...Torvald Helmer Torvald Helmer is the only character that has not changed throughout the entire play. Torvald, in the beginning of the play, is a controlling narcissistic middle aged man who plays and controls with his wife, Nora, and his three children to conform to the ideals of him and the society. As Nora is pleading to Torvald for Krogstad to keep his job at the bank, Torvald tells Nora, “And just by pleading for him you make it impossible for me to keep him on. It’s already known at the bank that I’m firing Krogstad. What if it’s rumored around now that the new bank manager was vetoed by his wife.” This shows that Torvald makes a lot of his decisions based on the opinions of his peers. Also this is showing that he wants to make all the decisions and does not want Nora calling any of the shots. Because Torvald is controlling, no matter what Nora told him he would not change his mind and let Nora control him. Towards the end of the play after Torvald gets the second letter from Krogstad, explaining that he is no longer going to blackmail the Helmers anymore. After Torvald reads this his is stricken with joy and tells Nora, “For a man there’s something indescribably sweet and satisfying in knowing he’s forgiven his wife- and forgiven her out of a full and open heart. It’s as if she belongs to him in two ways now: in a sense he’s given her fresh into the world again, and she’s become his wife and his child as well.” Even after everything that Nora has went through, all that...
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...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...Introduction to UNIX and Linux UNIX was developed at Bell Laboratories by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 and it was created on a minicomputer called the PDP-7. (Muse) Computer aided design, manufacturing control systems, laboratory simulations, even the Internet its self, all began life with and because of UNIX systems. (unix.org) The reason for building UNIX was to create a simple interactive operating system, called “Multics” (Multiplexed Information and Computing System). (Kioskea.net) UNIX went through growing pains through the years, but in 1991, Linus Torvalds, commenced Linux development and the distro Solaris 1.0 debuts. (unix.org) Torvalds writes “Sadly, a kernel” (which is what Linux is and has always been) “by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compliers, a library, etc.” (Moody, pg 44) “Linus Torvalds had a kernel but no programs of his own, Richard Stallman and GNU had programs but no working kernel.” (linux.org) GNU is a recursive acronym that means GNU is Not Unix. UNIX/Linux can literally be used anywhere. While completing my AAS, my final project was to build a Samba server, which I needed a Linux distro to make happen, and I went with Ubuntu. Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and UNIX. (Samba.org) Basically, Samba makes file transfer between a Linux/Unix server, and a Windows server, seamless. To Windows, Samba looks just like another Windows server so it allowes easy file...
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...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...systems start to use it, but it still has a long way to go. The information that follows will give some of the history behind Linux and the features, benefits, and drawbacks to the system. In 1986, Linus Torvalds began to learn, quite extensively, hardware programming to help him with his Sinclair computer. He developed a floppy controller driver as well as a programming tool to help him with his efforts to better understand and improve the performance of his machine. In 1991, Torvalds got his first 386-Intel based PC, which ran a version of UNIX called Minix. Minix was developed as a learning system and was very popular in the universities. Torvalds found out very quickly that he did not like the Terminal emulator that was provided, and since the source code for Minix was open source, he began a project to develop his own code to design an improved emulator that provided more functions especially on a hardware level. As he further developed the code and more functionality was added Torvalds decided that his design was more on the lines of an operating system instead of just a utility. Although the code was derived from Minix the Kernel was developed from scratch as to not violate any of the licensing agreements. On September 17, 1991, the very first version of Torvalds operating system was finished and was named “Freax.” After further developments based around the GNU Shell bash and the GNU C-compiler Freax was renamed Linux. Prior to the release of this new operating...
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...Guide to Linux+ (2nd Edition) ISBN 0-619-21621-2 End of Chapter Solutions Chapter 1 Solutions Review Questions 1. Every computer consists of physical components and logical components. The logical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as: a. hardware b. records c. software d. processors Answer: c 2. The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False? Answer: True 3. Linux is a ___________ and ___________ operating system. a. production, stable b. multiuser, multitasking c. processing, operating d. large, useful Answer: b 4. The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.) a. when you need to have support in Linux for new hardware b. when you need another user interface c. when you need to increase the stability of Linux d. when you need to use kernel modules Answer: a, c 5. Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.) a. 2.3.4 b. 2.5.5 c. 2.2.7 d. 2.4.4 Answer: a, b 6. A production kernel refers to a kernel whose: a. revision number is even b. minor number is odd ...
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...Guide to Linux+ (2nd Edition) ISBN 0-619-21621-2 End of Chapter Solutions Chapter 1 Solutions Review Questions 1. Every computer consists of physical components and logical components. The logical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as: a. hardware b. records c. software d. processors Answer: c 2. The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False? Answer: True 3. Linux is a ___________ and ___________ operating system. a. production, stable b. multiuser, multitasking c. processing, operating d. large, useful Answer: b 4. The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.) a. when you need to have support in Linux for new hardware b. when you need another user interface c. when you need to increase the stability of Linux d. when you need to use kernel modules Answer: a, c 5. Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.) a. 2.3.4 b. 2.5.5 c. 2.2.7 d. 2.4.4 Answer: a, b 6. A production kernel refers to a kernel whose: a. revision number is even b. minor number is odd ...
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...The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student by the name of Linus Torvalds to create a new free Operating System Kernel. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an Operating System because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. The development of Linux was done on Minix using the GNU C Compiler. The GNU C compiler is still the main choice for compiling Linux today. The code however, can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler. At first Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention FREAX, a part manteaux of “Free”, “Freak”, and “X” (as an allusion to UNIX). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name “FREAX” for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name “Linux”, but initially dismissed it as being to egotistical. In order to facilitate the development, the files had to be uploaded to a FTP Server. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds coworker at Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the Administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that “FREAX” was a good name. So, Ari named the project “Linux” on the server without consulting with Torvalds. Later, However, Torvalds consented to “Linux”. Torvalds first published the Linux Kernel under its own license, which had a restriction on commercial activity. The software to use with the Kernel was software developed...
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...software development projects, it would be Linus Torvalds, creator of the world's most popular open-source software program: the Linux operating system. For more than 20 years, Torvalds has been directing thousands of developers to improve the open source OS. He and I sat down to talk about effective techniques in running large-scale distributed programming teams – and the things that don’t work, too. LinusPortland-560.gif Torvalds says there are two things that people very commonly get completely wrong, both at an individual developer level and at companies. “The first thing is thinking that you can throw things out there and ask people to help,” when it comes to open-source software development, he says. “That's not how it works. You make it public, and then you assume that you'll have to do all the work, and ask people to come up with suggestions of what you should do, not what they should do. Maybe they'll start helping eventually, but you should start off with the assumption that you're going to be the one maintaining it and ready to do all the work.” Torvalds continues, “If you start off with some ‘kumba-ya feeling’ where you think people from all the world are going to come together to make a better world by working together on your project, you probably won't be going very far.” “The other thing—and it's kind of related—that people seem to get wrong is to think that the code they write is what matters,” says Torvalds. Most software development managers have seen...
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...Greg Kroah-Hartman is a kernel champion, devfs headsman and inexplicable lover of PCI Hotplug subsystems. The first computer that he ever used was a Radio Shack TRS-80, Model 3, and the first piece of code that he ever wrote were programs in BASIC that ended up being used by his parents for different volunteer tasks they were involved in at the time (Rf.1). He has resided in Portland, Oregon for more than ten years with his beautiful wife and two children, and currently works for Novell in the SUSE Labs division as a full time employee on the Linux Driver Project. He is considered to be an authority and “rock star” in his field, and is the co-author of "Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition" and sole author of the book entitled, "Linux Kernel in a Nutshell" (Rf.2). He used to be a contributing editor for Linux Journal, and began building the Linux kernel in 1996, and wrote the programs for the Linux kernel drivers in 1999. He is the current maintainer of the USB, PCI, driver core and sysfs subsystems in the kernel source tree, the staging subsystem, USB, driver core, debugfs, kref, kobject, and the sysfs kernel subsystems. Another one of his co-responsibilities is maintaining the Linux kernel for the -stable branch with his colleague, Chris Wright (Rf.3). He is also the maintainer of the linux-hotplug , and created and maintains the Linux Device Driver Kit. He also contributes articles to LWN.net, the news computing site, and in 2006, he released a CD image of material...
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...On the other hand, Nora feels that she must prove that she able to think like as her husband. Having realized her husband life was at stake and was at the verge of death because he could not afford to pay for a trip to see a doctor, she takes the responsibility to get a loan from Krogstad by forging her father’s signature which is an ultimate betrayal of her husband’s trust. She considers her decision moral and abuses the law as “foolish”, a fault of the lawmakers were surely men. Rosenberg stated that “the man and woman did not understand one another” especially in Nora and Torvald’s situation. There is a lack of real trust and understanding between the two as husband and a wife. Nora’s naivety makes her think that her husband will take all...
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...“Linux was created by a student (Linus Torvalds) in Helsinki in 1991 with the assistance of developers from around the world. Linux is free, it shares its work with everyone — including competitors — and its business model is motivated primarily by adrenaline, altruism, and peer respect rather than by money. Yet, Linux's functionality, adaptability and robustness has made it the main alternative for proprietary operating systems, especially where budgets are a main concern.” (OEDB, 2007). As it is stated above Torvalds creation was a key proponent in creating the Open Source Movement, which has paved the way for the many distributions of the Linux Kernel. In the beginning Linus Torvalds was an IT student with the desire to test the limits of his current computer. During this time Torvalds was working with the MINIX OS which was create to be a cheap alternative to UNIX. Torvalds wanted to modify the kernel of MINIX and found that this was not possible so he began to create Linux. In the beginning Linux did not offer a lot of features and seemed to be lacking in ability (Diedrich, 2011). Torvalds made Linux 0.01 available to the public via an FTP server on September, 17, 1991. Linux 0.01 had a good reception among people who liked using MINIX or UNIX but found those OS’s to either to be too limited or too expensive for their needs. This spawned a new culture which helped to write drivers for Linux or would give suggestions directly to Torvalds. Once Linux hit...
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...1. What is free software? List three characteristics of free software. Free product of the internet. You are free to study it, redistribute it, and modify it. 4. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? What is Linux? Which parts of the Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? GNU, which stands for Gnu’s Not UNIX, is the name for the com- plete UNIX-compatible software system, created by Richard Stallman. Linus Torvalds created Linux to counteract the shortcomings in MINIX. 1. Briefly, what does the process of installing an operating system such as Fedora/RHEL involve? Installing Fedora/RHEL is the process of copying operating system files from a CD, DVD, or USB flash drive to hard disk(s) on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Several types of installations are pos- sible, including fresh installations, upgrades from older releases of Fedora/RHEL, and dual-boot installation 1. What is a live system? What advantages does it have over an installed system? A live session gives you a chance to preview Fedora without installing it. Because a live session does not write to the hard disk (other than using a swap par- tition, if one is available), none of the work you save will be available once you reboot. You can use a USB flash drive, Webmail, or another method to transfer files you want to preserve to another system. 4. Where...
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...The “free” part of the title refers not to price, but more so to the idea of freedom for the user. The user of this type of software has the ability to copy and to reuse the software which usually is not the case. The open source part of the acronym refers to the use of the peer to peer model of development. In the 1950’s to 1970’s, advanced user privelages in reference to software were the norm. Most software allowed the user to share and copy at this time, since most of the companies who dealt in the field were more focused on marketing the hardware the software was almost always complimentary. This however, began to change when software development costs began to escalate and companies began competing for the software market. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel began to shift things back in 1991. His software was a freely modifiable source code. Over the years the idea gathered much more momentum. It has burgheoned so that now major IT companies are now developing projects with open source applications. The advent of FOSS and its impact on the past, present, and future of the IT industry can not be overlooked, but rather should be observed with a watchful eye lest we be left in the proverbial dark ages. References Claburn, Thomas (17 January 2007). "Study Finds Open Source Benefits Business". InformationWeek. CMP Media LLC. Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James...
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...Ch. 1 1. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. A. It has a big selection of applications. B. It has a wide variety of tools. C. It is portable. D. The code can be copied, modified and redistributed. 4. The GNU is the name of the compatible software system which Richard Stallman wrote so he could he could give it away free of any charge to anyone who could use it. Linux is a code that was created by Linus Torvalds to counter act the short comings in Minix. The GNU provided the kernel and the system programs. Linux provided the free source code. Many people through the internet have helped to develop Linux as it is today. Ch. 2 1. Insert the install DVD and the computer boots from it. Press the tab key to display the command line and install the program. Fedora/RHEL creates the RAM disks. The installer copies tools or brings up a system from the CD or DVD to the RAM disks. The disks allow the specification and design and enables you to opt out before it is finished. Then it asks you how you want to configure the program. When the installer is done it writes the files to the hard disk. During the first boot it asks questions...
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