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As pessoas são frequentemente expostas a uma grande variedade contínua de teorias que explicam os diferentes tipos de lideranças. Quando alguém resolve desenvolver suas habilidades como líder, este alguém deve perguntar a si mesmo qual é o estilo que melhor irá se encaixar para sua função e também para a sua organização. Meu objetivo ao descorrer este paper é expor alguns tipos diferentes de liderança, em qual deles eu mais me encaixo, expor os tipos que eu reconheço que sou mais fraca e também sugerir como posso estar improving and implementando novas etilos para a minha vida profissional. Existem várias oportunidades para se usar diferentes estilos de liderança. Não existe o modelo que seja considerado o certo ou o errado. A maneira como os líderes os usam é que irá determinar o seu sucesso ou o seu fracasso. Não existe ninguém que já tenha nascido sabendo como liderar. A liderança é uma característica que é adquirida que se inicia durante a fase escolar ou até mesmo pré-escolar. Algumas crianças tomam a liderança nas brincadeiras de maneira natural, outras conseguem fazer amigos com uma extrma facilidade, e outras já estão felizes pelo simples fato de fazerem parte de um time.
À medida que o tempo passa, a educação, a experiência profissional que vai-se adquirindo e as experiências do dia-a-dia vão moldado este novo líder filosoficamente e psicologicamente. Como escolher, então, quais os melhores trabalhos para se realizar e como desenvolvê-los com o resto da equipe? Como estabelecer objetivos e alvos ao gerenciar essas novas tarefas? Se houvesse somente uma resposta para essas perguntas, então não seria necessário tantos estudos sobre os diferentes tipos de leadership styles.
Novos desafios requerem de alguém novos comportamentos de liderança, comunicação e ferramentas de decisão. Um bom líder não pode permanecer preso à velhas ideologias e formas de lideranças pois se não, nunca irá reconhecer as suas limitações e conseguir se adaptar para prover a solução que aquela situação exige. Louis Mobley, a sucsessful former school director of IBM na década de 50 once said “Unlike supervisors and middle managers, what successful executives shared were not skills and knowledge but values and attitudes”. (FORBES). For Mr. Mobley, great leaders aspire ambiguity, are creative, secure, and comfortable with as many options as possible, love challenges, believe in themselves, are passionate and are also deep thinkers.
Louis Mobley nos ensinou que a liderança é baseada na experiencia e no hábito, não somente no seu intelecto e skills. Um ótimo líder considera o impacto que suas decisões irá gerar no caminho de outras pessoas. Mr. Mobley acreditava que ótimos líderes não tinham um entendimento maior do que dos outros, mas sim que ele pensava de uma forma diferente. Para Mr. Mobley, liderança tem a ver com a maneira como pensamos e não das coisas propriamente ditas que pensamos. Observe no entanto que há uma grande diferença entre ser um gerente e um líder. Peter Drukler, a writer and consultant, once said "Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things". (ENTREPRENEUR). Gerentes e líderes têm papeis e funçoes diferentes em uma orzganização. Gerentes são aquele que facilitam o trabalho para os seus subordinados. Eles se asseguram de que todos tenham os recuros e as ferramentas para a boa produtividade e sucesso do projeto. Gerentes também se preocupam com o bom treinamento de seus funcionários, sua confança e sejam assim reconhecidos pelo seu achievement e também para novos empreendimentos. Líderes no entanto, pode ser qualqur um que seja parte do time. Essa pessoa se destaca por ter um talento prórprio, está constantemente encontrando soluções fora do comum, alguem que tenha uma experiência específica em determinada área do projeto e que a use como ferramenta útil para o gerente e também para o restante to time. Um líder é reconhecido pelos seus pontos fortes e não por títulos atribuídos à ele. Os melhores gerentes encorajam novos líderes a surgirem e inspirarem seus colegas de trabalho para novos desafios. Não se deve esperar no entanto, que um líder tenha todas as respostras para as decorrentes mudanças e desafios do cotidiano. Ninguém, com excessão de Deus, tem a capacidade de saber o futuro. Títulos e posições em momentos de grande tensão para uma solução rápida não devem ser o que determina the outcome of the situation. Alguns projetos podem ter inúmeros obstáculo em seu percurso que requerem a cooepração mútua de todos os que estão no time para um encerramento de sucesso. Alguém com um estilo de liderança mais autoritativo não se encaixará bem em um ambiente de tomadas de decisões rápidas. Há de se haver uma adaptação caso seja esse o approach of the leader in enviroments like that. Confesso que eu quase sempre me encaixo neste modelo. However, I personally know that great leaders are the ones who form new great leaders. It is just easier to say than to act this belief. Uma liderança eficiente deve entender que o cenário muda de acordo com a situação. Algumas vezes o time só precisa de um estímulo pessoal de seu líder. Outras vezes, o time precisa de uma pessoa visionária, ou de alguém que tenha um dom de treinar e ensinar os outros, etc. Assim como a Bíblia descreve em Romans 6 that: “6 We have different gifts, according to the grace given to each of us. If your gift is prophesying, then prophesy in accordance with your[a] faith; 7 if it is serving, then serve; if it is teaching, then teach; 8 if it is to encourage, then give encouragement; if it is giving, then give generously; if it is to lead,[b] do it diligently; if it is to show mercy, do it cheerfully. (GATEWAY BIBLE). A seguir, irei expor alguns tipos diferentes de estilos de liderança. O líder Autocratic, é aquele que tem toda a autoridade para tomar as decisões sozinho. Ele impõe a sua autoridade sobre seus subordinados e ninguém tem autorização para qustionar as suas ordens. Este estilo é espeialmente adotado por organizações religiosas como a Igreja Católica, alguns monarcas e ditadores. Por outro lado, este estilo de liderança se enquadra bem para aqueles lugares onde o líder precisa prover constante supervisão para que a terefa seja feita pelos seus funcionários. O conflito surge quando no meio do grupo, tem empregados que são ricos em criatividade and são também team players que não conseguem se adaptar à este estilo de liderança. Pelo fato de não poderem contribuir ativamente no processo, eles se tornam completamente dessatisfeitos e acabam saindo do grupo.
Líderes burocráticos são aqueles que acreditam em uma estrutura mais elaborada tendendo a ser maleáveis nos métodos de trabalho independentemente se estes já deram certo antes ou não. Este tipo de líder é geralmente mais lento para tomada de decisões e rejeitam novas idéias para resolver os problemas, se estes não estiver de acordo com o manual de procedimento da compania. Líderes burocráticos se asseguram que todas as etapas foram tomadas antes de referirem o caso para uma estânciade maior autoridade. Universidades, bancos e estabelecimentos de saúde e do governo requerem este tipo de liderança para suas organizações. Desta maneira, eles asseguram a qualidade e aumentam a segurança. Líderes que desejam inserir outras maneiras mais rápidas de lidar com as coisas irão se sentir em um território de poucas oportunidades para agir. Dessa maneira, líderes assim não se encaixariam bem em organizações que precisam de líderes burocráticos.
Líderes carismáticos são aqueles que lideram pelo encorajamento dos seus subordinados a se superarem cada dia mais. Líderes carismáticos geralmente estão sempre se movendo. Organizaçoes que não disponibilizam um ambiente de mobilidade para líderes carismáticos não irão segurar estes líderes por muito tempo. Líderes caristmáticos atribuem o sucesso do projeto ou do trabalho para todo o time. Se o sucesso for atribuído somente para o líder, este pode até chegar a deixar a compania para procurar novas oportunidades.
Líderes democráticos também conhecidos como líderes participativos são aqueles que recebem ideias e sugesgtoes de membros do time, mas mantém o poder de decisão final para si mesmo. Membros do time cuja idéia foi acolhida pelo líder democrático se sentem satisfeitos por poderem ter contribuído com a decisão de seu líder. Quando mudanças de percusso aparecem para o grupo, líderes democráticos tendem a ser melhores a ajudar ao time a se reestruturar e adaptar à mudança. O grande desafiopara este líderes, no entanto, é que se a compania precisar de uma decisão rápida e concisa, aquela não irã encontrar este resultado no líder democrático.
O líder Laissez-faire é aquele que não fornece uma constante supervisão de seus subordinados porque ele sabe que eles são altamente preparados e experimenciados para lidar com a situação. Alguns podem ainda dizer que este tipo de líder não é verdadeiramente um líder. A falta de supervisão dos colegas de trabalho pode acarretar em uma falta de controle gerando custos adicionais quando maus serviços acontecem ou a equipe não consegue cumprir a deadline.
Os líderes que são people-oriented são aqueles que treinam, desenvolvem e trabalham na eficiencia de seu grupo para que este tenha uma margem de satisfação empregatício alto e tenham um interesse genuíno para adquirir um bom trabalho para todos.
O líder servente é aquele que facilita para que os seus subordinados tenham tudo que precisam para o bom desenvolvimento do projeto. Este líder se compara mais a um instrumento que o time usa do que alguem que esteja alí para comandar e dar ordens. Assim como o líder democrático, o líder servente é mais lento na obtenção de resultados do que os outros tipos de líderes.
Task-oriented leaders são aqueles que focam somente no trabalho e deixam de lado um pouco o que os empregados precisam para fazer a sua parte no cumprimento do objetivo. Neste tipo de liderança, close supervision é crucial assim como o controle para alcançar os resultados almejados.
Transactional leaders são aqueles que possuem o poder de punir ou recomensar o time pela sua performacnce. O time faz um acordo com o gerente para todos alcançarem o objetivo e assim serem recompensados com algum tipo de premio. O líder receve o poder de corrigir, treinar e availiar seu subordinados se estes não conseguirem alcançar a meta esperada ou entao ser recompensados se eles excederem a meta.
Transformational leaders são aqueles estão constatimente motivando o seu grupo para excederem expectativas. A comunicação é a arma principal do líder para o sucesso do seu time. Esse líder é visível a todos e usa cadeias de comando para gerenciar o seu time. Transformational leaders tem uma visão geral do trabalho, precisando assim de pessoas que estejam mais atentos aos detalhes. Este tipo de líder tem sempre em mente a visão da compania e trabalha em prol dela.
Os líderes environmental são aqueles que buscam suprir as necessidades emocionais e psicologicass dos indivíduos que fazem parte do time. O líder usa muito da psicologia e também de dinâmicas para ter sucesso. O líder está sempre promovendo atividades que encorajam a interatividade entre companheiros de trabalho e inspirá-los a trabalhar de forma que o resultado beneficie a todos.

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