...The Fluidity of Computer Science. Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Computer Science" Computer science or computing science designates the scientific and mathematical approach in computing. A computer scientist is a scientist who specialises in the theory of computation and the design of computers. Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information, computation, and with practical techniques for their implementation and application. History The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity...
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...Computer science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.[1][2] Computer scientists invent algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information and formulate suitable abstractions to model complex systems. Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computational complexity theory, study the fundamental properties of computational problems, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describe computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. The general public sometimes confuses computer science with careers that deal with computers (such as information technology), or think that it relates to their own experience of computers, which typically involves activities such as gaming, web-browsing, and word-processing. However, the focus of computer science is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement...
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...Computer science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded as bits in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a biological cell.[1] A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.[2] Its subfields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the fundamental properties of Computational and intractable problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-world visual applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, whilst the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems. Human-computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for...
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...programs in the different agencies, in offices and in schools. Paper work become easy, computation is faster, record keeping and bringing out is fast. In schools, all works became easily fast to look at record, easily to reproduce student record. Since, computation of grades is one burden of the teachers, computerization made the answer in solving, in recording and computing students performances and achievement. The same is through in keeping records and forms incorporated in their work aside from guidance and advice. Computation of grades in school became easy for modern teacher but for tradition alone they found difficult but now no burden in recording, transmitting, giving the equivalent and the final grades for teachers who are computer literate, where time, effort and energy is minimized. This is the point of this study, to device a program in order to ease the computation of grades and ranking the students basing their subject’s performances. This is now the scenario and dilemma of Buenavista National High School. Now, with the technology which is to be developed, it will enable them to do more with less effort. The program will not continuously find way to improve and expedite the calculation of grades. The use of computer nowadays is necessary to replace the manual system that affects efficiency and effectiveness, accuracy and reliability Statement of the Problem * The manual computation of grades the Buenavista National High School. * Submitting grading sheets contains...
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...Ahad Mohammad Aljebreen Directed by: Dr. Maram Computer science Computer science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. Its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the fundamental properties of computational and intractable problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-world visual applications. Still other fields focus on challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. History The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate...
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...GAME THEORY Game theory has found its applications in numerous fields such as Economics, Social Science, Political Science, and Evolutionary Biology. Game theory is now finding its applications in computer science. The nature of computing is changing because of success of Internet and the revolution in Information technology. The advancement in technologies have made it possible to commoditize the components such as network, computing, storage and software. In the new paradigm, there are multiple entities (hardware, software agents, protocols etc.) that work on behalf of different autonomous bodies (such as a user, a business etc.) and provide services to other similar entities. Internet has made is possible for many such geographically distributed antonymous entities to interact with each other and provide various services. These entities will work for their respective owners to achieve their individual goals (maximize their individual payoffs), as opposed to obtaining a system optima (that is socially desirable). This results in an entirely different paradigm of computing where the "work" is performed in a completely distributed/decentralized fashion by different entities where the primary objective of each entity is to maximize the objective of its owner. Therefore, it is important to study traditional computer science concepts such as algorithm design, protocols, and performance optimization under a game-theoretic model. This course aims to provide a basic understanding...
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...Republic of the Philippines LagunaStatePolytechnicUniversity Siniloan Host Campu, Siniloan, Laguna CollegeofAgriculture Bachelor of Science in agribusiness COURSE SYLLABUS IN social science 4 first semester, a.y. 2013-2014 I. COURSE CODE: SOC.SCI 4 II. COURSE TITLE: GENERAL ECONOMICS WITH TAXATION AND LAND REFORM III. Course Description: This course provides a comprehensive coverage of all major topics in economics. Attention is given to establish student understands of key economic principles with particular emphasis on the Philippine Economic system, its growth and development. The course covers the foundation of economics, demand and supply analysis, the concept of elasticity, the theory of production and the fundamental concept of micro and macroeconomics with the use of simple graphical and mathematical illustrations. Likewise, the course involves topics on taxation and agrarian reform with discussion on issues and problems related to its implementation. IV. CREDIT UNIT: 3HOURS V. TIME ALLOTMENT: 54 hours/ 3 hours per week VI. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: At the end of the course, the students are expected to know the fundamental principles of economics, and their application to everyday life. SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 – GEN. ECON WITH LAND REFORM AND TAXATION Time Allotment |TOPICS/ CONTENT |SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES |TEACHING STRATEGIES |VALUES INFUSED |INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS...
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...explaining the functional organization of modern computers for the first time, thereby influencing their construction worldwide (von Neumann, 1945; Burks et al., 1946). In the first of these reports, von Neumann described the computer as analogous to a brain, with an input “organ” (analogous to sensory neurons), a memory, an arithmetical and a logical “organ” (analogous to associative neurons), and an output “organ” (analogous to motor neurons). His experience with computers convinced him that brains and computers, both having to do with the processing of information, should be studied by a new discipline–automata theory. In fact, according to von Neumann, automata theory would cover not only computers and brains, but also any biological or artificial systems that dealt with information and control, including robots and genes. Von Neumann never formulated a full-blown mathematical theory of automata, but he wrote several important exploratory papers (von Neumann, 1951, 1956, 1966). Meanwhile, besides designing hardware, he developed some of the first programs, programming languages,...
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...aspects. The central notion is the transformation of information whether by computation or communication, whether by organisms or artifacts. Understanding informational phenomena - such as computation, cognition, and communication - enables technological advances. In turn, technological progress prompts scientific enquiry. The science of information and the engineering of information systems develop hand-in-hand. Informatics is the emerging discipline that combines the two. In natural and artificial systems, information is carried at many levels, ranging, for example, from biological molecules and electronic devices through nervous systems and computers and on to societies and large-scale distributed systems. It is characteristic that information carried at higher levels is represented by informational processes at lower levels. Each of these levels is the proper object of study for some discipline of science or engineering. Informatics aims to develop and apply firm theoretical and mathematical foundations for the features that are common to all computational systems. THE SCOPE OF INFORMATICS In its attempts to account for phenomena, science progresses by defining, developing, criticising and refining new concepts. Informatics is developing its own fundamental concepts of communication, knowledge, data, interaction and information, and relating them to such phenomena as computation, thought, and language. Informatics has many aspects, and encompasses a number...
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...In 1950 Alan Turing wrote the paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence. This document attempts to address the question "Can machines think?". Much of the paper involves speculation and the creation of theories without any solid facts to back them up. Due to the lack of digital computers, really the only one being ENIAC at this time, it was nearly impossible for him to test these concepts. Therefore one can view many of the statements within this document as both theory and philosophy. Additionally with Americas participation in the Korean war the development of computation would not be a major interest of the American public till the start of the space race in the late 50's. Alan Mathison Turing played a critical role in the evolution of computer science and subsequently the advancement of technology. While working as a cryptographer he came up with the ideas of representing data with ones and zeros and assigning computers with six essential...
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...important question, whether or not a machine can do well in a certain kind of game, then in Turing’s eyes, people do have a question that admits of specific discussion.”(1) Yet in the years since 1950, the test has been highly criticized. Many elements of this test have been questioned. Because all of these considerations, many have been against Turing’s proposal. One other famous theory is the computational theory of mind, which describes a view of the human brain that processes information and views thinking as another form of computing. The theory, was originally proposed in its modern form by Hilary Putnam in 1961, and then further developed later on by the MIT philosopher Jerry Fodor. “The computational theory of mind shows that the mind is a computation that rises from the brain acting as a computing mechanical device. This theory can be broken down in many ways, the most popular being, the brain is a computer and the mind is the result of the program that the brain runs.” Computational theories of mind are frequently assumed to require mental representation because input in a computation comes in forms of symbols or representations of objects. (e.g.) “A computer cannot compute an actual object, but must interpret the object in some form and then compute the representation.”(1) Even if a computer were to pass the Turing Test it would never be aware that it just did. So on, if a computer seems to be intelligent and can answer questions like a self-aware human being, it...
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...Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks Mediate by separate part of brain regions Color constancy Binding: different percepts What is intelligence? (Cartesian) Dualism, identity theory, functionalism The Turing test (and objections to it) Aunt Bertha machine Linear vs. exponential scaling Dualism: mind is nonphysical substance Identity theory: same mind state means the same brain state Problem of strict...
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...Business Analysis and Valuation Report Prepared By: Version # Updated on ------------------------------------------------- Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------------- If applicable, include acknowledgement to contributing individuals: ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Analyst’s Name | Number | E-Mail Address | | | | Document Name | | Date Created | | Milestone 1 date submitted | | Milestone 2 date submitted | | Milestone 3 date submitted | | Finalization date | | | | | | | | REPORT VERSION RECORD The Business Analysis and Valuation Report is a managed document with tracking of versions, changes, and release dates for each of the three milestones. Version Name | Version Number | Date | Author(s) Name(s) | Change Description | | | | | Document created | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Milestone versions of the report are issued including the complete document with the sections completed to date to reflect the work to date by the analyst team. The milestone versions of the document are authorized for release only after the analyst’s signature has been obtained. Milestone 1 PREPARED: DATE:___/___/___ (for acceptance) (, signature) POSITION: ___ Milestone 2 PREPARED: DATE:___/___/___ ...
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...Patton-Fuller Ratio Computation Patton-Fuller Ratio Computation July 8, 2013 HCS/405 Regina Robinson The Eight Basic Ratios 1. Current Ratio (Unaudited) 2009 Current Assets $128,867 ÷ Current Liabilities $23,807= 5.4129877 or 5.413 (5 to 1) 2008 Current Assets $130,026 ÷ Current Liabilities $8,380 = 15.516229 or 15.516 (15 to 1) Current Ratio (Audited) 2009 $128,867 ÷ $23,807= 5.3709833 or 5.371(5 to 1) 2008 $130,026 ÷ $8,380= 15.516229 or 15.516 (15 to 1) Disagree: This ratio is consistently a measure of short-term debt paying ability (Baker & Baker, 2011). However, it must be carefully interpreted (Baker & Baker, 2011). Observationally, the CEO’s report to the board that all financial ratios have improved is inaccurate; in all actuality, the ratios have not. In effect, the numbers simply do not back up the declaration. The unaudited and audited current ratios show that in 2008 the hospital’s assets were greater than those in 2009 were. This ratio also shows the current assets in 2008 were much higher than the current liabilities for the same year, a ratio of 15 to 1. In 2009 the current assets to current liabilities ratio was only 5 to 1. The hospital’s assets were lower in 2009 and yet the liabilities in 2009 were higher. The hospital’s assets were higher in 2008 and the liabilities in 2008 were lower. This shows the hospital was more profitable...
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...QUEUING THEORY HISTORY • Queuing theory had its beginning in the research work of a Danish engineer named A.K. Erlang. • In 1909, Erlang experimented with fluctuating demand in telephonic traffic. • 8 years later, he published a report addressing the delays in automatic dialing equipment. • At the end of World War II, Erlang’s early work was extended to more general problems and to business applications of waiting lines. M/M/1 SINGLE - CHANNEL WITH POISSON Azenith Cayetano THE M/M/1 NOTATION REPRESENTS: Arrival distribution Service time distribution M = Poisson M = Exponential No. of service channels open m = 1 QUEUING EQUATIONS: λ = mean number of arrivals per time period (for example, per hour) μ = mean number of people or items served per time period SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 Angie is the Branch Manager of Citibank Lagos and she wants to improve the service of the bank by reducing the average waiting time of the bank’s clients. She was able to determine the average arrival and the average number of clients serviced per hour. How many clients are in the bank at any given time? How much time does a client spend in the bank? How many clients are waiting to be served? How much time does a client spend waiting? What is the probability that the teller is busy? What is the probability that there are no clients? DATA TABLE Given Description Value m λ μ Number of tellers Arrivals per hour Serviced per hour 1 11 12 1. Compute the...
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