...I. Introduction Due to the fact that “many of the proposals made by classical theorists had little effect on the crime problem of the time, as well as the fact that statistical improvements in crime measurements began to reflect the existence of certain patterns in the manifestation of crime… the attention was drawn away from notions of rationalism and punishment, and toward an investigation of the causes of crime, stressing in particular the influence of hereditary, psychological and social factors (Glick, 2004: 69).” The school of thought that believes in behaviour primarily being attributed to inherited predispositions and genetic influences is the Positivist school (predestined actor model). The predestined actor model has three basic formulations:...
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...The author did extensive research on the events and doesn’t imply his personal opinion or feelings towards the crime. Capote wants the reader to draw their own conclusion about the murder. For example when he talks about how the deeds is done and we can’t do anything about it. It is not right to hold a grudge. Only god can judge (Capote 107). However Capote does show bias between the murderers. Capote projects his own opinion that Perry was more innocent than Dick although they had been convicted of the same crime. Representing Perry as a sympathetic character describing his dreams making him childlike. He shows sympathy towards Perry based on his upbringing and shows Dick as a natural born killer. “I didn’t want to harm the man I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft-spoken. I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat”. Perry said while confessing to the murders (244). Nothing in Dick’s background indicate his upbringing would turn him into a criminal. Capote believes humans are the product of their environment. In the argument against nature vs nurture Capote is on the side of...
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...fact in life. The impact of relationships and interactions is of interest to Social Psychologists. This lecture will provide you with a basis for examining social behaviour and the various theories that explore human interaction and its resultant outcomes. Lecture #1 Notes: This week’s notes will provide a brief introduction into the discipline of Social Psychology - covering some of the basic principles and tenets of this branch of psychology before we dive into the topics and research. So what is Social Psychology? Definition of Social Psychology: the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations. • Allport (1935) defined social psychology as the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. • Social Situations = actual, imagined or implied presence of others • Behavior = Overt behavior plus thoughts, feelings, beliefs, attitudes • Scientific Field = Combination of Arts and Science skills How Does Social Psychology Differ from Sociology? • Differ in level of analysis Sociology: Tends to use societal level of analysis. How do unemployment rates affect levels of violent crime in Vancouver? Social Psychology: Tends to focus on the individual in the context of a social situation. What Kind of questions do Social Psychologists Ask? • How does the person...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...separately, with no knowledge of their twinship. Neubauer also recognized the exceptional research possibilities such a separation offered. Studies of twins reared apart are one of the most powerful tools that scholars have to analyze the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the makeup of individual human natures. Identical twins are rare, however, and twins who have been separated and brought up in different families are particularly unusual. Neubauer was aware of a mere handful of studies examining twins reared apart, and in most cases the twins being studied had been separated for only part of their childhoods and were reunited at some point long before the study began. Here was an opportunity to look at twins from the moment they were separated, and to trace them through childhood, observing at each stage of development the parallel or diverging courses of their lives. Because the sisters shared the same genetic makeup, one could evaluate the environmental effects on the twins' personalities, their behavior, their health, their intelligence. Such a study might not set to rest the ancient quarrel over the relative importance of nature versus nurture, but there were few other experiments...
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...my fear of flying was not abnormal but simply a learned emotional response to a situation that provoked intense and terrifying thoughts. Being able to understand my phobia and how I can control it is why psychology has changed a part of my life. The diversity of the A Level syllabus has reinforced my commitment. The course has enabled me to work independently and manage my time effectively. These skills were demonstrated in my A Level coursework project which involved extensively researching a topic of my choice. I thoroughly enjoyed this project as I was able to gain an insight into many relevant theories of my chosen subject on figure attractiveness. To support my studies I attended a crime conference in Leicester which was a fascinating experience, from hearing crime investigators talk about their daily challenges to psychopath profilers engaging in the nature vs. nurture debate. I also heard American Nick Yarris' poignant story of spending 20 years on death row after being framed for murder. Attending the conference strengthened my note taking and listening skills. Working in a primary school for a week as a teacher's assistant with children aged 4-5, has furthered my interest in the educational aspects of psychology and I believe that this experience has been useful for a career in psychology. The experience enhanced my leadership skills and I was able to communicate successfully with the children, helping them to grasp classroom topics they found difficult. Seeing the way...
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...Human development has been and would continue to be a very complex process; from birth to death. Human development spans a broad range of human endeavor that has attempted to understand why human beings to the things they do, grow the way they do, and the potential of human beings. There has been an ongoing debate whether human development is impacted by nature or nurture. If the growth of the individual were to be guided by nature, the individual would take the position that all or most of its behaviors and characteristics are the result of genetics inherited from their parents (Colella, 2013). Meaning that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...The basic definition of the word criminal is someone who commits offending behaviour within society (Harrower, 2001). The crime may range from petty theft to murder. Criminals are born not made is the discussion of this essay, it will explore the theories that attempt to explain criminal behaviour. Psychologists have come up with various theories and reasons as to why individuals commit crimes. These theories represent part of the classic psychological debate, nature versus nurture. Are individuals predisposed to becoming a criminal or are they made through their environment. There are various theories within the biological explanation as to why individuals commit criminal behaviour, these include: genetic theory, hereditary theory, psychosis and brain injury theory. In the next few paragraphs examples of each will be shown. The first theory to be explored is the hereditary theory, which stems from Cesare Lombroso (1876) father of criminology, (Feldman, 1993) whose studies were carried out by morphology. Lombroso tried to show a relationship between criminal behaviour and physical characteristics. Lombrosco suggested that an individual was predisposed to becoming a criminal, as a result of internal or innate characteristics, rather than environmental factors. Lombroso observed both criminals and non- criminals by their physical abnormalities, such as physical measurements and examinations. He concluded that most prisoners show the same physical abnormalities, which...
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...Jared Dickerson PSYC120-1204A-3 The Mind of A champion: Profile on Mike Tyson November 11, 12 What the first thing that comes to mind when you think of Mike Tyson? The man who once told a reporter he was going to rape him? Or, the man who overcame the odds rose to the top to become champion? I choose to do a psychological sketch on Tyson because he was once the richest and best-known athlete in the world, but still remains one of the hardest people to understand. Mike Tyson was born June 30th 1966 in Brooklyn, New York. By the age of two he was living with his 5 siblings in a single parent household in Brownsville New York, one of the toughest neighborhoods in the city. Having being exposed to domestic violence at an early age, Tyson would build a love for training pigeon as an escape of his reality. At age 9, a 15-year-old gang member decapitated one of Tyson’s beloved pigeons by turning it’s head slowly till it snapped off. Seeing this Tyson attacked the boy like a wild animal and brutally beat him. From that point Tyson reputation began to grow in his neighborhood. Tyson was quoted in an interview stating, “I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something. She only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally." If a child doesn’t...
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...classicism. Positivism which arrived after classicism looked at criminal behaviour from a completely different perspective. Positivism looked at the offender rather than that of the crime. Positivism can be separated into three main areas, Biological, Psychological and Sociological. These three areas give explanations on why the offender commits acts of criminal activity and also help to provide answers to why there is crime in society. In this essay there will be analysis on the biological theory to positivism. In doing so theorists such as Cesare Lombroso, Hans Brunner and Gall will be explored in an aim to explain the strengths and weaknesses of their theories. This essay will feature an insight towards outlining positivism by expressing knowledge into the biological side of the subject. Biological positivism was focused on the ideas put forward that criminals were born bad. Work by Italian Professor and criminologist Cesare Lombroso spoke about activism and how criminals were people who had not evolved sufficiently enough from our earlier ancestors. The idea criminals not evolving was based on representations of Charles Darwin’s study of evolution and how criminals could in fact be those who are underdeveloped. Lombroso’s ideas were that activism was operational in society and that the people committing crime were simply underdeveloped and abnormal. One study in which Lombroso engaged in was the study of the heads of those who had been executed! By looking at these heads he attempted...
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...“A society that is unable to respect, protect and nurture its women and children loses its moral moorings and runs adrift.” (The Hindu- Opinion Sept, 15 2012 ) Introduction: Centuries have come, and centuries have gone, but the plight of women is not likely to change. T ime has helplessly watched women suffering in the form of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, degradation, aggression, humiliation . In Indian society, woman occupies a vital position and venerable place. The Vedas glorified women as the mother, the creator, one who gives life and worshipped her as a ‘Devi' or Goddess. But their glorification was rather mythical for at the same time, in India women found herself totally suppressed and subjugated in a patriarchal society. Indian women through the countries remained subjugated and oppressed because society believed in clinging on to orthodox beliefs for the brunt of violence—domestic as well as public, Physical, emotional and mental . Male violence against women are worldwide phenomenon. Fear of violence is an important factor in the lives of most women. Fear of violence is the cause of lack of participation in every sphere of life. There are various forms of crime against women. Sometimes it is even before birth, some times in the adulthood and other phrases of life. In the Indian society, position of women is always perceived in relation to the man. This perception has given birth to various customs and practices. Violence against women both inside and...
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...7/20/2014 Crime Against Women In India By Ajay Kumar Ranjan Like Share 24 Home Printer Friendly Version Crime Against Women In India By Ajay Kumar Ranjan 30 January, 2013 Countercurrents.org “A society that is unable to respect, protect and nurture its women and children loses its moral moorings Support Us Popularise CC Join News Letter CounterSolutions CounterImages CounterVideos Editor's Picks Press Releases Action Alert Feed Burner Read CC In Your Own Language Bradley Manning India Burning Mumbai Terror Financial Crisis Iraq AfPak War Peak Oil Globalisation Localism Alternative Energy Climate Change US Imperialism US Elections Palestine Latin America Communalism Gender/Feminism Dalit Humanrights Economy India-pakistan Kashmir Environment and runs adrift.” (The Hindu- Opinion Sept, 15 2012 ) Introduction: Centuries have come, and centuries have gone, but the plight of women is not likely to change. T ime has helplessly watched women suffering in the form of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, degradation, aggression, humiliation . In Indian society, woman occupies a vital position and venerable place. The Vedas glorified women as the mother, the creator, one who gives life and worshipped her as a ‘Devi' or Goddess. But their glorification was rather mythical for at the same time, in India women found herself totally suppressed and subjugated in a patriarchal society. Indian women through the countries remained subjugated and oppressed because society...
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...Metaphor Metaphorical Subject: * Domain of experience from the spiritual realm ( the lord ) that needs to be clarified Metaphorical Predicate: * Familiar domain of experience of everyday life that is used to clarify the subject Key Metaphor: * Can Serve as the foundations of a worldview Societal Metaphor: * World-View metaphor whose model for the world is the social order Organic Metaphor: * Applies the image of the body to social structures and institutions. Comparing a living body with parts to the functioning of society Huichol Religious Thought * Deer, Maize and Peyote are all important and interconnected Syncretism * Synthesis of old and new religious practices introduced from outside, often by force Revitalization Movements * Ghost Dance was conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis Secularism * Refers to the separation of religion and state including a notion of individual agency of citizens. Secularism is always understood within the idea of the modern national state operating within a capitalist economy Symbols * Represent a whole semantic domain and invite us to consider the various elements within it ( ex: Canadian Flag) Worldviews * Encompassing picture of Reality created by members of society. Attempts to Bring “Order, Regularity and Predictibility” to daily life and all aspects associated with it Domination * Hegemony * A system...
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