...UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA College of International Hospitality Management Sto. Niño, Biñan, Laguna Theories on Tourism Development Catherine Evangelista H3A Ms. Gladys Joy Sabater - Tallorin Cohen’s Classification Cohen’s classification of tourist is based on the theory that tourism combines the curiosity to seek out new experiences with the need for the security of familiar reminders of home. Most tourists prefer to explore the destinations from a familiar base. The degree of familiarity of this base underlies Cohen’s typology in which he identifies four tourist roles: Cohen in 1972 developed a theory which is related to the behavior of tourists. He classified the typology of tourists based on their behavior into four namely; Organized mass tourists- these tourists travel in groups. They buy a packaged tour which is arranged in advance by a travel agent or a tour operator. Individual mass tourists- each member of the group has a certain degree of control over his time and itinerary and is not bound to a group. He makes his individual decision about his activities. Explorers- such tourists arrange their own trip. They associate with the local residents and try to speak the local language. However, they do not adopt completely the lifestyle of the host country. Drifters- these tourists avoid contact with other tourists. They stay with the locals and share their food, shelter, and habits. They are almost totally immersed in the host...
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...Abstract Tourism research has evolved from the time when studies on tourism were based in other disciplines to become an academic research field of its own. Tourism critical theory is the pinnacle of that development. Today research in tourism is done using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. If the research is designed to prove a theory it takes the deductive strategy while on the other hand inductive strategy is used to generate theory. The developments are not only in the approaches and strategies but ar also found in the data collection tools and analysis techniques used to collect and interpret data. The study ended by concluding that there is no bad or wrong methodologies, each of the two methodologies studied has advantages and disadvantages, the choice of which methodology to use depends on the researchers views, assumptions as well as the study question. Introduction This study’s aim to discuss the concept of critical tourism theory as well as identifying and evaluating the different research methodologies used in tourism research. The study is divided into two main sections. The first section discusses critical and critical tourism theory tracing the development in tourism research over the years. The second section is based the research methodologies starting from the philosophies or assumption (positivism and interpretivism) that influence the choice of methodology used in any study. The section is further subdivided into two subsections (qualitative...
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...Executive Summary 2. Introduction 3. Theories a. Holt’s Theory of Cultural Branding b. Hall’s Tourism and Market System 4. Case Study Introduction 5. Brand Strategies 6. Critical Analysis of Brand Strategies 7. Recommendations 8. Conclusion Executive Summary This report was commissioned to examine the Manly Council case study and the strategies they use for their business and how they can relate to actual marketing theories and models. This research draws attention to the two strategies that Manly Council uses one of which is the beach and how they utilize this in enhancing the experience of tourists. Manly Council does this by placing eateries, shopping centers, services such as bike tours and aquariums and hosting annual events such as the International Jazz Festival. The Holt’s Theory of Cultural Branding where it states that brands are and can influence the societies culture fits into this strategy as Manly Council has created the ‘Surf City’ brand to align the values of its residents to create a beach culture for them to showcase to visitors. However in the strive for personal sovereignty is almost impossible through brands because cultural branding will force too many cultural icons for one to handle and time is short for one to reach sovereignty. Further research indicates that social media is also a tool used by Manly Council to increase brand awareness. The Hall’s Tourism and Market system, which signifies that a tourists...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Tourism Management 29 (2008) 403–428 www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman Progress in Tourism Management Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research Donald Getzà Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, 2500 University Ave. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Received 24 April 2007; accepted 31 July 2007 Abstract This article reviews ‘event tourism’ as both professional practice and a field of academic study. The origins and evolution of research on event tourism are pinpointed through both chronological and thematic literature reviews. A conceptual model of the core phenomenon and key themes in event tourism studies is provided as a framework for spurring theoretical advancement, identifying research gaps, and assisting professional practice. Conclusions are in two parts: a discussion of implications for the practice of event management and tourism, and implications are drawn for advancing theory in event tourism. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Event tourism; Definitions; Theory; Research 1. Introduction Events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations. The roles and impacts of planned events within tourism have been well documented, and are of increasing importance for destination competitiveness. Yet it was only a few decades ago that ‘event tourism’ became established in both the tourism industry and in the research community,...
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...STRATEGIC PLANNING Critically Assess the Theory and Practice of Strategic Planning in Tourism. Area of focus: Egypt Presented to the University of Sunderland Degree: International Tourism and Hospitality Management Student registration number: TABLE OF CONTENT Cover page......................................................................................Page 1 Table of Content.............................................................................Page 2 Abstract/Introduction.....................................................................Page 3 Introduction/Overview of Tourism in Egypt...............................Page 4 Overview of Tourism in Egypt/Tourism Planning in Egypt.........Page 5 Tourism Planning in Egypt........................................... Page 5,6,7,8,9,10 The Success of cultural events as promotional tool of Egypt..................................................................................Page 10 Conclusion and Recommendations...............................................Page 11,12 References...........................................................................................Page 12,13 ABSTRACT Tourism is considered to have a great strategic importance for any economy owing to its capacity for job creation and wealth generation. If a country creates an efficient strategic tourism plan and implement it in true letter and spirit...
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...European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 4 (2010) Central Thailand Wat Tourism: Strategy for Tourism Promotion of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) Sakon Phu-ngamdee The Thesis under the supervision of Assistant Professor Dr. Songkoon Chantachon and Dr. Ying Keerathiburana, Research Institute of Northeast Thailand Arts and Culture Mahasarakham University, Tarad Subdistrict, Muang District Mahasarakham Province, Thailand, 44000 E-mail: sakon60@yahoo.com Tel: (66) 43-72-1686; Fax: (66) 43-72-1686 Abstract This study was conducted under the supervision of Assistant Professor Dr. Songkoon Chantachon and Dr. Ying Keerathiburana. The study was proceeded with three aims: to provide a complete history of the project of Wai Pra Kao Wat (nine temples) Tour performed by Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA); to identify the problems and their causes which arose during the project’s implementation; and to develop a strategy for promoting Wai Pra Kao Wat (nine temples) Tour as a tourist destination. Data were collected from official document, participatory observation, and key informant interview with eighty four persons under purposive sampling method, as well as two workshops with BMTA officials. The results were analyzed with SWOT analysis to identify the project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strength of the project were ticket price, tourism activities, service quality, attractive entities and tourist’s belief responsiveness. The weakness...
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...inclusive growth in underdeveloped ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, but it may also lead to unanticipated negative outcomes such as crime and social exclusion. Our objective is to improve the understanding of how entrepreneurship policies can lead to socially inclusive growth at the BOP. Drawing on data collected from Brazilian tourism destinations with varying entrepreneurship, innovation, and social inclusion policies, we argue that weak institutions coupled with alert entrepreneurs encourage destructive outcomes, especially if entrepreneurship policies are based solely on economic indicators. Policies addressing both economic and social perspectives may foster more productive entrepreneurial outcomes, albeit at a more constrained economic pace. The study extends the related BOP, entrepreneurship, global value chain, and sustainable tourism literatures by examining the poor as entrepreneurs, the role of local innovation, and how entrepreneurship policies generate different social impacts within poor communities. Keywords: base of the pyramid (BOP), entrepreneurship policy, innovation, social entrepreneurship, social inclusion, tourism industry INTRODUCTION Policy makers have identified entrepreneurship as a mechanism to alleviate poverty (Hart, 2007; Matten and Crane, 2005; Peredo and Chrisman, 2006), particularly in ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, where impoverished socio-economic groups have...
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...FOOD TOURISM AND THE CULINARY TOURIST ___________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management ___________________________________ by Sajna S. Shenoy December 2005 Advisor: Dr. William C. Norman ABSTRACT The subject matter of this dissertation is food tourism or tourists’ participation in `food related activities at a destination to experience its culinary attributes. In addition, the culinary tourist or the tourist for whom food tourism is an important, if not primary, reason influencing his travel behavior, is its focus. The empirical objectives of this dissertation concerned identifying the underlying dimensions of food tourism, developing a conceptual framework that explains participation in food tourism, develop taxonomy of food tourists by segmenting the tourists based on their participation in food tourism, and finally identifying the variables that predict membership in these food tourist segments. The effect of sociodemographic variables on participation in food tourism, and their association with the food tourist segments were also examined. Further, all the findings were analyzed within the theoretical framework of the world culture theory of globalization and the cultural capital theory. Based on the survey responses of 341 tourists visiting...
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...Tourism Management 31 (2010) 1–12 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tourism Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman Progress in Tourism Management A review of innovation research in tourism Anne-Mette Hjalager University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrsvej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 27 January 2009 Accepted 31 August 2009 Keywords: Innovation Innovation systems Knowledge Clusters Policy a b s t r a c t Over the past two decades, there has been increasing focus on the topic of innovation in tourism. This article reviews the research contributions. Various categories of innovation – product, process, managerial, marketing and institutional – are addressed. Important determinants of innovation are acknowledged, including the role of entrepreneurship, technology push and the existence of territorial industry clusters. Representation of knowledge is also identified as a critical factor for both the occurrence and nature of innovations. The review reveals that there is still only limited systematic and comparable empirical evidence of the level of innovative activities and their impacts and wider implications for destinations and national economies. An agenda for future research is emerging, suggesting that there is quest for both formal quantification and for qualitative studies of the foundations, processes, implications and policies of innovation in tourism. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd....
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...Stanley Plog’s Theory One of the first attempts to provide a framework within which to analyze tourist behavior was developed by Dr. Stanley C. Plog in 1972. Plog classified the U.S. population along a psychographic continuum – ranging from the psychocentrics at one extreme to the allocentrics at the other and most falling in the mid-centric class in the term “psychocentric” is derived from psyche or self-centered, meaning preoccupied with oneself or one’s own affairs i.e., centering of one’s thought or concerns on the small problem areas of one’s life. Allocentric, on the other hand, has its origin in the core word alio, meaning, “varied in form”. An allocentric person, thus, is sociable, informal and self-confident. He is characterized by a considerable degree of adventure and an enthusiasm to get as far as and experiment with life. For the allocentric, travel is a means to express inquisitiveness and satisfy curiosity. By virtue of intensive study, Plog further revealed an interesting phenomenon. While the people at the upper end of the income spectrum were found to be mainly allocentrics, those with the lower income levels were psychocentrics, expected to be seeking for the respective type of destinations. However, such a relationship may not be that categorical i.e., severe economy constraints may falsify the classification in terms of psychographics. In other words, it may be erroneous as well as illogical to infer that an individual belonging to the budgetary class...
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...[Rajasthan Tourism Proposal] | | Table of Content SR NO. | TOPIC'S | PAGE NO. | 1. | Introduction of Rajasthan tourism | 3 | | 1.1 Brief Background of Rajasthan tourism | 4 | 2. | Aim's & Objective of Rajasthan Tourism | 4 | | 1.1 Aim's of Rajasthan Tourism | 4 | | 1.2 Objective of Rajasthan Tourism | 5 | | 1.3 Context of Rajasthan Tourism | 6 | 3. | Preliminary Literature Review | 6 | | 3.1 Tourism Industry in Rajasthan of India | 6 | | 3.2 Tourism Market of Rajasthan | 7 | | 3.3 Tourism Business and Economic Development | 8 | | 3.4 Tourism and the Government of Rajasthan | 8 | 4. | Research Methodology | 9 | | 4.1 Process of research | 10 | | 4.2 Defining Research problem | 10 | | 4.3 Reviewing Concepts & Theories and Review of Previous Research Findings | 10 | | 4.4 Secondary Research | 10 | 5. | Ethical Considerations and Issues | 11 | 6. | Time Plan | 11 | 7. | Bibliography & References | 12 | Rajasthan Tourism (The land of Kings) 1. Introduction of Tourism Industry 2012 was a milestone year for tourism; over one billion tourists travelled the globe in a single year. Five to six billion more are expected to have travelled within their own countries. consider that just over 60 years ago the number of international tourists worldwide stood at a mere 25 million. Never before did so many people travel to so many places as in 2012. One billion international tourists are both a challenge...
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...Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism Your Name Institution Name Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism The journal studies the development of sociological issues from the 20th century to the present day. It traces the foundation of these theories to the current events that are studied today. The author notes that postmodern era arguments were based on relations between western modernity and tourism. In the recent past, sociology theories have changed due to dynamism in human behavior and a broader definition of authenticity. Due to the different shifts occurring in the society today the journal concentrates on current sociology theories. The theory discussed in this article are reviewed in through three perspectives of the modern world that are Mobility, Performativity approach, and the actor network theory (p. 2178). The journal outlines the chronology of various changes that have been witnessed in the tourism sector over the years. The journal elucidates the significant historical events affecting contemporary tourism. Three theories are used to explain these changes and their impacts on tourism, these include performativity, mobilities, and the ANT approaches (p. 2195). Through evaluating the three postulations, a shift that occurred from the earlier authenticity discourses to tourist gaze is well evident. Moreover, the problems in the tourism sector are also evaluated. However, the article concentrates only with the Western travel...
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...Consuming Dark Tourism: a call for research Contact Author Start Your Own SelectedWorks Available at: http://works.bepress.com/philip_stone/5 Notify Me of New Work e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 3, No. 5, 2005 http://ertr.tamu.edu ______________________________________________________________________________ Philip R. Stone Department of Tourism and Leisure Management University of Central Lancashire Dark Tourism Consumption – A call for research There is an increasing plethora of sites associated with death, tragedy or the macabre that have become significant tourist ‘attractions’. As a result, the term ‘dark tourism’ has entered academic discourse. However, dark tourism literature is both eclectic and theoretically fragile. This is especially the case with regards to consumption and its implications for understanding the ‘dark tourist’. Thus it is suggested that the dimensions of dark tourism consumption have not been extracted or interrogated – only assumed. Consequently, with death and the nature of dying at the crux of the dark tourism concept, this article calls for the development of consumer behaviour models, which incorporate contemporary socio-cultural aspects of death and dying. It is suggested that this in turn will lead to a better understanding of consumer motives within the dark tourism domain. Keywords: dark tourism, death, contemporary society, consumption By Philip R.Stone Lancashire Business School Department of Tourism and Leisure...
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...Organizational Behaviors of Sustainable Tourism A Partial fulfillment for Bilingual MBA Programme 2013 Subject: Organizational Behavior (Code: BP6903) Lecturer: Dr. Yu Wang Presented by: Yinsi Tu (ID: 5539073 ) Shilong Chen (ID: 5569005) Xingjun Liu (ID: 5561065) Jialing Xing (ID: 55569009) Yunmei Wang (ID: 5569006） Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Organizational Culture of Sustainable Tourism 3.0 Government's Policies in Sustainable Tourism Management 4.0 Characteristics and Diversities in Sustainable Tourism 5.0 Tourist Behaviors in Sustainable Tourism 6.0 The Relationship between Sustainable Tourism and Environment Protection 7.0 Conclusion 8.0 Bibliography 1.0 Introduction Today, as the world economy，science and technology and cultural developing aggressively , the increase of personal income and free time, Labor and Leisure has become two important aspects of an integral human social life. Today, leisure sports and tourism is the world's most widely used recreational activities. Leisure sports, people enjoy the beauty and movement created by a pleasant activity in order to express themselves to the outside world. Homer and Swatchbrooke (1996) defined tourism as tourism refers to people temporarily leave permanent residence elsewhere in recreational activities. Tourism is part of the tertiary industry. Tourism enterprise is the core of the...
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...Whole Tourism System Theory in Practice This paper aims to outline the Whole Tourism System (WTS) theory and the practical functions within the system. Weaver and Lawton in Tourism Management state that the different internal functions of a WTS interact to form the ‘single functional structure’. The internal systems required to constitute a WTS were outlined by Leiper in 2004: at least one tourist, at least one tourist generating region, at least one tourist route region, at least one tourist destination, as well as a travel and tourism industry facilitating movement within the system. Whole Tourism System theory is the concept of a number of both internal and external ‘interdependencies, energy flows and interactions’. The 1930s saw the emergence of systems theory to describe phenomenon that are ordinarily too complex. To explain the factors and elements of a World Tourism System this essay will use the Australia to Bali tourist system as an example to explain how each element functioning singularly creates a WTS. Within a whole tourism system tourists play the most valuable role. Tourism is essentially human experience and the enjoyment an individual gains from a destination. The geographical elements within a WTS are the tourist generating region, tourist destination region and the transit route region. The tourist generating region (TGR) within a whole tourism system is related to the demand part of tourism; here people gather information on destinations and this region...
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