...Theories of Development Ronny Wagner PSY Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell September 10, 2012 Theories of Development Child development from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of early history. The knowledge of child development is essential in allowing us to understand the cognitive, physical, and psychosocial growth that children go through from birth into early adulthood. There is much debate whether emotional responses are genetic, as we are born with them, or are they learned from our environment. This is known as the nature vs. nature debate. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to progress in reference to cognitive, physical, and psychosocial growth. Many childhood developmental theories have been proposed by theorists and researchers. Following are a few of those theories and the theorist behind the theory. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Childhood is a culturally defined period in human development that is between infancy and adulthood. Only in the past 400 years or so has the idea of childhood been a part of Western culture. Early childhood most often refers to the months and years between infancy and school age or middle childhood: 2 to 5 years. The preschool years are a time of significant and complex advances and reorganization in behavior. Learning, perception, reasoning, memory, and social relations undergo important changes and progressions in early...
Words: 2696 - Pages: 11
...THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT By Jean Piaget Kyzeah Coleen Tababa GJ Coleen Panaguiton Claudette Trespuentes Dr. Cynthia Dy STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR THOUGHT (BIRTH-2 YEARS) Babies are stuck in the HERE AND NOW world. They “know the world only in terms of their own sensory input (what they see, smell, taste, touch, and hear) and their physical or motor actions on it (e.g. sucking, reaching, grasping). (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 157) Babies lack REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT or ability to think through the use of symbols (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 158) Evidence of representational thought emerges from the use of language and OBJECT PERMANENCE “the fact that objects, events, or even people continue to exist when they are not in the infants direct line of sensory or motor action” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 159) STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT (2-7 YEARS) * Intuitive Though – logic bases only on experiences * Symbols in play * Egocentrism * lack of conservation Symbols in Play * Symbolic play: use one object to stand for another * Fantasy play: pretend to be something, or pretend activities that are impossible * Make-believe play: use toys as props Egocentrism “Child’s inability to take in others perspective” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 163) Three Mountain Test Timmy’s egocentrism prevents him from seeing Davie’s perspective… Timmy would draw the big mountain...
Words: 1571 - Pages: 7
...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
Words: 6155 - Pages: 25
...Introduction Over the years there have been a countless number of theorists developing their own models on Cognitive Development, with the two most recognised being the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. Although it is difficult to present the title of ‘superior theory’ to either one of these theorists, the merging of certain aspects of each scheme provides teachers with an ability to devise effective learning strategies that cater for individual students. As a direct result of these Piagetian and Vygotskian concepts, students possess the ability to develop and learn at a rate more specified to their learning ability. Review of Literature Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, the assimilation-accommodation model, is composed of four stages, sensorimotor (0 - 2 years), preoperational (2 – 7 years), concrete operational (7 – 11 years) and formal operational (11 – adult). Candida Peterson (2004) claims that within Piaget’s theory, each stage must be sufficiently achieved by the individual in order to advance to the next stage, although there is debate about whether we all do reach the final stage. Piaget believes that the most significant aspect of a child's cognitive development is the interaction between peers, rather than elders, the outside environment, as illustrated by Youniss (1982). Piaget recognised that the rate of cognitive development is determined by four factors, biological maturation, activity, social interaction and equilibration, as illustrated...
Words: 1330 - Pages: 6
...Development theories and their effect on Adult life Name Institution Introduction A lot of approaches have been taken so as to explain how we as human beings develop from children to adults. Many different scientists have over the years come up with certain theories within the psychological discipline to illustrate how the different stages of childhood shape a person’s adult nature. It has been proven that the environment of the various development levels of a child have a significant effect on how the child relates later as an adult, or rather the different character traits that are exhibited later in adulthood. Areas inclusive of biological, cognitive, emotion and social processes have been studied so as to come up with the different developmental processes. Two of some of the most noted developmental psychologists are Sigmund Freud and Urie Bronfenbrenner (Salkind, 2006).Sigmund Freud came up with the very controversial theory known as the Psychosexual Development Theory. He believed that there are five stages involved in the formation of someone’s personality. For one, there is the oral/dependency stage: This stage takes place in the first 18 months of an infant’s life. The child mainly uses their mouth in exploring the environment around them. Pleasure is derived from breastfeeding or feeding from a bottle and also suckling a pacifier. If too little...
Words: 1807 - Pages: 8
...Theories of Development Matt Sellitri Psy-104 Child and Adolescence Development Allen, Craig Sept14th-2009 Thesis In my paper, on child development I will discuss three different points of view on cognitive, physical and emotional development. I will write about the three differences and similarities. I will discuss how they have an impact on the way they help in the development of children. I will explain how important child development is in regards to assisting in a child’s potential. I will show the relationship between the developmental domain and the developmental theory. I will focus on all three domains and how they influence each other. Child development is an ongoing process that goes through many complex changes. Children are in a constant state of change from the moment they are born all the way to being a young adult. They develop many characteristics and personalities such as, quantitative changes, and qualitative changes. They area key component in any childs development. There have been many scientific studies on early child development. Many theorists such as, Charles Darwin have studied and devoted a lot of time to the evolution of human development. Scientists, throughout many years have developed three separate domains. In our text, on page nine, they are listed as follows, physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Physical development is the growth of the body itself. Such as the brain, sensory...
Words: 1822 - Pages: 8
...Developmental theories in psychology are efforts to comprehend the stages of one's growth and development. We recognize the stages throughout a child's lifespan to adulthood and the effects of environmental and social influences. These theories name the sources of growth, language and learning skills. The big debate in psychology is are these emotions caused by nature or nurture. It is impossible to tell which one is right. However both play an important role in a person's lifespan influencing the person we grow to be. All developmental theories have good points and can be the base to research and forming educated analyzes. They help us to better understand child development and social growth. Piaget's cognitive stages of development proposes that during each stage of a persons life from adolescence to adulthood new skills are learned. As a person develops in age their skills and abilities also progress. Piaget's theory consist of fours major developmental stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to the age of two. In this developmental stage children use simple motor activities such as looking, listening and touch understand and learn about their surrounding environment. The second stage preoperational stage ranges from ages 2 to 7. In this stage children mentally represent events and objects with figurative play. At this age children are unable to look at situations from other peoples...
Words: 1019 - Pages: 5
...Piaget’s Theory of Child Psychological Development There currently exists a great deal of literature based on child developmental psychology from a variety of great psychologists, notably Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Bandura, Vygotsky, and many others. However, this paper will focus on the theories of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence tests, Piaget developed an interest in the development of children He is widely known for his epistemological studies regarding children and formulating the Cognitive Theory of Development. Piaget self-identifies as a genetic epistemologist; “What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge”. Jean Piaget was the first to believe that children were no less smarter than adults, they just think differently. Piaget refers to children as “little scientists” because they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them The model Piaget designed was a model that sought to explain how humans made sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, applied to children specifically. The model itself has four main stages in children: the sensorimotor stage (birth to two years)...
Words: 1069 - Pages: 5
...Theories of Development Amanda M. Glover Walden University There are dozens of developmental theories. There are theories that believe developmental a child learn behavior and other theories believe children are subjects of their environment. There is an age-old debate, dating back to the earliest Greek philosophers, of whether knowledge is innate-that is we are born with it-or whether it is learned through experience (Cohen, 2011). There is no proven scientific way to determine if nature or nurture controls a child’s behavior and how they develop. The developmental theories that I lean toward the most are as a Piaget’s cognitive stages of development, Freud’s psychosexual development, and Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Piaget’s cognitive stages of development suggest that at each stage of a person’s life they learn a new skill and as they process in age their skills progress. He has identified four major stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Sensorimotor occurs from birth to 2, at this stage the child is learning to use his or her hands, feet, and eyes. He or she learns to walk and crawl or use the bathroom. The next stage is preoperational occurs from 2-7, at this stage a child “engages in symbolic thought, but dominated by perception” (Perdue University , 2009). The third stage is concrete operational this occurs from ages 7 to 11. At this stage a child’s thoughts are more rational and logical. Children become...
Words: 1314 - Pages: 6
...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
Words: 1775 - Pages: 8
...Jean Paiget (1896-1980) was biologist who was originally studied molluscs. He was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland he passed away September 16th 1980. Jean Piaget’s theory as 4 developmental stages these are, * The Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years) * The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) * The Concrete Operational (7-11 years) * The Formal Operational Stage (11 years plus) All of these 4 developmental stages have sub-stages for each age range. Sensorimotor Sub-stages Simple reflexes - (birth-1 month old) At this time the infant uses natural reflexes that they were born with such as, sucking and rooting. In which they understand the environment purely on these actions. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) This stage a child may suck their thumb or finger by accident and then repeat the action intentionally for pleasure. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) The child becomes more focused of their immediate environment and likes to see the affects of their surroundings such as they may pick up a toy to place it in their mouth or move a toy to another place. Co-Ordination of Reactions (8-12 months) At this stage a child starts to explore their close surroundings such as picking up a set of toy keys and shake them to realise they make a noise once they are shaken. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) At this stage a child starts to practice attention seeking form a parent or a career by shouting, screaming or just generally making...
Words: 954 - Pages: 4
...The Development of Conservation in Theory and Practice In considering the issue of wildlife conservation, a link to development rises quickly to the surface. After all, the animals seemingly considered the most prized by the collective popular consciousness, such as primates, occur predominantly in tropical areas of the world considered by most to be “underdeveloped.” According to the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the rate of growth in developed countries, mostly those located in Europe and America, between 2005 and 2050 is expected to remain relatively minimal, while the population of the developing world is projected to substantially increase, from 5.3 billion to 7.8 billion, over the same period of time (United Nations Population Division 2005, vi). This includes a more drastic increase in the world’s 50 least developed country (mostly located in Africa and Asia), where the number of inhabitants is projected to swell from 0.8 billion to 1.7 billion over the same period. As such, in putting together a theory for development more broadly and conservation more specifically, it is crucial that the link between societal growth and natural resource and wildlife degradation be explored. In the following discussion, I hope to accomplish a few things. First, I will consider development theory broadly, looking at its evolution through time and some popular contemporary critiques. Though development theory (as it stands...
Words: 3948 - Pages: 16
...MODULE 2: Theory Development in Nursing Discuss the five development of nursing theory. Silent Knowledge Stage is the period where nurses practice blind obedience to medical authority. Trainings of nurses and student nurses were limited to hospital settings. There is no independent decision-making by the nurse, and technical skills can only be performed by skilled nurses. Hospital schools believed that the nursing education comprises only of learning technical skills and that there is no need to be educated of theory. It is in this stage that nurses are dependent to doctors, and they carry out orders no questions asked. Received Knowledge Stage is the time when nurses were encouraged to be registered as a professional by taking up state licensure, and pursue graduate education to study nursing functions and purposes. Prominent nursing organizations were formed and books containing lessons on nursing research and theories were published. The publication of the Journal of Nursing Research was then set forth, which goal, according to Parker (2006), was to promote scientific productivity and report scientific investigations for nursing, and contains papers on a variety of topics in relation to health care and current policies. This drove nurses in graduate education to inspire other nurses scholars to improve their awareness on theories and their skills in practice. Subjective Knowledge Stage is the period where authority was internalized and new sense of self emerged...
Words: 415 - Pages: 2
...Review on established theories in the areas of intellectual and social development A theoretical understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood (Neufeld & Mate, 2005). Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach, such as, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Eric Erikson and Jean Piaget. Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979 - 2005) founded the Ecological Systems Theory which provides an understanding of how the complex relationship between the infant, the family, and society impact child development. Brofenbrenner’s theory looks at how each of the areas interplay in the development of humans and how all areas impact development instead of studying each area separately. Bronfenbrenner (1975) states that “as a child develops, the interaction within these environments becomes more complex. This complexity can arise as the child’s physical and cognitive structures grow and mature. So, given that nature continues on a given path, how does the world that surrounds the child help or hinder continued development?” Bronfenbrenner labeled five different aspects of the environment that influence children's development. These include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. The...
Words: 3505 - Pages: 15
...National Central University and IAE Montpellier Scale Development Theory Development of a measuring scale about the intention of continuing the use of connected watch Pierre-André LAMBERT ANDREANI College year 2015-2016 National Central University Table of contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 I. THE INTENTION OF CONTINUING THE USE .................................................................................... 5 II. THE USE ND THE INTENTION OF CONTINUING THE USE ................................................................ 7 III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT SCALE ........................................................................... 9 IV. LIMITS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................... 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 16 2 College year 2015-2016 National Central University Introduction Researchers working in the high tech field have not finished to offer more ...
Words: 2344 - Pages: 10
