term. Characteristics of Low Self-control or Impulsivity Self-control is an important concept under Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime (Pratt & Cullen, 2007). Individuals with low self-control are easily persuaded by situational factors. They become impulsive, risk-taking, insensitive, short-sighted, physical and nonverbal which predisposes them to criminal engagements. People with low self-control can be identified in various ways. They are unable to delay gratification due to their focus on the present. They often act impulsively with an immediate want for things. They become risk takers with little thought. People with low self-control also focus on themselves as opposed to other people which make them very insensitive. Empathy is of little import to them. As such, low self-control easily leads one into criminal behavior. Adolescent Limited and Life Course Persistent Criminals As Moffitt and Walsh (2003) observed, there are two major pathways to...
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...1. Strain theory: when juveniles experience strain or stress, they become upset, and they sometimes engage in delinquency as a result. 2. Strain: difficult or frustrating circumstances 3. Loss of positive stimuli and presentation of negative stimuli: juveniles lose something they value or are presented with negative stimuli. 4. Cognitive coping: cognitively reinterpreting the strain they experience so as to minimize its impact. 5. Behavioral coping: attempting to act in ways that reduce the strain they are experiencing. 6. Emotional coping: act directly on the negative emotions that result from strain 7. Coping skills: strain is more likely to lead to delinquency among individuals with poor coping skills and resources. (Verbal skills to negotiate with peers and adults, or they have a high level of “self-efficacy”, believe that they have the ability to solve their own problems.) 8. Conventional social supports: Family, friends, and others often help us cope with our strain, providing advice, direct assistance, and emotional support. Individuals who lack such supports are more likely to find themselves in a situation where delinquency is their only means of coping. 9. Social learning theory: juveniles learn to engage in delinquency from others 10. Frequency, amount, and relative probability of reinforcement: if we want to predict delinquency, we need to examine the frequency, with which it is reinforced, the amount or reinforcement received or expected...
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...addition he received his Masters and Doctorate degree from Princeton. Presently, Matza is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California’s Department of Sociology. David Matza, who focused on juvenile delinquency, is most popularly known for his work with Gresham Sykes and their theory of neutralization. Matza also ventured out on his own, giving further explanations and studies of juvenile delinquency. Because he was studying criminal activity during the mid-twentieth century, he was influenced by the social and political unrest in the United States. Even though theorists have criticized Matza’s work, it is still used by theorists today as a source of discussion on the topic of juvenile delinquency. Gresham Sykes and David Matza Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency Sykes and Matza wanted to build upon Arthur Sutherland’s Differential Association theory which states that an individual learns criminal behavior through “(a) techniques of committing crimes and (b) motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes” which go against law-abiding actions (Sykes and Matza, 1957:664). These techniques reduce the social controls over the delinquent and are also more applicable to specific juveniles. Neutralization is defined as a technique, which allows the person to rationalize or justify a criminal act. There are five techniques of neutralization; denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and...
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