...com/locate/oraloncology Review ACR Appropriateness CriteriaÒ thyroid carcinoma Joseph K. Salama a,⇑, Daniel W. Golden b, Sue S. Yom c, Madhur Kumar Garg d, Joshua Lawson e, Mark W. McDonald f, Harry Quon g, John A. Ridge h, Nabil Saba i, Richard V. Smith j, Francis Worden k, Anamaria Reyna Yeung l, Jonathan J. Beitler m a Duke University, Durham, NC, United States University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States d Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States e Lexington Medical Center, West Columbia, SC, United States f Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States g Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States h American College of Surgeons, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States i American Society of Clinical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States j American College of Surgeons, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States k American Society of Clinical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States l University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States m Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States b c a r t i c l e i n f o s u m m a r y The ACR Head and Neck Cancer Appropriateness Criteria Committee reviewed relevant medical literature to provide guidance for those managing patients with thyroid carcinoma. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness...
Words: 8262 - Pages: 34
...I came across an article the other day written by a fellow patient who suffers from thyroid disease, specifically Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The article intrigued me and I thought was just another story/rant about how difficult life can be living with this disease. I was about half way down the page when the tears began falling off of my cheeks. The article/story is called "The Spoon Theory" written by Christine Miserandino, describing just how chronic of a condition I just might have. And I'm only 18. Having do deal with the uncontrollable mood swings, lack of concentration, depression, brain fog, loss of energy, ect. as a high school athlete preparing to go to college, it has made me realized/appreciate those who are truly valuable in my life. Many of my family m embers do not understand my condition. I don't blame them. However, telling me that it's all in my head and that I "just need to relax" breaks my heart. I rather not explain to them how I feel in deep terms, but rather give a brief description of something they've felt in life such as a very bad flu. If that does not make them understand, that's when I utilize "The Spoon Theory." After having them go through the procedure of understanding how how much time and energy goes into every little thing they do, most apologize for their unsympathetic behavior displayed and ask me if there's anything that they can do to help. This remarkable article is a story that many people around the world must go through. Imagine if...
Words: 310 - Pages: 2
...Leann.Slegowski Thyroid Cancer February 28, 2014 Miller-Motte College Online Thyroid Cancer Papillary thyroid cancer is known as a good cancer. However, learning you have any type of cancer is heart breaking. In December 2 I went to my primary cancer doctor for a routine physical exam and part of that was a thyroid ultrasound. When the thyroid ultrasound results came back it showed an 8mm thyroid nodule in right side of the thyroid gland. My primary care doctor was fine with just watching the nodule to see if would change over a year time. After months of soul searching and having an intuition that this could be some serious. I made an appointment with an otolaryngologists. Little did I know that this doctor’s appointment would be a life changing event for my sons and I. Once I was at the doctor’s appointment and the doctor did a full physical exam and reviewed the ultrasound films. I was given two options to have a thyroid biopsy done and this is where a needle is inserted in the thyroid gland with ultrasound guide and a small piece of tissue is removed and sent to pathology. In some cases the results are inconclusive. The other option was a thyroidectomy and complete remove the thyroid gland and send it to pathology for a diagnostic conclusion. I decided to have the surgery done. A decision that beginning of a life changing event. There are two types of thyroid surgery one is endoscopic and open. Most thyroid surgeries are...
Words: 784 - Pages: 4
...Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, just below the voice box. It controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to...
Words: 1164 - Pages: 5
...Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, just below the voice box. It controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to...
Words: 1164 - Pages: 5
...Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, just below the voice box. It controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to...
Words: 1164 - Pages: 5
...To understand hypothyroidism, you must first understand the function of the thyroid. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly shaped organ at the base of your neck, measuring only 2-4 inches in diameter. (Sagmiller, 2) The principle role of the thyroid gland is to manufacture, store, and secrete the thyroid hormones, 1-thyroxine (T4) and triidothyroxine (T3). The thyroid is also responsible for storing much of the body’s supply of iodine, which is used to form T4 and T3. The hypothalamus detects a need for more thyroid hormone and signals the pituitary gland to make thyrotropin (TSH). The thyroid then adjusts its production of hormones based on the amount of TSH it receives. When the thyroid does not make enough hormones, hypothyroidism occurs. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill) Simply put, hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid. Because the thyroid controls metabolism, regulates body temperature, affects body weight, muscle strength, energy level, and fertility (Sagmill, 206), an underactive thyroid can have significant effects on individuals who are diagnosed with hypothyroidism. There are an estimated 27 million people living with hypothyroidism, the majority being female. Women are nine times more likely to develop this disease, most cases occurring during the childbearing years. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill, 1491) While not as common; men and children are still susceptible to the disease. After the age of 65, the number of men and women with hypothyroidism evens...
Words: 2002 - Pages: 9
...short, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland, a butterfly shaped organ located at the front of the neck, anterior to the trachea. Each wing of the thyroid gland wraps around the side of the trachea with the isthmus centered in the middle of the two lobes. HT affects the thyroid gland by using your own body’s immune system to attack the organ. The immune system is tricked into thinking the thyroid is a foreign body, therefore it releases antibodies that travel directly to the thyroid. In the antibodies attempt to “fight off” the gland, it causes chronic inflammation. Overtime, this trauma causes the prevention of the thyroid hormones...
Words: 1046 - Pages: 5
...Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism happens due to a lack of production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism may be primary or central, primary being the more common one. The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is autoimmune thyroiditis which is characterized by inflammation and destruction of thyroid tissue. This happens due to infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes and circulating thyroid autoantibodies. Hypothyroidism is related to many genetic risk factors and is associated with many other autoimmune disorders such as hashimoto thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, and postpartum thyroiditis. One type of hypothyroidism is congenital hypothyroidism which is when an infant is born without thyroid...
Words: 1206 - Pages: 5
...CARE PATWAY FOR EACH PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER INCLUDING THE ROLES OF RELIVANT PRACTITIONERS Thyroid gland: A gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea (windpipe). It has the shape of a butterfly: two wings (lobes) attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland, acts to stimulate hormone production by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland also makes the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism and stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone. http://www.medicinenet.com/ Professions involved Many differing groups of clinicians are involved in the care of patients with thyroid diseases. Each hospital will have its own configuration of team members within the thyroid team and this may include any combination of Medical Endocrinologists, Ear Nose & Throat...
Words: 635 - Pages: 3
...dose to maintain thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within the lower half of the reference range. Thyroid hormones (L-thyroxine). Hypothyroidism treatment follows an oral replacement with synthetic L-thyroxine (levothyroxine) (Hennesey, 2015). It is normally administered as a single daily dose in different dosages according to the age with the elderly patients receiving a lower dose than the younger ones (Bensenor,...
Words: 1060 - Pages: 5
...Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones. This occurs when your body does not produce enough thyroid hormone. The main purpose of thyroid hormone is to "run the body's metabolism," it is understandable that people with this condition will have symptoms associated with a slow metabolism. There are two common causes of hypothyroidism. The first is a result of previous inflammation of the thyroid gland, which leaves a large percentage of the cells of the thyroid damaged (or dead) and incapable of producing sufficient hormone. The second major cause is the broad category of "medical treatments." The treatment of many thyroid conditions is surgical removal of a portion or all of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism is diagnosed by a simple blood test to see how much thyroid is in the blood. This blood tests the levels of T4 and TSH (thyroid - stimulating hormone) in the blood. The signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism are: fatigue, weakness, weight gain or increased difficulty losing weight, Coarse or dry hair, dry or rough pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance (you can't tolerate cold temperatures), muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches, constipation, depression, irritability, memory loss, abnormal menstrual cycles and decreased libido. My father has suffered from this for years, cause by diabetes. He takes Levothyroxine, manages a strict diet and follows a rigorous exercise routine. Hyperthyroidism...
Words: 310 - Pages: 2
...their being alive. These diseases are called genetic disorders. Some of these disorders are rare and don’t have a cure. One such disease or disorder is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, or MEN1. I will explain what this disorder is and what body systems it affects. MEN1 is a relatively uncommon inherited disorder where less than 1 person in 20,000 will carry the gene. It is passed down in families from 1 generation to the next and affects males and females equally, it occurs in all racial groups. This disease can be inherited if only one parent has MEN1. Diagnosis of the disease is done through genetic testing or following a patient medically over several years and seeing if the patient has symptoms of the disease. MEN1 affects the endocrine glands: the pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas glands that regulate different hormones that control the functions of various tissues throughout the body. Normally, the hormones released by endocrine glands ore carefully balanced to meet a body’s needs. In patients with MEN1, the endocrine glands may become overactive at the same time or throughout a lifetime. Similarly, different areas of within the endocrine glands may become overactive at different times during life. By age 30 most people who inherit MEN1 will have some type of endocrine gland overactivity. Since symptoms do not develop in many people it is important for all people at risk( families that have a person known to have the disease) to be tested for MEN1, even...
Words: 852 - Pages: 4
...condition impacts a client's ability to communicate and the effects the condition may have on the patient’s ability to communicate including the psychological and the physical impact of the disorder. The condition, hyperthyroidism, is examined in order to determine its effects together with the role of a speech therapist in helping such clients impacted by the condition in the health environment. The patient has had a thyroid gland surgically removed. Furthermore, the means and the strategies that the professional may employ in facilitating effective communication in order to build therapeutic relationships is examined. The strategies may include basic communication skills and non-verbal. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which highly active thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormone that circulate in our body. An excessive amount of thyroids in the body causes a toxic condition called thyrotoxicosis, such a condition is caused by its intake or production of too much of the hormone by the thyroid gland (Friedman & Yu, 2006). Thyroid hormones usually...
Words: 1300 - Pages: 6
...Hashimoto’s Disease Also Known as Hypothyroidism Sara Bido Monroe College Abstract Your abstract should be one paragraph and should not exceed 120 words. It is a summary of the most important elements of your paper. All numbers in the abstract, except those beginning a sentence, should be typed as digits rather than words. To count the number of words in this paragraph, select the paragraph, and on the Tools menu click Word Count. What is the Hashimoto disease? It is a condition that attacks the thyroid immune system. The thyroid is a gland localized on the neck, and it is part of the endocrine system which is in charge of the production of hormones that make your body work properly (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). Hashimoto disease is common know as hypothyroidism a condition that decrease the level of thyroid hormone in your body. People may remain undiagnosed of thyroid problems for a long period of time, suffering from symptoms that can be confusing with other medical condition, like depression, overweight, weakness and low heart beats. A doctor can confirm this kind of problems after taking a blood test to be sending to analyzed to the level of thyroid stimulant hormones (TSH) and T4 Hormones. After a person is diagnoses with this disease your doctor will prescribe you with the right medication and the right dose to maintain the thyroid working at the normal level. It is very important to visit your doctor frequently, so he can have a control of the level hormones...
Words: 466 - Pages: 2
