...assault with a deadly weapon, a knife. Instigating a fight will obviously get you hit however; a knife should never be used in retaliation especially if you have to run back home to get it. Where did this mentality come from? Wes’ older brother Tony was extremely hypocritical when it came to Wes. Tony had been introduced to the street life at a very young age. He would always get on Wes’ case that he should never get into that kind of life but Tony did not ever get out of it. Not even a junior in high school yet, Wes was arrested again by shooting at his child’s mothers ex boyfriend. After spending six months in jail you would assume that someone would do everything in his power to not go to jail again. “Getting arrested was starting to feel routine. Wes wasn’t shocked or afraid anymore, just annoyed” (Moore 114). Of course Wes was interested in making more money then a job could offer so getting into the drug business seemed like the best way to go. At this point Wes had already been arrested twice and his third time was right around the corner. Something that Wes did not process well was to trust his gut feeling. In multiple situations his gut would tell him one thing and he would ignore it. After his third arrest for selling crack to an...
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...The routine activity theory has been employed in helping one understand the occurrence of offenses that are related to international bribery. The routine activity theory predicts that, for any criminal act to take place, there is a convergence in both space and time of a motivated offence, the absence of a capable guardian (regulators), and the presence of a suitable target (FELSON, 2003 & YAR, 2005). The analysis of the AWB scandal will consider the three elements together with cultural variability. The routine activity theory is conventionally used in the explanation of the predatory, violent crime where it indicates that normally there is one motivated offender, which varies from a single suitable target. However, when applied to bribery, this theory must be adapted since in the act of bribery, all the parties involved in facilitating the occurrence of such an illicit act must be held responsible (D’ANDRADE, 1985). This implies that the individuals who pay, accept, offer, and seek bribes are considered offenders and the ones that comply by accepting bribes are viewed as the suitable targets. Due to the complex of the...
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...SBUs (Strategic Business Units) in highly decentralized profit centres. “In the 1990s, top executives will be judged on their ability to identify, cultivate, and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible”. Since the 1990s, the resource based view (RBV) and the core competence approach (CCA) became very attractive for many researchers and consultants. Such interest was well supported by what seemed to be a clear and superior way of setting strategies by large Japanese groups which frequently served as a benchmark case of core competence management. The strong and pervasive trends for continuous technological innovation and for technological alliances created also a rich context for the use of RBV and CCA to strategy. Analysis and theory were tempted to move from transaction costs to resources or competences or capabilities sometime in a fuzzy way in interpreting strategic moves in the context of alliances and technological changes. Although attractive, the...
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...and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity...
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...Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory .............
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...Institutional Theory Part One Introduction of Institutional Theory What are institutions? The general understanding of institutions can be defined as a set of formal and informal rules of conduct, made by humans that facilitate coordination or govern relationships between individuals, organizations or government. Examples of institutions include laws, regulations, customs, social and professional norms, culture, and ethics. Selznick (1949) notes that "the most important thing about organizations is that, though they are tools, each nevertheless has a life of its own". While he acknowledges rational view that organizations are designed to attain goals, he notes that the formal structures can never conquer the non-rational dimensions of organizational behaviour. Individuals do not act purely based on their formal roles. Organizations do not act purely based on formal structures. Selznick notes that individuals bring other commitments to the organization that can restrict rational decision-making. Institutions exert a constraining influence over organizations, called isomorphism that forces organizations in the same population to resemble other organizations that face the same set of environmental conditions (Hawley, 1968). Then, the isomorphism was further discussed by DiMaggio and Powell (1983) where the analysis of institutions exert three types of isomorphic pressure on organizations: coercive, normative, and mimetic. Coercive isomorphism refers...
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...Group Assignment on Movie Analysis -- Ek Ruka Hua Faisla As the Part of the course “Organizational Behaviour” Course Instructor Dr. Hardik Shah Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management Date: 22/08/2011 Submitted By: Deepesh Vaishanava,Gyan Prakash,Jyoti Shanker Pandey, Neeraj Mehra,Raja Bhattacharjee,Ujjayini Chakraborty. (Group IV) Page 1 of 11 Question 1: What is the key learning for you as leader? Answer: All 12 jurors had their own understanding and rationale behind their actions. Information sharing and consensus building is important to make the decision. Every member is a potential contributor to the process of decision making, which involves understanding the problem, breaking it down to meaningful components, formulating a general strategy in terms of a sequence of action steps, generating alternatives, providing and pooling the required information, generating favourable and unfavourable points for each alternative, coming to a shared understanding, making a final choice, and getting the commitment of all members to the choice made. The commitment of the jurors to the implementation of the solution is thus assured. In this case, the decision making style of the group was mainly a participative style. All the jurors proceeded through the entire decision making process. The role of leader (Juror 1) was that of a process facilitator. As the consequence of the decision made by the jurors was very serious (conviction of murder), it was very important...
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... 1950 (age 66)) is an Austrian economist mid twentieth century, known for his theories of economic fluctuations, creative destruction and innovation . He is the author of a History of Economic Analysis, published in 1954 and still refers. Neither Keynesian nor neoclassical, is often close to the Austrian School of Economics. It is considered economist excitement and it is called heterodox economist for his theories on the evolution of capitalism in democracy, he believes doomed to disappear for social and political reasons. Schumpeter leaves hardly classify an economic school. Whether it was Austrian , he has never been part of the Austrian School with which he was familiar with the teachings of Eugen von Böhm- Bawerk at the University of Vienna. The economist he admired most was undoubtedly Leon Walras , but his analysis goes beyond the neoclassical framework . He was also heavily influenced by the writings of the German sociologist Max Weber. And if he shared some conclusions with Karl Marx, his analysis was very far from Marxist economic designs. Is actually the founder of general economic evolutionism . It is therefore listed in the circle called "heterodox" economists. He believes that the foundation and spring dynamics of the economy are innovation and technical progress. The history of capitalism is a permanent moult. Technology evolves, turns pushing swathes of economic activity to wither and disappear after being dominant. Structural change is prior to quantitative...
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...Intinctoid Theory I. SUMMARY The advertisement is 3 minutes long and it features Juan Miguel Severo, a Filipino poet that became popular because of his role in “On the Wings of Love”. He plays as a narrator in this new Bear Brand Adult Plus commercial that came out last Labor Day. In the first scene he was in the middle of the crowd with a microphone on his hand, he was narrating about the daily routines of Filipino workers. The second scene’s setting was inside a jeepney, he described how workers experience traffic every day. The following scenes include now the different workers. They first showed a baker making milk as his breakfast, bear brand of course, before going to work and baking bread. The second worker was a waitress and they showed her struggle of carrying a heavy tray of food every day and sometimes she would bump into a customer and hardly keeping the tray in place. The last was a construction worker and his hands are already giving up the he took a break and opened a text from his wife asking him to bring home food. In the end all the workers went to a grocery store and bought food. The last scene showed all of them being happy and contented with their works because at the end of the day they realized that they love their works and it satisfies their needs. The lesson of this commercial is the importance of family and how much a person can take for the love of family, a value held closely by most Filipinos. II. BEHAVIORAL PATTERN Herzberg’s theory of motivation ...
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...preparation s to meet the financial commercial and technical condition s under which the concerns must be started. How Bureaucratic and Administrative Management Affects Overall Management Bureaucracy Bureaucratic management focuses on the ideal form of organization. Max Weber was the major contributor to bureaucratic management. Based on observation, Weber concluded that many early organizations were inefficiently managed, with decisions based on personal relationships and loyalty. Also, bureaucracy formed the need for organizations to operate rationally rather than relying on owners’ and managers. (Williams’s pg. 31) this brings Jobs are divided into simple, routine and fixed category based on competence and functional specialization. Officers are organized in a n hierarchy in which higher officer controls lower position holders i.e. superior controls subordinates and their performance of subordinates and lower staff could be controlled. All organizational members are to be selected on the basis of technical qualifications and competence demonstrated by training, education or formal examination. To ensure uniformity and to regulate actions of employees, managers must depend heavily upon formal organizational rules and regulations. Thus, rules of law lead to impersonality in interpersonal relations. Rules and controls are applied uniformly,...
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...Comparative Analysis of the Classical Theories The theoretical approaches to organization and management can be classified into “schools of thought”, which essentially represent similar ways of thinking about the way organizations operate and should be managed. Organizational performance generally involves getting the most out of resource inputs in terms of quality and productivity. Alternative management approaches provide a framework within which improved performance may be achieved. It is important to note the many variations in the classification schemes. Some writers view Weber’ theory as being part of the classical approach while others do not. One justification is that his time period is similar to that of the other two classical theorists- Taylor and Fayol and, that his theory was scientifically derived. Unlike these two named theorists whose focus was on management, Weber emphasized organizational structures or arrangements as a way of improving efficiency in the public sector, hence the label “structuralist”. 1) Classical Perspective- The classical school was the first set of theoretical perspectives about organizations and management. It sought to understand the purpose of an organization, to examine its structure, and the design of work. The main thinkers of this school were Max Weber (1864-1920), Frederick Taylor (1856-1917) and, Henri Fayol (1841-1925) and their respective disciples- Frank Gilbreth and Henry Gantt, and Lyndall Urwick. ...
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...POLICE PROBLEMS: THE COMPLEXITY OF PROBLEM THEORY, RESEARCH AND EVALUATION by John Eck University of Cincinnati Abstract: Advancement of problem-oriented policing has been stymied by over-attention to police organizations and under-attention to police problems. This paper develops a research agenda for understanding police problems by addressing four fundamental questions: What are problems? What causes problems? How can we find effective solutions to problems? And how can we learn from problem solving? For each question a possible direction for theory, research, or evaluation is suggested. The variety of police problems, their non-linear feedback systems, the diversity of responses that can be applied to problems, and the difficulty of learning from problem-solving experiences highlight the complexity of police problems. The paper closes with a list of research questions designed to improve the science and practice of problem analysis and solution. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH POLICE RESEARCH? Problem-oriented policing has become the victim of the disease it was meant to cure, the "means over ends syndrome." Symptoms of this disease include studies examining the internal workings of police organizations implementing problem-oriented policing, confusing problem-oriented policing with community policing, and generally failing to recognize that a new approach to policing requires a different approach to research. Though the number of police agencies applying problem solving...
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...sense of impending violence. This article attempts to prove that the reporting on violent crime in the media in regards to levels of violence in our communities is actually beneficial in protecting the public by creating a: ‘Fear of Crime-Media Feedback Model’, whereby the media influences levels of fear in its audience and affects their routine activity, thereby affecting their exposure to potentially victimizing situations by encouraging avoidance behavior; influencing people to remain in their home as opposed to venturing onto the streets. The researcher believes that with further research, the model could be used to reduce the victimization risk to the public by using media reporting to influence the public’s behavior. Methods While the researcher did not conduct his own data gathering research, he did utilize research work that had been done in on this subject to support his thesis. The subject matter of these works include; the introduction of the ‘fear of Crime-Media Feedback model, violent crime and avoidance behavior, the Routine Activity Theory (RAT), and encouraging the use of technology by youth to increase in-home activities. These works include but are not limited to; Cashmore, J. (2012). ‘Crime reducing entertainment: The contribution of media entertainment and communication technologies to the UK’s victimisation drop’. Internet Journal of Criminology. [Online] Garofalo, J....
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...What is an organization? Definition Organizations are social entities that are goal directed, with deliberately structured activity systems, and with a link to the external environment. Types of Organizations We will study both large and small organizations. We will also look at manufacturing and service organizations, for-profit and nonprofit organizations. Importance of Organizations Organizations create value for owners, customers, and employees by their activities. They bring together resources to accomplish specific goals, whether those goals are putting on the Olympics or planting new trees in the city. Organizations produce goods and services, using innovative techniques and modern manufacturing technology, for competitive pricing. Organizations adapt to and influence the environment and its globalization while accommodating the challenges of diversity, ethics, and the motivation and coordination of employees. Perspectives on Organizations Open Systems A closed system does not depend on its environment, but focuses on running things efficiently. Open systems [Exhibit 1.2] must interact with the environment to survive, and managers realize they must pay close attention to what is going on with their customers, suppliers, and competitors. A system, in general, is a set of interrelated elements that acquires inputs from the environment, transforms them, and discharges outputs to the external environment. Subsystems perform functions such as production, boundary...
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...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1. Involves studying the thought processes of humans 2. Deals with representing those processes via machines * 1960’s * One of original chat bots * Programmed as Rogerian Psychotherapist. (Ask Q’s) * 1960’s * One of original chat bots * Programmed as Rogerian Psychotherapist. (Ask Q’s) Development of Eliza Development of Eliza Testing for intelligence: * The Turing Test * Alan Turing * How to determine if machine is truly capable of intelligence? * Theory of Multiple Intelligence: * Verbal * Math * Analytical * Emotional * Bodily * Cultural Theory of Multiple Intelligence: * Verbal * Math * Analytical * Emotional * Bodily * Cultural Interaction? * Does it act like a human? Areas of AI: * Natural Language Processing- Build language systems of Interaction for business * Ex. Google Translate * Text Mining * Voice generation and recognition (SIRI) * Analyzes input and builds a response * Must think about: * Speech-phonology * How words are formed-morphology * How sentences are formed-Grammar syntax * What do words and sentences mean- Semantics * How does context affect language?- Pragmatics * Speech Recognition * Robotics and Sensory Systems * Visual Recognition * Ie. Baxter folding shirt * Used by customs *...
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