...Toxicity Paper ENV/410 Toxicity Paper Chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not always produce the same degree of toxicity in all organs. Instead, one or two organs are usually the target of most of the toxicity produced by the toxic chemical in question. These are the target organs for the toxicity for that chemical. The organ that is the target of toxicity most commonly involved in systemic effects is the central nervous system followed by skin, blood circulation system, liver, lungs and kidneys. Muscle and bones as well as the male and female reproductive systems often suffer debilitating impacts from many substances. Target organs can also refer to an organ is targeted to receive a therapeutic dose of irradiation. An example would be beaming gamma rays to the renal area of a kidney for the treatment of a tumor. Another example of a target organ is the thyroid gland, when the anterior pituitary gland secretes a thyroid stimulating hormone (Silbergeld, 2011). Target organ toxicity is when a toxins adverse effects or disease states manifest in specific organs in the body. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the exposure. Organs each have specialized tissues and cells with differentiated cellular processes and receptors while some toxicants and metabolites may have specific reactive pathways. As pointed out previously, toxicants do not always affect all organs to the same extent. There could be several sites of action and target organs for a particular...
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...Toxicity Paper Chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not always produce the same degree of toxicity in all organs. Instead, one or two organs are usually the target of most of the toxicity produced by the toxic chemical in question. These are the target organs for the toxicity for that chemical. The organ that is the target of toxicity most commonly involved in systemic effects is the central nervous system followed by skin, blood circulation system, liver, lungs and kidneys. Muscle and bones as well as the male and female reproductive systems often suffer debilitating impacts from many substances. Target organs can also refer to an organ is targeted to receive a therapeutic dose of irradiation. An example would be beaming gamma rays to the renal area of a kidney for the treatment of a tumor. Another example of a target organ is the thyroid gland, when the anterior pituitary gland secretes a thyroid stimulating hormone (Silbergeld, 2011). Target organ toxicity is when a toxins adverse effects or disease states manifest in specific organs in the body. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the exposure. Organs each have specialized tissues and cells with differentiated cellular processes and receptors while some toxicants and metabolites may have specific reactive pathways. As pointed out previously, toxicants do not always affect all organs to the same extent. There could be several sites of action and target organs for a particular toxicant. The same organ could...
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...Toxicology Student’s Name Affiliation Date 1. Snakebites are often treated by administering specific “anti-venom”. Explain how “anti-venom” may work. Snakes are cold blooded animals that are found in tropical and subtropical countries. Snakes have some glands in their mouth that produce very poisonous substance and its even worst through their bites. The seriousness or extend of the poison depends on various factors. One is the body tissue where the venom is injected. It’s more serious when the poison is injected directly to the blood vessels meaning it spreads very quickly through blood transmission in the rest of the body. The extent of the poison also depends on the part of the body where the snake bites. Snake bites that occur on parts of the body with a lot of adipose tissue are less poisonous than in the parts with less adipose tissue. This is because these tissues are low in blood supply hence they end up delaying transmission or the spread of poison to the rest of the body (Timbrell, 2009) Specific anti-venom is used in treating snake bite since the severity of the poison depends on the snake type and other factors. Since the venom is injected in the blood the anti-venom should also be administered to the blood In order to neutralize the poison. This means that it might have some side effects if not well used since its injected directly to the blood. The anti-venom neutralizes the poisonous venom injected...
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...Application Assignment #3 – Equilibrium and Electrochemistry According to Chemicool chelation is the “formation or presence of bonds between two or more separate binding sites within the same ligand and a single central atom” (chemicool). Chelation therapy is a process in which reduction of toxic effects of metals within the human body take place. The agents often bind to the toxic ions and form structures that are then easily excreted. Most agents are made up of atoms like Sulphur, Nitrogen and Oxygen functioning as ligand atoms. As metals release toxic substances into the human body the need for an agent to try and reduce the toxicity for our well being is necessary. Most of the heavy are toxic such as lead, copper and zinc which accumulate in the human body. The process of chelation causes a chemical reaction involving a shift of equilibrium to remove the metals before the organs get permanently damaged. The shift in equilibrium occurs because when the agent is introduced to the body to try and reduce the effects, with the body being the system it tries to re-establish equilibrium by shifting from left to right. Barium sulphate is usually made by a combination of a solution of the ions and salts of barium and sulphate. Barium being a heavy metal is highly toxic. In colour it is a white solid with a crystal structure. The reason that Barium sulphate salt is used is that the ions of Barium are opaque to x-rays and can absorb the rays much better than other compounds. Without...
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...(LD50): Acute: 5040 mg/kg [Mouse]. 3000 mg/kg [Rat]. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer), of ingestion. The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to teeth. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the...
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...consumers and exporters. This study introduced a new method of cleaning vegetables with high frequency sound waves (ultrasonic) as a way to solve the problem. This research aimed at studying the kinetics of reduction of pesticide residues in four kinds of vegetables: coriander, kale, yard long bean and red chili by using the ultrasonic cleaner (60 kHz 140 W) with tap water compared with soaking in tap water. The cleaning was done at 20, 25 and 30oC for 0, 3, 7 and 10 minutes. The determination of the toxicity levels was done by means of cholinesterase inhibition technique. The decimal reduction time, the reaction rate constant and the activation energy were determined. It was found that ultrasonic cleaning at 25oC and soaking in tap water at 30oC was the best combination to reduce pesticide residues. The study concluded that ultrasonic cleaning was a far better method for reducing pesticide residues than soaking in tap water. Keywords: high frequency sound waves, food contamination, toxicity, cholinesterase inhibition, cavitation, Thailand. Introduction Thailand is a large exporter of agricultural produce and processed agricultural products. However, these products are...
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...THE RESEARCH QUESTION The study should be based on finding out the effects of toxins on living organism. This research will try to find out the positive and negative effects of enzyme toxin in plants and animals. The excessive use of toxins can be harmful to the environment while the use of controlled amounts of this same enzyme can be useful to the environment. Toxins are said to be any poisonous substances that are produced in the living cells. Organic chemist Ludwig Brieger is said to be the first chemist to use the word toxins in the 19th century. Small molecules, proteins and peptides are all said to be toxins. These organisms are capable of causing diseases on the contact with any contact or absorption by body issues. Toxins greatly vary in the degree of severity from the minors such as bee stings to majors such as botulinum toxins Toxins are also constituents that are made by plants and are harmful to humans. But some toxins can be used in small doses and help in medication but become poisonous when used in large amounts DESCRIPTION OF IDENTIFIED PERSPECTIVE (natural sciences) In the natural science subjects such as biology and chemistry, toxins are well described and experimented on by scientists. In chemistry toxins are said to be chemical agent depending on their method of production. On the other hand, toxins that disturb organisms may be said to be biologically produced. Toxins can be either biologically or chemically produced depending on the mode of production...
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...A Mixture of Tibanglan or Tubli (Derris Elliptica )and Nami or Intoxicating Yam (Dioscorea Hispida) as an alternative Rodenticide An Investigatory Project Presented to: Department of Education As an Entry to the: 2014-2015 INTEL Philippines Science Fair Crislyn Keith P. Torrefiel (Proponent) Mrs. Irene M. Cruz Research Adviser J.P. Rizal St. Bagong Silangan Quezon City Bagong Silangan High School ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This investigatory project would never been accomplished without the effort, assistance and financial support of the people who willingly helped the researcher. In due recognition of all those who contributed to the success of this study, the researcher extend her utmost gratitude ad heartfelt appreciation of the following: Mrs. Angelita Regis, Principal IV of Bagong Silangan High School Sir. Edwin Abengoza, Head Teacher III of Science Department Mrs. Irene M. Cruz, my Science teacher, who motivated and guided me on making such project, My family, who gave me assistance and financial support. ABSTRACT Rats and mice are house pests that carry germs-causing diseases. To eliminate them many resort to buying some expensive commercial rodenticide. Dispensing this commercial rodenticides is synthetically prepared. This commercial and synthetic rodenticides are also harmful to our environment. To solve this problem, the researcher had thought of innovations in controlling these house pests safely & effectively. This study was conducted...
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...was passed from generation to generation. Alternative medicine was definitely low cost because plants that have medicinal value can be accessed everywhere. But how certain are we that these alternative medicines were really safe if we do not know their effectivity limits or right doses? All herbal plants have its own limitation, a limitation which can measure the effectiveness and the toxicity of a certain herbal plant. Herbal plants like synthetic drugs depend on the dosing, gender, age and the condition of the patient to enact its action to the body. Most of the alternative and traditional herbal medicines used in many cultures were crude drugs. This means that even though they undergo extraction, there was high certainty that both therapeutic constituent and toxic constituents were present. Just like what Philippus Aureolus also known as Paracelsus once said “All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing poison.”[1] Based on what Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus said, the researchers have the fervour to discern the toxicity profile of the aqueous extract of Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Tawa-tawa). This plant was...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 25 (2008) 334–341 Carbofuran in water: Subchronic toxicity to rats Dragica V. Brki´ a , Slavoljub Lj. Vitorovi´ b , Slavica M. Gaˇi´ a , Neˇko K. Neˇkovi´ a,∗ c c sc s s c a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31-b, P.O. Box 163, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia b Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Received 31 July 2007; received in revised form 26 October 2007; accepted 4 November 2007 Available online 17 November 2007 Abstract Carbofuran toxicity on rats was studied during subchronic exposure. Female and male rats were administered carbofuran in drinking water in concentrations of 25, 100 and 400 ppm for a period of 90 days. Clinical symptoms, water consumption, body weight gain, organ weight, pathological and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were observed and biochemical and haematological examinations were carried out. The results obtained show that carbofuran administered to rats caused a significant decrease in water consumption as well as in brain, serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities. Statistically significant increases in relation to the control were found in the serum enzyme activities. The haematological data showed that carbofuran had no significant effect on Hb concentration and total RBC, but total WBC showed a significant statistical decrease. The histopathological changes in...
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...Case Study: Lyler Furniture BUS/372 March 14, 2011 Case Study: Lyler Furniture On a daily basis, many companies share similar issues concerning waste removal, working conditions and health hazards to employees. Small companies in a city area release toxic chemicals into the environment with little concern that their small contribution will have any effect at all and never consider the bigger picture. Lyler Furiture is such a company plagued with best practice issues and violations of EPA regulations. With careful analysis of operational practices, investigations will provide structure corrections and deployment of best practices of plant operation. No company is above the law and understanding the operational process of Lyler Furniture will allow proper analysis to implementing environmental policies. Lyler Furniture operational workflow is sequential as many other manufacturing facilities. Materials are delivered in the loading bay, stored in the materials room until requested. Manufacturing department appropriates needed material from the material rooms for construction, and then the finishing room completes the manufacturing process with stains, paints, and finishes. After which, orders are processed in the office and finished products are loaded on delivering vehicles in the loading bay to complete consumers’ orders. During the operational process, numerous Environmental Protection Association (EPA) violations and poor work were discovered...
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...Introduction: One of the many problems of any home or infrastructure is keeping the shininess and the cleanliness of the floor and only thing that make this possible is the product called Floor wax it is applied on floor surfaces to make it scuff-resistant, water-resistant, slip resistant and glossy. It provides a thin, protective and hard surface layer when applied to flooring. In this modern age, floor polishes is made from synthetic materials and with the advancement of synthetics so does floor wax, each passing day over half a million people are using floor wax even as we speak someone is using it! But of all the useful traits that floor wax gives us at our floors there are always disadvantages to it and the first disadvantage is our environment, since floor wax is made out of highly synthetic materials its is non-biodegradable. The second is that floor wax contains toxic substances that can either cause severe damage to humans and animal life if came in contact. Third is prolong exposure of its unpleasant smell can cause different problems throughout the body. Fourth is that it can cause damage to the plants since floor wax contains volatile substances that can block plants from doing photosynthesis Despite the recent efforts by various organizations efforts to educate the public about the toxic dangers of floor wax no one seems to believe them due to the effectiveness of the modern floor wax but still its harming our environment. Our research aims to put these problems...
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...A child’s growth and development is continually shaped and influenced by their environment. One of the easiest ways to develop and preserve a safe and healthy environment for children is to abide by state licensing standards. These licensing standards are there to ensure that child care environments are safe and healthy for young children. Not only is the physical environment included in licensing, but teacher qualifications and the quality of educational programs are also included and equally important. I believe that teachers and caregivers with a solid background in childhood development, effective communication skills, and the ability to create developmentally appropriate learning experiences are much more beneficial to a young child’s education than someone without one or all of these qualities. Teachers also need to be educated on the different developmental stages of children to be able to eliminate any potential safety hazards. In my preschool classroom, I check for sharp objects or corners, broken toys, and toxic cleaning materials that may be left at a child’s reach. A safe environment provides children with the ability to explore and learn through play. A child care facility should take building security very seriously. Our building have a keypad installed for parents and employers to enter an exit the building. This is effective in controlling unauthorized entrance of strangers or unwelcome visitors. Surveillance cameras are also installed to monitor who is either...
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...effects from working with a particular material it is necessary to understand difference between "toxicity" and "hazard". 1. TOXICITY is the ability of a substance to produce an unwanted effect when the chemical has reached a sufficient concentration at a certain site in the body. The more toxic a material is, the smaller the amount of it necessary to be absorbed before harmful effects are caused. The lower the toxicity, the greater the quantity of it necessary to be absorbed. The toxicity of a chemical is generally measured by experiments on animals (quite often rats). If it is measured in terms of the amounts of material necessary to cause death in 50% of the test animals. These values are called LD50 (lethal dose) or LC50 (lethal concentration), and are usually given in weight of material per kg of body weight or airborne concentration of material per set time period respectively. 2. HAZARD is the probability that this concentration in the body will occur. Toxicity is an inherent property of the material. A material may be very toxic, but not hazardous, if it is handled properly and is not absorbed into the body. On the other hand, a material may have a very low toxicity, but be very hazardous. Example: 1. An open container of an acid is much more hazardous than a closed container of the same material. 2. Two liquids may possess the same degree of toxicity but present different degrees of hazard:- One material may be non-irritating to the eyes and nose...
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...burned in residential backyard burn barrels in rural areas, are never accounted for. To the residential homeowner burning trash has been for centuries the means of disposing refuse in areas that do not have organized garbage collection. As the modern industrial chemical production continues to increase, making products that make everyday life in the modern world more accessible, burning that waste stream at low temperatures products highly toxic compounds releasing not only in the air via smoke but also in ash runoff, and smoke fume condensation on possible food sources. Countless toxicological studies have been conducted on dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). That information will be leveraged here to compliment the toxicity and pollutant effects of these chemicals, yet the emphasis is not political, environmental, nor humanitarian. It is about highlighting the non-industrial emissions, choices in some cases, and for others the realization, that these toxic chemicals are a result of disposing product we receive from the modern industrialized world. Dioxins, furans and PCBs are unwanted by-products of burning of household trash, oil heating, burning wood stoves, and diesel exhaust smoke, and certain industrial processes. The EPA, now considers non-industrial burning of household wastes in burn barrels to be the largest emissions source of dioxins, furans and PCBs (Dow Chemical, 2014). Dioxins, furans, and PCBs, are all considered toxic to...
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