...Alan Turing is among many of the famous mathematicians whose efforts have drastically impacted our world. Alan Turing has many achievements such as creating the first Turing Machine and discovering the nonexistence of a universal algorithmic method in math. Today, we recognize Turing for his mathematic accomplishments and contributions that he so determinedly worked for. Alan Mathison Turing was born June 23, 1912 in Paddington, London, England to his father, Julius Mathison Turing and his mother Ethel Sara Turing. Turing was the second son of his parents; his oldest brother being John Turing. Both Alan and John saw very little of their parents, since his father was part of the administration presidency of British India. So, they were temporarily raised by a Colonel in Hastings, England. He grew up in the upper...
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...In 1941 Alan Turing cracked the Enigma code, saving what military historians estimate to be somewhere between 14 to 21 million lives in WWII (Cashill, 2014). Born in London in 1912 Turing was an expert mathematician, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist (IWM Staff, 2018). His work for the Allied powers won us a war (Disalvo, 2012). A decade later in 1952, Turing was arrested and convicted of “Gross Indecency” when authorities discovered this national hero was gay. He was sentenced to undergo what was called “organo-therapy,” or chemical castration. Within two years he was found dead of cyanide poisoning, still very much gay but now thoroughly defeated. Betrayed by the country he loved, publicly humiliated,...
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...World War II was an extremely intense time in history, filled with new technology and weaponry. With these new accomplishments came a wide array of new strategies and thinking about the way war was fought. A war is not commonly started by just a single person, but a mass of tension and discontempt building up over time. Even though a single person and their actions may not have begun a war, what they accomplish during the fighting could affect the outcome. Alan Turing was a man whose technological contributions influenced the end of World War II with his brilliant work with Enigma (Hodges). Alan Turing’s early life was fairly ordinary. He was born in Paddington, London on June 23 in 1912 (Hodges). As an adult, Turing had short, dark hair and eyes that made him look like he was busy with his own thoughts and analyzing the world around him (Alan Turing). For his elementary and high school education he attended Sherborne School, an all-boys boarding school just outside of London (Hodges). Turing had always seemed to be an isolated individual. His incredible intelligence caused him to have a tough time interacting with other people. In his professional life, he was “famous as 'Prof', shabby, nail-bitten, tie-less, sometimes halting in speech and awkward of manner, the source of many...
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...In Jana Levin’s book, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines, there are two main characters, Kurt Godel and Alan Turing. Levin walks through their lives and discusses the turmoil that the two men go through. In the end, both men end up committing suicide. Kurt Godel died by malnutrition and Alan Turing died because of self-induced poisoning (Levin). Another man that lived out a life similar to Turing and Godel is an engineer by the name of Edwin Armstrong. Armstrong died by jumping from a window on the thirteenth floor of his apartment (Tsividis). A common theme that can be found is that these men’s suicides can be attributed to social psychological factors. According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a type of psychology that...
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...see on television? Or Are they a reflection of what we want or what we are? Many people say that robots are not machines designed to think, and that we have created them only to follow instructions. Others say they have been programmed and just act without any criterion and that they don’t possess a soul. But there is always somebody who affirms they are able to think even more effetely than a human being. In the end the correct affirmation is that they are men’s creations. Creations invading, every day, the human market. Do we really think these creations are conscious, able to think like us? It’s very interesting to hear or read the different opinions of philosophers and common people. For example, Alan Turing was commissioned to explain very well through the “ Turing Test” ( the proposal for a test of a machines ability to demonstrated intelligence) where he explain that a machines is only programmed by humans, and to think about whether machines think do not deserve any discussion, meaningless to deserve discussion. Another philosopher like William G.Lyan talked about artificial intelligence (the science of setting machines to perform that normally require intelligence and judgment) where he take us from the possibility that robots do indeed have the same type of mind than humans do, that is, that machines are able to have consciousness, to his well establish opinion of “Computers after all only do what they are told/programmed to do”.” They have no...
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...Max Newman Mth/110 October 11, 2015 Rosemary Hirschfelder Max Newman Introduction The prominent life of Max Newman was an astonishing contribution to the history of mathematics. Newman excelled at an early age in various academics, but most notably his interest in mathematical practices like Boolean algebra, combinatory topology, and mathematical logic. The mathematical practices of Newman revolutionized world history in ways that produced many accomplished understudies after his death. “The work to which Newman contributed, though distinct from that on Enigma, has been described as being of comparable importance” (Groups, 2015). This paper will discuss the early stages of Max Newman’s life, his contributions to mathematics, and accomplishments of his life. Early Stages of Life Max Newman was born Maxwell Herman Alexander Neumann February 7, 1987. Max was born in the city of Chelsea, London, United Kingdom. In 1916, Max changed his last name from Neumann to Newman for a contemporary fit. Max’s father was Herman Alexander Neumann, and his mother was Sarah Ann-Pike. His father was a secretary originally born Jewish from Germany, who immigrated to the United Kingdom. His mother was a British schoolteacher. In 1914, Max's father was reverted to Germany because of his German descent and WWI. In 1934, Newman married wife Lyn Lloyd Irvine. Lyn was a writer in which her and Max had two kids. Their kids were named Edward and William. During the time of...
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...vA Very Brief History of Computer Science Written by Jeffrey Shallit for CS 134 at the University of Waterloo in the summer of 1995. This little web page was hastily stitched together in a few days. Perhaps eventually I will get around to doing a really good job. Suggestions are always welcome. A translation of this web page into French has been prepared by Anne Dicky at the University of Bordeaux. Before 1900 People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq) about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera mechanism) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E. device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the stars and planets. (More Antikythera info here.) John Napier (1550-1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms, invented Napier's rods (sometimes called "Napier's bones") c. 1610 to simplify the task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) built a mechanical adding machine. Similar work was done by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz also advocated use of the binary system for doing calculations. Recently it was discovered that Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)...
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...provided to managers and business professionals in many companies. * Artificial Intelligence enabled applications are at work in * Information distribution and retrieval * Database mining * Product design * Manufacturing inspection * Training * User support * Surgical Planning * Resource scheduling * Complex resource management * A major thrust of Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence such as reasoning, learning and problem solving etc. * In 1950 Alan Turing, British Artificial Intelligence pioneer proposed a test to determine whether machines could think. According to Turing test, a computer could demonstrate intelligence if a human interviewer, conversing with an unseen human and an unseen computer could not tell which was which. * Critics believe that no computer can truly pass the Turing test. They claim that it is not possible to develop intelligence to impart true humanlike capabilities to computers. * The Domains of Artificial Intelligence are: 1. Cognitive Science * This area of artificial intelligence is based on research in biology, neurology, psychology, mathematics, and many allied disciplines. * It focuses on researching how the human brain works and how humans think and learn. * The results of such research are the basis for the...
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...lower levels of pollution and other adverse effects on the biosphere and environment around it. It might sound something of similitude from science fiction of some perfect utopian future where robots serve as personal comfort assistants of the Human race, people travelling in flying cars or any such levitated contraptions and where we have trade relations with beings from another part of the Universe. To the contrary of the previous sentence, smart cities are not a part of a distant utopian future, but are happening now and the World Wide Web of the Internet has been the greatest tool in achieving it. In fact there are examples of Smart cities in the past such as Bletchley Park, where Professor Alan Turing deciphered the infamous Nazi cipher Enigma machine during World War II. Alan Turing who is often called the father of modern computing, is only fitting that he too once lived in a smart city that changed the course of history and we know and live now. Compared to the early 21st century, our way of living, at least in the Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities have changed radically. Many web enabled companies have come forward and radically changed various aspects of our lives, be it shopping, be it communicating with friends, be it deciding on a restaurant or any other thing. This concept of smart city has created a wave and motivated many innovators to come up with various product and services that has enabled the mass to act...
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...basic function of the human brain. While it is certainly evident that a computer can acquire knowledge from a program or programmer, it is the new developments in AI that will enable it to apply the knowledge. The new advancements in AI will hopefully enable these machines to not only possess the knowledge, but also understand how to utilize it in a number of situations. Artificial Intelligence researchers analyze human intelligent behavior in an attempt to have computers use the same deductive reasoning skills that humans use. While many of the developments in AI are relatively new the research of AI has been around for many years. One of the first notions of Artificial Intelligence came from Alan Turing (1912-1954) a British mathematician, and logician. Turing is widely considered to be the father...
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...Artificial Intelligence Essay In this essay I will attempt to describe briefly what artificial intelligence is, its drawbacks, and to what level computers have advanced in order to be able to achieve the goals of AI. In doing so, I will go on and discuss the following points: • Computers can only do what they are told by a programmer • Computers cannot think • Intelligence cannot be understood. There are many definitions of artificial intelligence (AI), but they all conclude in some form to say that it is the study of mental capabilities through the use of computer models. It can also be said that AI allows computers to carry out tasks that have been considered to require intelligence and are usually carried out by experts. The main advantages of AI are therefore that it can aid experts in decision making and comment on any statements made, helps answer the questions of trainees requiring the knowledge of experts in their field, and obviously, learn from its mistakes to acquire new facts. When defining artificial intelligence, it is useful to understand fully what both words mean. Something artificial is said to be unreal, unnatural and inorganic meaning it being synthetic. Intelligence is the skill of understanding and the ability to perceive and conceive meaning Therefore artificial intelligence is a way of providing man made computers with the ability to learn, perceive and think for themselves. This is just the theory, because in practice...
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...AI robot: how machine intelligence is evolving No computer can yet pass the 'Turing test' and be taken as human. But the hunt for artificial intelligence is moving in a different, exciting direction that involves creativity, language – and even jazz • Comments (109) • Marcus du Sautoy • The Observer, Saturday 31 March 2012 • Article history [pic] Marcus du Sautoy with one of Luc Steels's language-making robots. Photograph: Jodie Adams/BBC 'I propose to consider the question "Can machines think?"' Not my question but the opening of Alan Turing's seminal 1950 paper which is generally regarded as the catalyst for the modern quest to create artificial intelligence. His question was inspired by a book he had been given at the age of 10: Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know by Edwin Tenney Brewster. The book was packed with nuggets that fired the young Turing's imagination including the following provocative statement: "Of course the body is a machine. It is vastly complex, many times more complicated than any machine ever made with hands; but still after all a machine. It has been likened to a steam machine. But that was before we knew as much about the way it works as we know now. It really is a gas engine; like the engine of an automobile, a motor boat or a flying machine." If the body were a machine, Turing wondered: is it possible to artificially create such a contraption that could think like he did? This year is Turing's centenary so would he...
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...similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence It is ok, but what is the intelligence? Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. There is not a solid definition of it because we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others. As you can see on the screen, Artificial Intelligence has various goals such as put the human mind into the computer, and reach the human-level intelligence, but, his main goal is to create intelligent machines that can perform complex tasks on their own. To determinate if a machine is intelligent or not, is used the Turing Test. Alan Turing, the creator of Turing Test, argued that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly should consider it intelligent. The test consists of the observer could interact with the machine and a human by Teletype, and the human would try to persuade the observer that it was human and the machine would try to fool the observer. Now let’s pass to the second part comparisons between human and computer intellligence. People normally think that the Artificial intelligence is about simulating human intelligence, but, it is not always about it. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the...
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...A PAPER PRESENTATION ON Artificial Intelligence J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Department of C.S.E. (III year) Affiliated to JNTU K DJR College of Engineering and Technology, Gudavalli, Vijayawada Krishna (dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India. Contact details: J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Mobile number:9700234518 Email Id:jjagadeesh13@gmail.com Introduction In which we try to explain why we consider artificial intelligence to be a subject most worthy of study, and in which we try to decide what exactly it is, this being a good thing to decide before embarking. Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens--man the wise--because our mental capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to learn more about ourselves. But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them. Another reason to study AI is that these constructed intelligent entities are interesting and useful in their own right. AI has produced many significant and impressive products even at this early stage in its development. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization...
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...Introduction I have always loved the robot takes over the world type movies. Ever since I was a child this subject has intrigued me and have pointed me in the direction of the career choice that I made for myself many years ago. I can remember when my friend's dad took us to see “Terminator 2” though we weren’t even old enough to get in to see it without having a parental guardian I understood all of the foreshadowing and plot of the movie at 9 years old. If you know anything about this awesome flick its set in the late 90’s and the dilemma the characters go through is trying to stop the creation of the supercomputer “Skynet” that spawns a robotic race of human eradicating beings that will eventually try to wipe out the human race if they don’t succeed in their mission. As we have all grown older now I see so many of the similarities of this movie and the potential for this fiction to shift towards a harsh reality that our society is very possibly going to witness one day. In the following pages, my research has shown me many mistakes, though ground breaking and very interesting, but in my opinion has already pushed us to a tipping point. After all of my research I must say, we the people, in order to create a more than perfect human, have just uncovered the next reason our race faces possible extinction from this planet one day. The history of artificial intelligence The term artificial intelligence or A.I. has been around since the fifties and was conceived by a group of...
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