...1. The six parts of the Toulmin model. 1) Claim, the main point or thesis for the argument. 2) Grounds: Evidence and reason for the argument. 3) Warrant: The motive and reasoning that associates the grounds with the claim. 4) Backing: gives support, evidence and data about the claim. 5) Rebuttal: Offers opposite opinions or opposing arguments to the claim. 6) Qualification: Clarifies the language of the argument and excludes words such as always and never. This gives the argument reasonable limits the audience can accept. 2. Synonyms for the claim include the proposition, the thesis, and conclusion. Synonyms for the warrant include assumption, cultural values and underlying logic. Synonyms for support include evidence, examples and explanations. More synonyms for these words are listed on page 121 of the book Perspectives on argument by Nancy V. Wood. 3. Subclaims are supporting arguments or specific issues that justify the main point of the argument. By themselves subclaims will not address the claim, they are merely supporting arguments. Specific support is more than just an argument, it is evidence that gives the claim and subclaim merit to the audience. 4. Warrants are views, values or beliefs held by a group or individual. When the arguer has similar warrants as the audience, the argument is accepted more often since they share these warrants. When the audience has opposing views or values, the arguer will have to provide more backing...
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...Chris Kregloski Whitney Sandin WVU English 101 The Ancient Debate The legalization of marijuana is one of the most controversial topics in America and its debate has been fought over nonstop since the existence of the drug. This naturally found plant is known and used across the entire world. It is illegal in most places including the majority of the United States yet in reality it is safer than alcohol and tobacco. Today, more and more people are starting to realize this and side with pro legalization in America and are even questioning why it is illegal. There are many reasons why people support its legalization. Many say it would actually prove to be more helpful if it were legalized. Legalization could help America’s economy, health and crime. In one article journalist Ryan Schuette uses logos, ethos and pathos to support this claim and proves how legalizing marijuana as soon as possible could help America thrive in the near future. Schuette starts off his argument with his first supporting statement, that the legalization of the drug would bring our country economic relief. Its legalization would create jobs and help prevent bankruptcy, which America definitely needs at this moment in time. There is no way around this fact for anyone who is against the legalization of the drug. The United States has a total debt of 17 trillion dollars and with 20 billion dollars in debt alone in Detroit, who recently became the largest city in America to declare bankruptcy after...
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...Stephen Toulmin was an educator, philosopher, and author of high acclaim. He was interested in the analysis of moral reasoning. Considered his most significant work, the Toulmin Model of Argumentation, is a method of analysis used to break down the components of an argument, in order to study them individually and determine if they work together and form a cohesive case. The Toulmin model divides the argument into six parts; the claim, evidence, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualification. These six parts are meant to be used as a tool to assist in the formation of an outline for your argument, rather than method to develop an entire argument. The first three parts of the model stand together as the “meat” of your argument, and they...
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...oks.infotoday.com%2Fbooks%2FEngard%2FEngard-Sample-Chapter.pdf&ei=0g8IVKSLHY-RuASG5IHADA&usg=AFQjCNFcfwK9JDQArqrZNouz_IObhFe4-g&bvm=bv.74649129,d.c2E Jessica C. Northey 2014, The New TV Article-How Technology is Redefining Television,Mythemeshop,retrived 28 august 2014,< http://jessicanorthey.com/portfolio/the-new-television/> Nathan Chandler, top 5 web mashups, HowStuffWorks, a division of InfoSpace LLC,retrived 28 august 2014,< http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/repurposed-inventions/5-web-mashups.htm John Musser 2007, Best of 78 Real Estate Mashups, ProgrammableWeb, retrieved 28 August 2014, <http://www.programmableweb.com/news/best-78-real-estate-mashups/2007/02/18> Stephen Toulmin 1969, Toulmin's Argument Model, Changing minds org, retrieved 15...
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...One very complex issue in today’s world is the funding of museums and art galleries. While there is an argument that they should be free to the general public and funded by governments, I also believe that there is also a case for saying that they should charge an entrance fee like other attractions. Those who argue that museums should be free typically make one of two arguments. The first argument is that institutions like museums are a public service and therefore there should be free access to the man in the street. If for example there was a charge only the wealthy could afford to enjoy works of art. The second, and related, argument is that if they did levy a charge fewer people would go to museums. This would be serious as they are educational institutions and standards would fall. In contrast, there is only one major argument on the other side of the debate. This is that both museums and art galleries need to charge an entrance fee if they are to survive in the modern world. Governments do not have sufficient funds to subsidize all such institutions and there are other priorities for public money. Therefore these galleries and museums need to charge their customers not only to survive but to update their exhibitions and make new purchases. By way of illustration, the Tate Modern in London could not have been founded without revenue from admissions. My personal position is that there is no clear answer to this question as there are such strong arguments on both sides...
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...Argument Maps for 55-mph and Balkan Conflict Abstract This paper covers two arguments by the usage of simple and complex argument maps. The first argument is on reducing the national speed limit to 55 mph and the second looks at the conflict in the Balkans and the debate of U.S. intervention. Argument Maps for 55-mph and Balkan Conflict There are numerous reasons to argue for and even against the 55 mph speed limit, as well as the question as to if the U.S. should or should not intervene in the Balkan conflict. This paper and its attached argument maps are designed to look at each of these arguments from both sides and make an informed decision concerning the matters. First, it will examine the claim “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Second it will examine the claim of “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily.” In either argument, there are pros and cons which much be addressed in order to make informed decisions concerning if policy makers should agree or disagree with either premise. The U.S. Should Return to the 55- mph Speed Limit The argument continues again today as to if the United States should return to the 55mph speed limit. Higher gas prices have forced some American drivers to trade in their S.U.V.’s for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars; combine errands in an effort to drive less; or even add air...
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...Argument mapping by Michael A Stevenson pad 520 public policy 4/25/2014 Abstract This paper covers two arguments by the usage of simple and complex argument maps. The first argument is on reducing the national speed limit to 55 mph and the second looks at the conflict in the Balkans and the debate of U.S. intervention. Argument Maps for 55-mph and Balkan Conflict There are numerous reasons to argue for and even against the 55 mph speed limit, as well as the question as to if the U.S. should or should not intervene in the Balkan conflict. This paper and its attached argument maps are designed to look at each of these arguments from both sides and make an informed decision concerning the matters. First, it will examine the claim “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Second it will examine the claim of “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily.” In either argument, there are pros and cons which much be addressed in order to make informed decisions concerning if policy makers should agree or disagree with either premise. The U.S. Should Return to the 55- mph Speed Limit The argument continues again today as to if the United States should return to the 55mph speed limit. Higher gas prices have forced some American drivers to trade in their S.U.V.’s for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars; combine errands in an effort to drive less; or even add air to their tires to eke...
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...NAME: _______________________________________ CASE 8: Research In Motion: Managing Explosive Growth 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION |Timeframe |Country(s) Involved |Key Individuals & Titles |Company Type & Size | | | | | | 2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE SITUATION |Business or Industry Description |Particular Company Situation | 3. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS |Dominant Economic Characteristics |Strategic Group MAP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...the right hair, and covering nothing up but your crotch area. This interprets sexuality. The same goes for women. typical images for women are a big chest, a big behind, slim waist, long legs, skinny, oh and flawless. The stereotypes these advertisements perpetuate are that men are supposed to be taller, bigger, heartless, and tough. As for women, they have to be smaller, looked down upon, and even always being innocent. When it comes to race, a white boy has control over the white girl. But when it's a black boy and a white girl, the girl has the control. Go figure that race would have a part in advertisement. Another way race is involved in this is when it comes to colored women, they're seen as animals. They would dress up the colored models into an animal such as a tiger and have her pose as...
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...comparison between model in the past and the present, and how models become more restraints than before. Also we will talk about the advantage of using models and how they can make our life much easy. Models have evolved since the beginning of the century. There are many kinds of models for almost any system or item that exist. Each model uses short, long, simple or complex mathematics formula it depends of which case the models solve. However the models that are used in these recent years are very complex and have many numerous computations which make the only one that can handle it is the computer. These kinds of models are usually use in a wide variety of tasks, such as prevision of the decision made, and an effective answer to everyday problems. During time, models start to be more restraints than before. These kinds of restraints should have value or weight to make a model compatible with the case that model solve. There are several constraints or restraints in each models, one of the most important one is budget of the project. In other words the more wherewithal, the more model accuracy. Mark P. McDonald ( December 8, 2010). To use complex mathematical formula in the models it requires an educated staffs with a good knowledge of model branch, which make the model more expensive and take more time to solve it, comparing with computer time and cost. However the need of special educated persons is strictly required to conclude if the models created by computer...
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...superior performance in a given job, role, or situation.Competency modeling is the activity of determining the specific competencies that are characteristic of high performance and success in a given job. Competency modeling can be applied to a variety of human resource activities. This research paper will describe how organizations identify their core competencies and how they are applying this competency data to improve performance. It will also explain some emerging trends in competency modeling. Developing Competency Models Competencies enable employees to achieve results, thereby creating value. It follows that competencies aligned with business objectives help foster an organization's success. Organizations must understand their core competency needs - the skills, knowledge, behaviors, and abilities that are necessary for people in key roles to deliver business results.According to Boulter, et al (1998), there are six stages involved in defining a competency model for a given job role. These stages are: 1. Performance criteria - Defining the criteria for superior performance in the role. 2. Criterion sample - Choosing a sample of people performing the role for data collection. 3. Data collection - Collecting sample data about behaviors that lead to success. 4. Data analysis - Developing hypotheses about the competencies of outstanding performers and how these competencies work together to produce desired...
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...discovering similarity, maturity, and capability to measure, model asses and evolves the alignment level existing among business and technological assets of an enterprise. The top research issue for currently is the alignment between business processes and supporting software system. For the first time the issue was mention in the 1970 and then several studies and researches were conducted focused the alignment concerns. Actually this paper is aiming to review a proper analysis which considering the alignment topics. From the view of the business and technological alignment, it focuses on the degree of the information technology mission, objectives and plans, support and is supported by the business mission, objective and plans. To looking how the organization can achieve alignment, the traditional approaches have been used, however only a little contribution about how to identify and correct misalignment. To complete the alignment strategies, the modeling and measurement is a must. The phase of modeling is about the various entitled the alignment concept and the links between business and IT entities. Measurement of the alignment degree existing between the chosen assets for establishing if there is any improvement. The alignment is supported by an automatic support where it’s all the processes. There is several approaches was proposed to address issue from modeling to measurement. The approaches are Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) which used for financial service firms for determining...
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...Problems: 1. Essay: from either 2.2.3, 2.4 or 5.2 2. Setting up a model. (like one of the modules) (Review modules and cases-Try setting them up) 1. Given a problem statement and a set-up module, give an Analysis- (will be given a spreadsheet) QBA Sample Quiz click on files Log into Blackboard: QBA- Content Open file and save to desktop as “ lastname-id#(without @ sign)-9:40 ” When done, load files back into blackboard. Have until 11:00. MENTAL MODELS AND FORMAL MODELS Informal Modeling- Informal modeling= mental modeling * Continues on through the problem solving stage * Problem solvers conduct quick informal mental models @ various stages in the process. * Ask a series of mental questions * Helps relate cause and effect – in a simplified , incomplete way * Helps determine what might be feasible in a given situation * Always influenced by our implicit preferences for certain outcomes over others. * Useful but extremely limiting * Sometimes don’t provide sufficient insight. Formal models- * Provide same information as mental models * Links causes to effects and help evaluate potential solutions * Used to measure how well each solution...
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...1. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Forces Two publicly controversial issues in the modelling industry are slenderness and racial exclusion. Models do much more than promote the sale of fashion. The model look promotes and distributes ideas about how women and men should look. Models “do gender” professionally in ways that connect with social positions such as race, ethnicity and class, and there are many critiques of fashion models and their gendered and racial meanings. Modelling succeeds on the criticism of the female body and the gap between promoted beauty ideals and reality. As women gain political and social ground, beauty ideals are held to higher extremes of slenderness and perfection. Another social force for clients is they face uncertainty of changing consumer desires as they are highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyles and body types. Demographics For fashion models age is a very strong factor in the selection process. Models are usually discovered between the ages of 12 to 20 by agents or scouts. High fashion modeling agencies often demand height and body shape requirements and have strong preferences for standards. With cultural diversification of the Western world, ethnic diversity is becoming an important factor for all people in the modeling industry. Moreover, various races and backgrounds are becoming progressively noticeable. Anita Norris needs to be aware of the changing demographic trends in the modeling industry Technological Factors...
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...beauty whether it is appearance, their personality or the work they have done. Looking into celebrity culture, people follow it to help them feel beautiful or use celebrities as motivation. Celebrities are our role models and we try to follow them in the latest fashion like clothing, hair, make-up and acting. Teens especially want an iconic person to look up to and follow them for their selflessness deeds and actions. Celebrities like Tyra Banks, Oprah Winfrey, and Queen Latifah are example of iconic celebrities that many people look up to and try to mimic in order to feel self-fulfilled. Celebrity culture does help define our view of beauty for men and women worldwide. The celebrity culture is in our lives every day, people try to copy them in any way possible because they are they’re our role models. Tyra Banks is an exceptional model that has been through many difficulties as an African American model. She faced racism as a child when she first began her modeling career. As she was getting older she began to put aside all the harsh comments and continued her passion for modeling. Tyra Banks was the first black young woman in the modeling business. As she was growing up, she became very famous because of her age, origin, and difficulties she faced as a young model. Many teens started to look up to her and wanted to be just like her. Tyra was tall, skinny, and smart, she was the perfect package. Many people liked her because of her beauty; boys would love her, while many girls...
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