...Abstract Child development is an ongoing progressive process. The child development process is stages which every child must go through in their growth. It encompasses learning and mastering of abilities like walking, talking, sitting, standing, etc. Children acquire these developmental milestones during periods in their lives as they grow. A child must develop in one area before progressing to another. In development stages, children experience, cognitive development, social and emotional development, language development, and gross motor skills development. Developmental milestones are talents or skills that children obtain through particular moments in time. Children develop these milestones in a chronological order. One skill must be developed before another skill can be learned or mastered. In normal circumstances, a child normally successfully achieves milestones at certain ages and stages in their lives. We all have our milestones past and future, personal and professional, individual and in common. (French 2012) Childhood Development Case Study Babies develop skills such as bonding mechanisms. They begin to recognize voices, imitate sounds. At about 6 months, they sit up alone, babble and begin making sounds. By toddler ages they walk, climb, and begin to repeat words. They begin to interact with other toddlers. As they grow they begin to develop other skills. By the time they are 4 years old, they develop...
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...University Abstract The development of individuals occurs across a trajectory that has often been thought to be simultaneous. Depending on various physical, psychological, and mental maturity individuals may experience different courses of development within their environment. Erikson discussed various stages that an individual must go through in which a psychosocial crisis presents itself, and if left unresolved the individual may have further issues later on. Development can also be looked at very similarly across most age ranges with increases in cognitive thinking and functioning later on. Developmental Analysis Development has many definitions, varying from gender, age, and even culture. We all experience changes and growth at various times throughout our life that help us transition into the next phases. It is a natural process for humans to age and grow, but also learn from their environments and mistakes. The various stages marked by Erikson often pinpoint vital phases in an individual’s life where challenges are sought out. From the time of infancy until very old age, an individual is constantly developing and changing. There are challenges often brought about with each new stage and older age, but with each phase knowledge is also gained. Infancy From the time of conception until birth, infancy is a very important time for not only the mother but also the infant. Infancy alone offers a rapid rate of growth and development not only of the infant but also...
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...Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Erikson Sara is in which of the following stages: a) Latency b) Muscular-anal c) Locomotor d) Adolescence e) None of the above 2. What is the crisis of the stage that Sara is in: a) Autonomy vs. Shame b) Initiative vs. Guilt c) Trust vs. Mistrust d) Industry vs. Inferiority e) None of the above 3. What is the positive outcome of the latency stage: a) Repeated frustration and failure which leads to feelings of inferiority b) A child will be able to initiate activities and enjoy learning c) The child will acquire skills for and develop competence in work and enjoy achievement d) Develop their own identity e) b) and c) 4. According to Erikson what should Sara’s teacher have done for work enjoyment and industry to result: a) Praise her for doing her best b) Tell her she can do better c) Encourage her to finish tasks d) b) and c) e) a) and c) 5. What stages has Sara passed through in Erikson’s theory? a) The oral-sensory stage b) The anal-muscular stage c) The locomotor stage d) a) and b) e) All of the above 6. According to Erikson, what is the important event for the stage Sara is in? a) Feeding b) Toilet Training c) Independence d) Schooling e) All of the above 7. According to Erikson, what should Sara’s teacher have done during the math and language...
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...NOTES IN INFANT CARE AND FEEDING STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT * Infancy – birth until age 1 * Toddler stage – from 1 to 3 * Preschool stage – from 3 to 6 * School age – from 6 to 12 * Adolescents – from 12 to 19 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT # PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ( ERIK ERIKSON) THEORY | AGE | TASK | TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST | 0-1 | The child develops trust as the primary caregiver meets his needs | AUTONOMY VERSUS SHAME AND DOUBT | 1-3 | The child learns to control his body functions and becomes increasingly independent, preferring to do things himself | INITIATIVE VERSUS GUILT | 3-6 | The child learns about the world through play and develops a conscience | INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY | 6-12 | The child enjoys working on projects and with others, and tends to follow rules; competition with others is keen, and forming social relationships takes on greater importance | IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION | 12-19 | Changes in the child’s body are taking place rapidly, and the child is preoccupied with how he looks and how others view him; while trying to meet the expectations of his peers, he’s also trying to establish his own identity | # COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ( JEAN PIAGET) 1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE ( birth to age 2) * The child progresses from reflex activity, through simple repetititve behaviors, to imitate behaviors. Concepts to be mastered include: * OBJECT PERMANENCE – the understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when...
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...Johnson Edu-213 7/27/14 Stages of Social Development This short essay will describe the various stages of development, and what role social development will play in how I teach in my future classes. There are three levels and six stages of moral reasoning. The first level is called preconventional morality, the second level is conventional morality, and the last level is postconventional morality. Preconventional morality consists of moral reasoning which can be found in most children, because at this level we have to make sure that our children knows how to distinguish right from wrong. At level two, which is the conventional morality stage we have to show our children that being obedient pays off by rewarding them from time to time. At the third postconventional morality stage this is when we determine if the child is bad and/or good at this point. Stage four consists of law and order, stage five consists of a social contract, and level six deals with the universe ethical principles (Daresh, J. C. (2004). There are also three stages of social development, and they are as follows. Stage one is the infant stage, stage two is the toddler stage, and stage three is the preschool stage. At the infant stage this is where our children need our help in everything that they do as far as eating, getting dressed and other mandatory things that are necessary in order for them to survive (King, M., & Blumer, I. (2000). The toddler stage is when our children learn how...
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...of bullying at his temple for being a Nordic and at his grammar school for being a Jew. The development of identity became one of Erikson’s greatest concerns. In 1930 he married Joan Mowat Serson, a Canadian dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a dress ball. He converted to Christianity during his marriage and they had two sons together. During 1930, with Hitler’s rise to power in Germany, the burning of Freud’s books in Berlin and the potential Nazi threat to Austria the Eriksons left to Copenhagen only to find out they were unable to regain Danish citizenship, so they left for the United States. In the U.S. Erikson became the first chid psychoanalyst in Boston. Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions such as Harvard and Yale even though he lacked even a bachelor degree. Sigmund Freud described personality development as a series of stages. Early childhood being the most important. He believed that personality developed by the age of about 5. Like Freud, Erik Erikson believed in the importance of early childhood but believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a person’s life. He proposed a theory that describes eight distinct stages of development. In each stage people are faced with new challenges and the stages outcome depends on how these challenges are handled. He named these stages according to these possible outcomes. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust In...
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...Ashley Knop Early LCC Paper Nurs 165 Visit February 17, 2009 Submitted February 26, 2009 Ashley Knop Nursing 165 Early LCC Paper Child development is a very complex process that requires great attention and organization. This process has been researched by multiple theorists. Each theorist has a different idea on the stages of development. The two theorists that will be focused on in this paper are Erikson and Piaget. Erikson believes that there are five different stages of development which include; infant (birth-1yr), toddler (1-3yrs), preschooler (3-6yrs), school age (6-12yrs), and adolescent (12-18yrs). Piaget on the other hand believed that there was only four different stages of development which include; infant (birth-2yrs), toddler (2-7yrs), preschooler (7-11yrs), and school-age (11-adulthood). Erikson labels each of his stages differently. The infant stage is labeled trust vs. mistrust and states that this is when the child develops a basic trust in the mothering figure. The toddler stage is labeled as autonomy vs. shame and doubt and this is when the child gains some self control and independence within the environment. The preschool stage is labeled as initiative vs. guilt and this is when the child develops a sense of purpose and ability to initiate and direct their own activities. The School-age stage is known as industry vs. inferiority which means that the child achieves a sense of self confidence by learning, competing, performing successfully and...
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...assimilates these experiences into a picture of self and the world. This is an interactive stage, as the baby tries to explore and get the parent to pay attention. If the world is not responsive to the baby’s needs, s/he develops a sense of mistrust. Some mistrust is useful, as complete naiveté or gullibility puts a person at risk. In a healthy resolution, there is more trust than mistrust however, allowing the person to connect with others and trust them. * The virtue developed is Hope. 2. Autonomy vs. shame, doubt * During the second year of life the toddler develops a sense of autonomy and self control, due in part to toilet training and motor development, walking and climbing. The psychological issue is broader, though, including the concepts of holding on and letting go. Adults that support toddlers’ exploration and protect them from their vulnerability build in a sense of personal control. Those who are over-protected or shamed by their experiences or parents’ discipline develop a sense of doubt in their efforts at independence. Autonomy should prevail in a healthy development, but some shame and doubt enable moral development and safety awareness. * The virtue developed is Will. 3. Initiative vs. guilt * From 4 – 5 years old children learn what kind of person to be, based on identification with parents (Freud’s Oedipal complex and gender identity development) Children are interested in sexuality and sex differences and are developing a conscience...
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...Freud Psychosexual Development In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, thephallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. Stages of Development Stage | Age Range | Erogenous zone | Consequences of psychologic fixation | Oral | Birth–1 year | Mouth | Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally Passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4] Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulativepersonality. | Anal | 1–3 years | Bowel and bladderelimination | Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac | Phallic | 3–6 years | Genitalia | Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. | Latency | 6–puberty | Dormant sexual feelings | Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage. | Genital | Puberty–death | Sexual interests mature...
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...Development Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic...
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...The first stage is infancy. This is the stage of less than a year of age, from birth to about 18 months old. According to Erikson, at this stage the crisis that an infant must face is the crisis of trust versus mistrust. Infancy is the most fundamental stage of development because the child will emerge feeling the world will be safe or unpredictable. The most significant social influence is the mother (or primary caregiver). The child will be able to develop a sense of trust through the consistent and regular care provided by the mother. This is achieved by providing a degree of familiarity, consistency, and continuity in the care, the child develop a feeling that the world is a safe place to be, that people are reliable and loving. But if the child cannot resolve this crisis, the child will leave the infancy stage with a sense of mistrust. The child will be apprehensive and suspicious around people. This sense of mistrust will be carried over to the next stage and the child would have a lot of struggles in the next stages of their life. The second stage is the stage of Toddlerhood of 1 to 3 years of age. In this stage the crisis that child needs to resolve is the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage is important because the child will emerge feeling confident and capable or will have self doubt and shame. The most significant social influence at this stage is the parent. The caregiver should be able to show tolerance and firmness. The child should be able to...
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...Layla Tamaddon CAS 340 Professor Richards 12 February 2014 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson proposed the theory of Psychosocial Development. He believed that the development occurs throughout the total lifetime. His theory provided new insights into the formation of a healthy personality of a child. Children’s personality develops in response to their social environment. The same is true of their skills for being able to interact with others. Erikson has stages that show these issues. At each stage, a social conflict occurs. These conflicts require solutions that are satisfying both personally and socially. He believed that each stage must be solved before children can go into the next stage. Maturity helps the resolution of the conflict. Teachers and parents of the child play a powerful role in recognizing each stage. By providing social support to the child, teachers and parents can help children overcome the crisis. The first four stages of Eriksons theory occur in the early childhood years. The first stage is the stage of Trust Vs. Mistrust. During the first 18 months of the child’s life, children learn to trust or mistrust their environment. To develop trust, they need to have warm, consistent, predictable and attentive care. Children need caregivers who accurately read and respond to their signals. When infants are distressed, they need to be comforted. They also need loving physical contact, nourishment, cleanliness and warmth. They then will develop a...
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...different stages of human development will be discussed there is Piaget's Stages of Development and Erikson's Stages of Development. First we will begin with Piaget's stages by starting with the Sensorimotor stage the typical age range is from birth to nearly 2 years. In this staged an individual are able to experience through their senses and actions (seeing, hearing, touching, and mouthing). One of their developmental phenomenon is object permanence. Object permanence is use to describe a child's ability to see an object and know that it exist although they can no longer see or hear it. This concept is important because it plays a role in the theory of cognitive development. This theory was created by Jean Piaget who suggested that children can understand the world we live in through their motor abilities. Next stage is preopertational and the typical age range is 2 years to about 6 or 7 years this stage is when children are able to represent things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. One of the developmental phenomenon is egocentrism this refers to their inability to see a situation from another point of view. Piaget felt that an egocentric child feels that everyone around them not only see what they do but feel and hear as well. Concrete operational is the stage when thinking logically, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. The typical age for this stage is about 7...
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...Explanation Cognitive Development Theory was founded by one of the most influential researchers of the 20th century, Jean Paiget (A&M p. 3). Piaget was concerned with how we come to know and how children thought. Due to Piaget’s biology background, Piaget “was interested in how an organism adapts to its environment” (A&M p.3). Paget’s main hypothesis was that infants were born with reflex schemes and then as they aged, constructed schemes took place of the reflex. Piaget also noted, “Children are born with a very basic mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based” (McLeod). Piaget claimed individuals use two process throughout life to adapt, assimilation and accommodation. “Assimilation is the process of using of transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures. Accommodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment” (A&M p.3). As one ages, behaviors become more complex forcing schemes to morph into structures. Piaget based much of his research on case studies. During his work, Piaget identified four stages of development; * Sensorimotor Stage (Infancy): “Intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols (A&M p. 4). * Pre-operational Stage (Toddler): “Intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures, and memory and imagination...
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...In the book Theories of Development Psychology, chapter 2 reflects on Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory and the Neo-Piagetian. Where it is discussed the Stage Approach that Piaget claims to be the cognitive development that proceeds from different stages. Piaget believed that a stage is a period of time where the child is experiencing the thinking process and behavior to situations under a mental structure that develops between an age group that will categorize their stage. On the other hand, chapter 5 discusses the Social Learning Theory where it concentrates on the observational learning that models of an environment where it focuses on the socialization that the society attempts to teach children the way they need to behave as adults. In which...
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