...The Water-Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins and Vitamin C I. The Vitamins—An Overview Vitamins differ from carbohydrate, fat and protein in structure, function and food contents. Vitamins are similar to the energy-yielding nutrients in that they are vital to life, organic and available from foods. Both deficiencies and excesses of the vitamins can affect health. A. Bioavailability is the rate and extent that a nutrient is absorbed and used. B. Precursors, also known as provitamins, are consumed in an inactive form and become active vitamins in the body. C. The organic nature of vitamins means they can be destroyed by exposure to light, oxidation, cooking, and storage. There are methods used to minimize nutrient losses. 1. Refrigerate fruits and vegetables. 2. Store cut fruits and vegetables in airtight wrappers or closed containers and refrigerate. 3. Clean fruits and vegetables before they are cut. 4. Use a microwave, steam, or simmer in small amounts of water. Save cooking water for other uses. Avoid high temperatures and long cooking times. D. Solubility and storage 1. Water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) are absorbed directly into the blood and travel freely. a. Circulate freely b. Excreted in urine C. Required in more frequent intakes 2. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, K and E) are absorbed first into the lymph, then the blood. Many require protein carriers...
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...enough of our vitamins so that our bodies do not develop a chronic disease later in life. There are two types of vitamins; water-soluble and fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins simply mean that it has the ability to dissolve in water and fat-soluble dissolves in fat. After vitamins have been dissolved in water or fat, the body can then absorb, transport, and use the vitamins. The following is a list of vitamins relative to their classification. Water-Soluble * B Vitamins- Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6 Fat-Soluble * Vitamin A * Vitamin D * Vitamin E * Vitamin K Vitamins Are Important to Daily Diet Vitamins are very important to our daily nutrient intake. The carbohydrates, fat, and protein that we eat is what contain the energy our body needs to function. Our body uses energy in the form of ATP. Vitamins are important in converting the energy we eat in carbohydrates, fat, and protein into ATP. More precisely, the B vitamins of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin are the vitamins used to convert the energy. All of the vitamins are essential to curing deficiency disease among other important roles. For instance, Wiley Plus says “vitamin A is needed for vision, vitamin K is needed for blood clotting, and vitamin C is needed to synthesize connective tissue. Many body processes require the presence of more than one vitamin” (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, ch. 8.1). Fat-Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble...
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...Illicit drugs n effects -Herion: Heroin is an opiate processed directly from the extracts of the opium poppy. It was originally created to help cure people of addiction to morphine. Upon crossing the blood-brain barrier, which occurs soon after introduction of the drug into the bloodstream, heroin is converted into morphine, which mimics the action of endorphins, creating a sense of well-being -Cocaine: is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. the initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and euphoria. -Methamphetamine: popularly shortened to meth or ice, is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Since it stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing euphoria and excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction. -Lysergic acid diethylamide: LSD, LSD-25, or acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the tryptamine family. Arguably the most regarded of all psychedelics, it is considered mainly as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various types of exercises for transcendence including in meditation, psychonautics, and illegal psychedelic psychotherapy...
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...Water Soluble Vitamins and the Bodily Functions They Promote Vitamins and mineral supplements are items that most people would think are good for their bodies. Unfortunately, this is only a half truth. There are many people that are not aware of the full ramifications of vitamins, minerals, and other non-energy yielding nutrients. You need vitamins and minerals, but in excess they can be poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual...
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...Carbon- containing Needed in small amounts Essential: can’t be synthesized by body DO NOT provide energy To be a VITAMIN: 1. Body can’t make enough to maintain health 2. Absence-> deficiency-> cured with the vitamin Vitamins classification Fat-soluble vitamins: A D E K Water soluble vitamins & choline Thiamin/riboflavin/niacin/pantothenic acid/biotin/vitamin B-6/folate (folic acid)/Vitamin B-12/Vitamin C/choline Vitamins: absorption & storage Vitamin: A D E K Fat-soluble Absorbed with fat (40%-90% absorbed) ↓Fat absorption->↓fat soluble vitamin Stored in Liver and Adipose tissue B vitamins, Vitamin C, Choline Water-soluble: Absorbed in small intestine High bioavailability (50%-90%) Transported to liver-> body tissues Inside cells activated into coenzymes Storage limited Cooking issues: easily destroyed Water-soluble vitamins CHO, FAT, PRO metabolism: thiamin riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid tiotin Vitamin toxicity █Fat-soluble: Not excreted from body Toxicity by vitamin A most frequently observed █Water- soluble: Excess excreted in urine Exception: B6&B12 stored in liver Deficiency: more than 1d needed ie: thiamin(10d) Vitamin C(20-40d) Vitamin toxicity most frequently from supplemental sources: NOT FOODS Vitamin preservation in foods █Water-soluble destroyed by heat, light, air, cooking in water & alkalinity █More ripe a F/V = more vitamin content █Freezing retains nutrients █Blanched first, ↑vitamin content Minerals...
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...Soluble vitamins Vitamins are a valuable component to a healthy diet, because our bodies cannot make them or our bodies cannot produce enough of them to provide adequate nutrition to our cells. Vitamins are essential for everyday body functions such as cell growth, blood cell production, hormone production, and metabolism. Vitamins can also affect body systems such as the reproductive system, circulatory system, and the immune system. Fat soluble vitamins consist of vitamin A, D, E, and K. These vitamins only dissolve in fat not in water and are stored in fatty tissues as well as the liver. These vitamins can be stored for long periods of time and people consuming a well-balanced diet do not need to supplement them. It is more common for people to have too much of these of these vitamins in their system which can be toxic than with the water soluble vitamins. Vitamin A is found in animal products such as liver, egg yolks, dairy products, and fish. Vitamin D can be found in dairy products such as milk, but also 10 minutes in the sun can give you your daily dose. This vitamin helps with the hardening of bones and teeth. Vitamin E is considered an antioxidant and helps to protect vitamins A and C. it also promotes the metabolism of iron and helps to maintain the nervous system. Vitamin E can be found in whole grains, nuts and seeds. Vitamin K is important to help in clotting blood. This vitamin also helps the body’s bones to hold calcium in. This vitamin is naturally produced...
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...Handout 10-3 Vitamins A diet that offers a variety of foods from each group, prepared with reasonable care, serves up ample vitamins. The cereal and bread group delivers thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. The fruit and vegetable groups excel in folate, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin K. The meat group serves thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. The milk group stands out for riboflavin, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D. Even the miscellaneous group with its vegetable oils provides vitamin E. Determine whether these food choices are typical of your diet and whether you think you may be deficient. |Food choices |Frequency per week | |Citrus fruits |14 times per week | |Dark green, leafy vegetables |12-14 times per week | |Deep yellow or orange fruits or vegetables |14 times per week | |Legumes |4-5 times per week | |Milk and milk products |7 times per week | ...
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...There are 2 worksheets in this – 1 crossword puzzle and 14 question answers. Worksheet 1: Food Choices and Nutrients Crossword Puzzle n Across | Down | 2. carbon containing and made by living things4. organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health6. type of diet composed of purified ingredients of known chemical composition8. nonnutritive compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body10. nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself (or cannot make them fast enough) from other raw materials | 1. substances that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and grow3. the science of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and of their actions within the body5. any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients7. units used to measure energy from foods9. the foods and beverages a person consumes | Type here your answers to crossword puzzle: Across: Down 2 Organic 1 foods 4 Vitamins 3 Nutrition 6 Elemental 5 Malnutrition 8 phytochemicals 7 Calories 10 Essential nutrition 9 Diet Worksheet 2: Dietary Reference Intakes and Food Composition Tables The Dietary Reference Intakes are a collection of 4 nutrient values used for different purposes. List below the definitions...
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...10/11/2011 SCI/241 Multivitamins What are some of the benefits you stand to receive by taking it every day? It has been centuries since the thought that vitamins from some foods could cure some illnesses, but even longer to understand which ones and what aliments would be helped. Today we can be certain that there are some foods that can help, and the vitamins or minerals in the foods are the important parts of that. They can help with energy, decrease the chance of disease, and increase overall health. Vitamin D helps to promote healthy bones; Vitamin E helps your skin, and helps to fight some disease. Does taking a multivitamin every day raise your intake of a particular vitamin or mineral to near-toxic levels? According to a few readings, it is cautioned to everyone to avoid any excessive intake of a vitamin and mineral over the recommended daily value for each ingredient. So it is always important to take the recommended amount, talk to a doctor if you are taking any other medications to make sure the vitamins and minerals with not negatively impact your other medication, and to read the label and make sure you are not allergic to any of the ingredients, for example, wheat, soy, or dairy. The fat-soluble vitamins are the ones that people should make sure they control their intake for, because they are not excreted through the urine like water-soluble vitamins are. What are the consequences of toxicity? Tanking to much vitamins or minerals can...
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...Fat and Water-Soluble Vitamins Carolyn Johnson SCI/241 February 27, 2014 Anna Brashier Fat and Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in the diet in small amounts to promote and regulate body processes necessary for growth, reproduction, and health maintenance. Vitamins are classified based on solubility, some are soluble in water known as water-soluble vitamins, while others are soluble in fat known as fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins promote and regulate the body activities. Each vitamin has at least one important function. Some are needed for vision health, blood clotting, and bone health, some vitamins are needed for organ health and system function. (Grosvenor, 2012, Chapter 7). Some vitamins have coenzymes and few others function as an antioxidants. (Grosvenor, 2012, Chapter 7). Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K and are found along with fats in foods. Fat soluble vitamins are soluble in fat, these vitamins can be stored in the liver and in fatty tissues. High nutrient sources for vitamin A can be found in Carrots, squash, apricots, and other orange and yellow vegetables. High nutrient sources of vitamin D: sunlight, liver, egg yolks, and oily fish such as salmon naturally have vitamin D. Vitamin D fortified foods are milk, margarine, some yogurts, cheese, and cereals. Vitamin E is found in nuts, seeds, canola oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and leafy green vegetables like spinach, mustard greens, and wheat germ...
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...Alcoholism and Malnutrition International Nutrition: The World Food Crisis FSNU-201 April 21, 2013 Alcoholism and Malnutrition Malnutrition is a condition that is caused by an imbalance between what someone eats and the nutrients that they need to maintain good health and proper body function. (Mandal, n.d.) Not eating enough food to maintain proper body function, or eating an imbalanced diet that does not provide the nutrients needed to maintain a balanced level of health, will cause a person to become malnourished. (Mandal, n.d.) In order to stay healthy, individuals need to consume foods from a number of different food groups including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, dairy and a minimum of five daily portions of fruits and vegetables which contain many of the essential vitamins and minerals. (McGuire & Beerman, 2009, p. 331) Anyone can become malnourished if they do not consume the necessary amount of nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs, or if they have an unhealthy diet such as those, who for example, misuse alcohol. Many studies show that people who misuse alcohol can eventually become malnourished due to the fact that alcohol contains just enough calories to curb hunger, but it does not contain the necessary nutrients that are required to stay healthy. As a result, alcoholics often suffer from a number of serious health conditions including damage to internal organs such as the liver, heart and the brain. (Casa Palmera Staff, 2010) Someone may ask...
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...eat a candy bar in the afternoon when he gets off work. He often prepares frozen dinners or pizza at home in the evening and routinely drinks “about 2 or 3 beers” before going to bed. Occasionally he will cook a roast and mashed potatoes. He occasionally will have milk with cereal but rarely eats vegetables or fruit. He would like to know which vitamin supplement will give him energy. 1. How would you explain the function of vitamins in response to Samuel’s request? Vitamins may help Samuel by giving him more energy since he is not obtaining enough vitamins from his daily food intake. 2. What are some indications that Samuel’s diet may be low in thiamin? His diet lacks fortified grains, cornflakes and lean pork chops. 3. Using information from Figure 10-4, list one or two good sources of thiamin from each of the foods groups that Samuel could add to his diet. He should add cornflakes to his daily morning breakfast or maybe have them during this 10:00AM break. He may have for much a baked potato with lean pork chops and watermelon for dessert. He may also substitute the candy bar for a plain yogurt as a snack. He should also add pinto beans, lean beef, and soymilk to his diet. 4. What other...
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...Amanda Phillips Research Paper Professor Perry Fundamentals of Human Nutrition April 2, 2013 Vitamin B Complex is made up of several B vitamins. They are essential for the bodies normal functions. B vitamins can be referenced by many different names such as vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. There are also their scientific names: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, nicotinamide or nicotinic acide amide (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid or folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). Each vitamin B has its role in our health and is important for a healthy body. For example Vitamin B1, thiamin, plays many key roles in the body: metabolic cycle for generating energy, aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system, muscles and heart; stabilizes the appetite; promotes growth and good muscle tone. Having a B1 deficiency may lead to mental depression and constipation; weakness and feeling tired; nervous irritability; insomnia; the loss of appetite; paralysis and loss of weight; or even heart and gastrointestinal problems. Vitamin B2, riboflavin, is necessary for carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism; aids in the formation of antibodies and red blood cells; maintains cell respiration; necessary for the maintenance of good vision, skin, nails, and hair; alleviates eye fatigue, promotes general health. Having a deficiency of B2 may result...
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...Fat-soluble vitamins | Significant sources | Deficiency | Toxicity | Vitamin A * Retinol * Retinal * Retinoic acid * Carotenoid : beta-carotene (precursors)Functions : * Vision maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; * bone and tooth growth; * reproduction; immunity | Retinol: fortified milk, cheese,cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liverBeta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin) | Diseases : Hypovitaminosis ASymptoms : Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired immunity (infectious diseases); plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis) | Diseases : Hypervitaminosis ASymptoms : Chronic : Increased activity of osteoclastsb causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defectsAcute : Blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches; muscle incoordination | Vitamin D * ergocalciferol (vitamin D2): vitamin D derived from plants in the diet and made from the yeast and plant sterol ergosterol. * cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 or calciol): vitamin D derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol, with...
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...Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins SCI/241 By: Rebecca Travis A vitamin is“…any of a group of organic substances other than proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and organic salts which are essential for normal metabolism, growth, and development of the body. Vitamins are not sources of energy, nor do they contribute significantly to the substance of the body. They are indispensable for the maintenance of health. They are effective in minute quantities. They act principally as regulators of metabolic processes…” (Taber, 1993, pg. 2141). There are two broad classifications of vitamins. The first, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), must dissolve in fat (or lipids) before they can enter the bloodstream. These vitamins are stored in the liver and fat cells to be released as needed. Because fat-soluble vitamins can be stored, excess amounts can build up over time causing serious toxic reactions. Toxicity rarely occurs from eating foods containing vitamins A, D, E, and K, but rather occurs from taking too many vitamin supplements. Vitamins are primarily classified by solubility. Some vitamins are soluble in water and others are soluble in fat. “According to The National Institute of Health, the body needs 13 vitamins for normal health.” This includes vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B complex vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12 and folate. Each of these vitamins provides a variety of functions to the body which can be obtained...
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