...ctricity and is widelyused for electrical wiring, water piping, and corrosion-resistant parts, either pure or in alloys such as brass and bronze. Recrystallisation: The process of recrystallisation usually begins when the cold worked metal is heated to a temperature of about half of it's melting temperature on the absolute kelvin scale. for example the melting point of copper is (1083 +273)K=1356K so it will anneal and recrystallises at temperatures of about 678K(about 600 C).Mild steel is mainly iron and a similar calculation indicates annealing can replace a sequence of forming and annealing operations. Alloying: Copper and its alloys are widely used in deep draw and flat stamped products because they have excellent electrical and thermal performance, good resistance to corrosion, high ductility and relatively low cost. Thermoplastic polymeric materials Polymer processing temperature: The effect of temperature change on polymers * When substances made of small molecules are heated, they simply melt and form a free-flowing liquid; however with polymers the process is more complex. * When polymers are cooled, they will often become very brittle. When heated, the polymers will first become flexible before melting. * This is due to their structure. In some polymers, there are areas of crystalline and amorphous regions. In the “glassy” state, the tangled polymer chains in the amorphous region become “frozen”, which prevents easy movement of the chains relative...
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...SYNTHESIS PVC macromolecules i.e. long chains are made by joining vinyl chloride through the process of polymerization. The monomers are in a solid, chemically stable form and therefore do not pose a threat to humans as compared to other monomers which exists in gaseous state. Vinyl chloride is a gas at room temperature and pressure but it is usually stored as a liquid by applying pressure. Making the Monomer: Initially the Vinyl Chloride was produced by reacting acetylene with hydrochloric acid catalyzed by mercuric chloride. However this has become obsolete now and the monomer is more popularly produced from Ethylene and Chlorine. The ethylene is obtained from the thermal cracking of Naphtha in the basic petrochemical industries while chlorine is...
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...cycle repeats. Injection moulding is capable to repeatedly form identical discrete parts at a shorter turnaround time as compare to machining. Injection moulding not necessarily rely on one material, there’s variety of materials for example polymer and metals that can be used to produce parts. In this paper, the scope focuses plastic injection moulding by using polymer. Polymer [2] is adapted from Greek as ‘many part’, which describes molecule composed of many identical parts that synthesized together to from a large macromolecules. Generally plastic injection moulding uses thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. The plastic parts that can be formed by injection moulding range from small electronic components such as lid of air-cavity package, to body panels of cars. Due to the capability of plastic injection moulding to generate big varieties of parts from as small as miligrams to kilograms, thus, a measure of size named shot size is selected which is determined by the weight of resin that can be injected per cycle. Shot size range between 20grams to 20kilograms. Figure 1: Injection moulding machine (Source: Modified from Wikipedia [1]) Basic plastic injection moulding...
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...Effectiveness of Shredded Plastic Cups as an Additive in Making Decorative Garden Tiles CHAPTER I A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY B. RESEARCH PROBLEM General Problem: How effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles? Specific Problems: 1. How effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of compressive strength? 2. How effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of durability? 3. How effective are shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of load bearing capacity? C. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE General Objective: The primary concern of this study is to determine the effectiveness of compressed plastic bottles as fillers for pathways. Specific Objectives: 1. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of compressive strength. 2. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of durability. D. To determine the effectiveness of shredded plastic cups as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of load bearing capacity. E. HYPOTHESES It is hypothesized that: 1. The shredded plastic cups have no significant effect as additives in making decorative garden tiles in terms of compressive strength. 2. The shredded plastic cups have no significant...
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...1. Introduction Packaging has become an integral part of the processing, preservation, distribution, marketing, and even the cooking of foods. Food packaging materials include paper, cellulose products, cellophane, tinplate, aluminium, stainless steel, ceramics, glass, rubber, aluminium foil, plastics and laminates (Mercer, 1990). Since its introduction in the 1950’s, the use of plastic in the packaging industry has increased at a greater rate than any other packaging material due to their low cost and outstanding functional service properties (Hernandez and Giacin, 1998). Packaging materials provide protection for microbiological, chemical, and physical contamination (World Packaging Organisation, 2009). However, components of the packaging material must be safe to the product as well as to the consumers. Food may interact with the packaging materials and this may change the initial mechanical and barrier properties as well as the safety of the product (Sablani and Rahman, 2007). Three types of food packaging interaction are distinguished: (i) migration, (ii) permeation, (iii) and absorption. Migration is the transfer of chemical components from the packaging material to the contained food product (Paneva et al., 2005). The migration of potentially toxic substances from packaging material to foods is a major concern in the selection and use of materials for food packaging because of the possible effect upon human health. In addition, migration of other components...
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...Spray Up Process for the Manufacture of an Acrylic Bathtub Method Used: Vacuum Forming and Spray Up Presented By: LAURA URENA 1 Bathtub Manufacturing Using Spray up Technique 2 Table of Contents I. II. Open Mold: Spray Up. Major advantages………………………….4 Sheet metal forming for mold……………………………………….….5 III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Mold Release……………………………………………………………………..6 Vacuum forming molding..………………………………………………..7 Spray up process description……………………………………………10 Materials and equipment used………………………………….…….13 Technical drawings ………………………………………………………...17 Cost analysis…………………………………………………………………….19 Video………………………………………………………………………………..20 X. References……………………………………………………………….…….21 3 Open Mold: Spray Up Fibre is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mould. With open molding, the gel coat and laminate are exposed to the atmosphere during the fabrication process. The selection of this technique for the manufacture of the bathtub was because the feasibility that open mold methods allows such as: Most appropriate technique based on the costs of tooling due to the single cavity mold of fiberglass used for the size of the part 30x35x18 in. Portable equipment permits on-site fabrication. This technique enable the manufacturing of hot bathtubs that requires different types of reinforcement able to tolerate heat and load. 4 Sheet Metal for Bathtub Mold Injection mold is a technique used for the manufacture of bathtubs. For...
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...Recycling of plastics is a serious problem of countries. People do not know its serious effects, so the statistic of recycling of plastics decreased in the recent year and the number of used plastics is increasing quickly. Countries also give some possible solution to solve this problem. According to Marino (2002,p.8) 800,000 tonnes of household collected in Australia from kerbsides each year and the rate of recycling PVC bottles decreased 3% from 1999 to now. Furthermore, the plastic of cars has only 8% is recovered (Association of plastics Manufacturers in Europe,1999). Other statistic is only 2.5% of plastic domestic packaging is recycled in the USA (Landreth and Rebers,1996). Nowadays, many goods are made of plastic, so if it is not recycled, it will be able to affect to people’s health. This problems will become easier if people know how to recycle the plastic and clean up the waste. Besides that, technology has modern machines to solve this problems. Porter (2002,p.12) stated that the electro-thermal deactivation(ETD) can help people avoid noxious from plastic or waste by dumping or incinerate. However, ETD is not cheap. Additionally, other machine is an industrial-scale Cuisinart , it can chop up the plastic or the waste with whirring blades and with the cheap price (Carey and Port, 2002, p.75). In conclusion, it is very necessary and important to change the current situation. the plastic and the waste are noxious, so it needs to be recycled...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Biotechnology Advances 26 (2008) 246 – 265 www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review Aamer Ali Shah ⁎, Fariha Hasan, Abdul Hameed, Safia Ahmed Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Received 22 November 2007; received in revised form 31 December 2007; accepted 31 December 2007 Available online 26 January 2008 Abstract Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. This...
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...Interim-results: Getting a foothold in the plastic’s market as a green ( see background on plastics, they use oil derivatives as a source ), easy to use and at a fair price ( equal to plastics, is this doable? ) To achieve this early investments in to more R&D have to be done to improve/optimise and finalise the product (also to be used in the existing molds used for plastics). It is hard to impossible to sell our product if it is not finished. Investments in marketing, in our already existing network/advertisements/approaching new customers, will have to be done. Offering the same price as normal plastics, together with R&D and marketing investments will lead to a loss at start. This has to be done to enter this new market, we are already established in the Velastine market to cover these costs. Initiative: Velastine granules + Egal to create a new greener plastics to obtain the largest market share in plastics and be profitable. Definition: Creating a easy to use/mold plastic which is strong (like Velastine). So that every customer can find or we can create needs for it. Design: Solid Velastine granules and Liquid (packed under Argon) Egal, to be delivered separately to the customers used in the customers already existing molds. Preparation: R&D towards the design mentioned above. Realisation: Time line? Follow-up: To be decided on?? Analysis of the product: Pro’s: Biodegradable, Non oil source, price?, Con’s: Biodegradable?, Egal has to...
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...average basis in my country, Bangladesh. In my research work I have attempted to reuse, recycle the leather waste. Moreover the aim is to reduce the environmental pollution. My research work was conducted to make bioapplicable materials from polyester resin reinforced with scrap leather fiber. The resulting polymer composite has been named “Leather Plastic”. One of the most important objectives of my research work is to use natural leather fiber which is biodegradable. So a definite amount of polyester resin could be replaced by natural fiber, which is very important to our environment. Manufacturing process: The composite was prepared by Wet Layup method. Leather fiber was treated with Unsaturated Polyester Resin and then fabricated and characterized. The matrix was prepared by mixing Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) solution. The grinded leather fiber was used as the reinforcement. After mixing the matrix with the reinforcement, peroxide was used as a radical initiator to induce polymerizations. After curing period the mechanical properties of the composite was characterized. Test performed on Leather Plastic: Tensile Strength, Elongation, Young's modulus, Izod Impact Strength , Bending strength , Water uptake, Soil Test, DMA test, DTA-TGA test, SEM analysis, Ultrasound effect, Cobalt-60 gamma Radiation effect. Instruments: I have good skill on computer and Modern Sophisticated Analytical Instruments such as Electro-chemical Analyzer, Scanning Electron...
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...Lab 7 Mechanical Properties of Polymers Student: Mikel Ricks Class: ME 3701-1 Instructor: Yang Mu This report contains experimental data and results regarding the mechanical properties of polymers. These tests were conducted under controlled environments to determine the tensile strength of certain polymers. Abstract This lab report was constructed from the results of testing the tensile strength of various polymers. These tests were done to determine the material properties, such as modulus of elasticity and the ultimate strength. The polymers that were tested were an acrylic and a nylon sample. Each specimen was placed in a tensile test machine and placed under load until failure. This is an important test because polymers are very lightweight and strong materials and it allows uses for them to be discovered by knowing their tensile strength. After the testing the data showed that the acrylic sample had a higher ultimate strength than the nylon sample. Table of Contents Title | Page No. | Introduction | 3 | Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | 4 | Results | 8 | Discussion | 10 | Conclusion | 10 | References | 10 | Homework | 11 | List of Nomenclature -Engineering Stress -Engineering Strain -Modulus of Elasticity -Ultimate Strength List of Figures and Tables Title | Page No. | Figure 1—Specimen Load Sample | 4 | Figure 2—Instron Machine | 4 | Figure 3—Nylon Stress Strain Curve | 5 | Figure 4—Acrylic Stress Strain Curve...
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...Dissimilar joints can provide cost savings due to less use of one of the components. They also are capable of offering complex function in engineering applications. Therefore, there are urgent needs to join Ti and stainless steel so that these alloys can be applied to reduce the mass and cost of various products (Wang et al, 2014). Dissimilar joining between Ti alloys and stainless steels has attracted great interest in the aerospace, nuclear and chemical industries due to the high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of them (Campo et al, 2014). Problem Statements Joining of dissimilar material has been extensively investigated because of its capability offer complex functions and finding application in a variety of fields such as a thermal power station, nuclear industries, petrochemical industries, aerospace, microelectronics, and automobile . Steel is still widely used as structural material due to their high absolute strength and better cost efficiency. Ti alloys have good features such as high specific strength, good high temperature mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance (Gao et al, 2012). Materials have different chemical, physical and metallurgical properties. Some material has higher strength, some are less and some have high corrosion resistance. However, sometimes a combination of different material with various properties are required. Joining of various combinations of different material can lead to reduce cost and increase efficiency. The major...
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...disposable cups; Legos, and plates. * Type 6 Polystyrene (PS) Uses: Egg cartons; packing peanuts; disposable cups, plates, trays, and cutlery; disposable take-away containers. * Type 7 Other (often polycarbonate or ABS) Uses: Beverage bottles; baby milk bottles; electronic casing. The Process of Recycling Plastics There are three prevalent techniques used in the process of recycling plastics. These techniques vary because of the complexity involved in making and recycling plastics. * Monomer Recycling The monomer recycling is the most used technique. The process takes advantage of the prior categorization and sorting of plastic products. Once the plastics are separated by type, different chemicals are used to break the plastic down to its base compounds, eventually reaching a purity level acceptable in the reuse of the plastic * Thermal Depolymerization The thermal depolymerization process skips the sor * eat Compression The heat compression technique is similar to the thermal depolymerization technique in that sorting is not needed. Large tumblers are used to melt the plastics together, readying them for reuse. Facts on Recycling Plastics...
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...........................................10 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ...........................14 Bibliography..................................................................................................15 Southridge Private High School Antipolo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science and Technology IV A Study on the Feasibility of Identifying an Alternative Insulator for Ice Submitted to: Mrs. Marites N. Caslib (Physics Instructor) Submitted by: Jhann Reinner M. Pagayon February 6, 2012 Abstract Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperature. Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Heat flows by means...
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...RAHMAN UDEC3304 Polymer Chemistry ASSIGNMENT Title | Plastic Packaging Resin Identification Codes | Name | CHONG LING MIN | Student ID | 1103206 | Lecturer’s name | Dr. Chee Swee Yong | Date | 28th June 2013 | Table contents 1. Background…………………………………………….pg.1 2. Resin identification coding system…………………….pg.2 3. Symbols and polymer names…………………………..pg.2 4. Classification of polymer type…………………………pg.2 5. Applications before and after recycling……………..pg.3-5 6. Molecular formula and hazards……………………...pg.3-5 7. Conclusion……………………………………………pg.5 8. References……………………………………………pg.6 Background In modern science and technology, most of the plastic packaging is made with different codes of resin. The Resin Identification Codes assigns these resins with a number from 1 to 6, which are polyethylene terephthalate (PETE); high density polyethylene (HDPE); polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl); low density polyethylene (LDPE); polypropylene (PP); or polystyrene (PS). The coding system also includes a seventh code which is labeled as "other." The principal roles of coding system for these resins are to provide a consistent national system to help consumers and manufacturers efficiently identify and sort plastics for recycling. The coding system is also enable individuals to maintain and perform quality control before recycling, which help to make sure the recycled plastic is as homogenous as possible. Hence, all these seven codes indicate...
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