...be preaching same to. Another point of interest to me is the explanations on LEAD poisoning. It really brought me close to what could have happened in the Northern region of my country two years ago. That was the first time was hearing about LEAD, and as a poison when exposed to it. You explanation perfectly explains how much and at what level it can begin to cause havoc to the body, and eventually death. Pls look check: Nigeria's gold rush kills hundreds of children (2012). Retrieved on 22, Feb 2014 : (http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/nigeria/121120/nigeria-gold-rush-lead-poisoning). But in all put together, one need pay attention to details, and draw caution whenever necessary, since it appears there’s toxins, poison, germs everywhere we...
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...Food Science and the Ethics of Botulinum Toxin A In today’s youth obsessed culture, millions of men and women are turning to the needle to try and cheat aging—in fact, some people are even hosting Botox parties, wherein several men and women gather for cocktails and “wrinkle-banishing” injections (Neer, 2001). Despite its recent popularity, very few people know that Botox has its origins in food science and medicine. Review of Literature Botox is a trade name for botulinum toxin A, a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum (Neer, 2001). Botulinum toxin has been used for medical purposes for over fifty years, but it was not until 2002 when the FDA approved the use of Botox in cosmetic procedures that its use became widespread. Botox was initially used to treat strabismus (lazy eye), blepharospasm (involuntary and uncontrolled eye movements) and cervical dystonia (wry neck). Since its FDA approval in 2002, Botox has been used successfully in over eleven million patients (Schlessinger, n.d.) Botox treatment takes approximately ten minutes to perform and it involves injecting tiny quantities of botulinum toxin A directly into the problem muscles. Because the toxin is injected directly into a certain muscle or muscle group, there is very little risk of it spreading to other areas of the body. The procedure does not require anaesthesia, as discomfort is usually minimal and brief (Brannon, 2008; Neer, 2001). Botox works by blocking the acetylcholine receptors...
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...1/15/12 Forensics Per. 2 Rattlesnake Venom The venom from the common western diamondback rattlesnake is a Hemorrhagic toxin. The toxin is produced within the snake and then injected through the fangs into its victims blood stream. This toxin is usually quite potent and has a complex chemical composition to it. The snake’s venom is quick acting so it proves quite dangerous to human health. The common rattlesnake venom is made up of combinations of proteins that range from hemotoxins, which separates cells and tissues, to neurotoxins and anticoagulants that might cause respiratory paralysis or arrest of the circulatory system. Rattlesnake venom has good uses too, we use it to better understand the toxins within it and make anti-venoms for it. The complex toxin in rattlesnake venom goes to work fast, showing its presence quickly but which can be a positive if you have the needed tools to treat the bite and the venom. It will be easy to find the puncture point because the victim will usually have a strong pain feeling coming from the wound/bite. The victim will have a lot of trouble breathing. Then they will get blurred vision and unable to keep their eyelids from drooping or sagging they will get discolored skin, might likely around the bite/wound. They will get destruction of the skin tissue around the bite/wound. The victim of the rattlesnake bite will eventually start vomiting uncontrollably. They may also suffer from strong nausea and will have a difficulty...
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...are the target organs for the toxicity for that chemical. The organ that is the target of toxicity most commonly involved in systemic effects is the central nervous system followed by skin, blood circulation system, liver, lungs and kidneys. Muscle and bones as well as the male and female reproductive systems often suffer debilitating impacts from many substances. Target organs can also refer to an organ is targeted to receive a therapeutic dose of irradiation. An example would be beaming gamma rays to the renal area of a kidney for the treatment of a tumor. Another example of a target organ is the thyroid gland, when the anterior pituitary gland secretes a thyroid stimulating hormone (Silbergeld, 2011). Target organ toxicity is when a toxins adverse effects or disease states manifest in specific organs in the body. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the exposure. Organs each have specialized tissues and cells with differentiated cellular processes and receptors while some toxicants and metabolites may have specific reactive pathways. As pointed out previously, toxicants do not always affect all organs to the same extent. There could be several sites of action and target organs for a particular toxicant. The same organ could be targeted by more than one toxicant. The target organ may not even be where the toxicant is stored. The degree of toxic concentrations in target organs is determined by the toxicokinetic processes (Silbergeld, 2011). One of the most important...
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...therapeutic dose of irradiation. An example would be beaming gamma rays to the renal area of a kidney for the treatment of a tumor. Another example of a target organ is the thyroid gland, when the anterior pituitary gland secretes a thyroid stimulating hormone (Silbergeld, 2011). Target organ toxicity is when a toxins adverse effects or disease states manifest in specific organs in the body. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the exposure. Organs each have specialized tissues and cells with differentiated cellular processes and receptors while some toxicants and metabolites may have specific reactive pathways. As pointed out previously, toxicants do not always affect all organs to the same extent. There could be several sites of action and target organs for a particular toxicant. The same organ could be targeted by more than one toxicant. The target organ may not even be where the toxicant is stored. The degree of toxic concentrations in target organs is determined by the toxicokinetic processes (Silbergeld, 2011). One of the most important organs in the body is the liver. The liver plays a key role when it comes to detoxifying foreign substances or toxins. Through a series of...
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...250 OB ON THE EDGE The Toxic Workplace It’s not unusual to find the following employee behaviours in today’s workplace: Answering the phone with a “yeah,” neglecting to say thank you or please, using voice mail to screen calls, leaving a half cup of coffee behind to avoid having to brew the next pot, standing uninvited but impatiently over the desk of someone engaged in a telephone conversation, dropping trash on the floor and leaving it for the maintenance crew to clean up, and talking loudly on the phone about personal matters.1 Some employers or managers fit the following descriptions: In the months since [the new owner of the pharmacy] has been in charge [he] has made it clear that he is at liberty to fire employees at will . . . change their positions, decrease their bonus percentages, and refuse time-off and vacation choices. Furthermore, he has established an authoritarian work structure characterized by distrust, cut-backs on many items deemed essential to work comfort, disrespect, rigidity and poor-tono-communication.2 He walked all over people. He made fun of them; he intimidated them. He criticized work for no reason, and he changed his plans daily.3 251 What’s Happening in Our Workplaces? Workplaces today are receiving highly critical reviews, being called everything from “uncivil” to “toxic.” Lynne Anderson and Christine Pearson, two management professors from St. Joseph’s University and the University of North Carolina, respectively, note that “Historians...
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...anything that the animal touches. They get their venom due to what they eat. The rat gets its poison by chewing up toxic tree bark and spreads its very-toxic saliva over its specialized hairs. Scientists have been learning a lot from the animals because the researchers’ goal is to save human lives. Animal venoms is being used to develop a number of new drugs, including those that treat heart disease and chronic pain. The reason they use animal venom is because the toxins can’t tell harmful cells in the bodies to stop working and destroying the human body. So this is how the animal venom can save lives. I feel that the research is really important to see the effects of animal venom on human diseases. There are over thousands of diseases that effect humans, that we don’t know cures for. So people are getting more and more harm for these incurable diseases every day. So researchers always have to look everywhere for cures, including in animal venom. You never know if the cure for AIDS or types of cancer may be found in toxins. However that’s not a guarantee that animal venom will have any positive effects on humans....
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...Industrial poisons These are mainly due to various chemical substances from industry, which get into public water supply. Usually they contain solvents, detergents, heavy metals, dyes, pigments, sulphides, organic substances etc. These chemicals may affect directly, by contact, to produce severe skin diseases, allergies or eczemoid reaction or chemical burns. Some toxins produce acute effects while others produce chronic effects. Sometimes, the chemicals are ingested by workers if they do not wash their hands before taking food various toxic chemicals, and their effects on health. One may come in contact with them through other means besides water. Consequences of a negative impact of poisons on the human body depend on many factors: gender, age and individual sensitivity of the body, the chemical structure and physical properties of the poison. Its concentration in the air, the amount of substance taken into the body, the duration and continuity of its revenue, as well as a number of related factors of production environment, such as temperature and humidity, noise, vibration. Industrial poisons enter the human body in two main ways: through the respiratory system and skin. Through airways fall poisons which are in air, preferably as a vapor, gas and dust. Through skin penetrate oily liquid substances which highly soluble in lipids (fats and fat-like substances). Delivery of poisons through the gastrointestinal tract with contaminated hands when eating is also possible. ...
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...Toxins in the Body Tu K Ly Devry University Toxins in the Body The human body contains toxins that originate from chemicals that occur naturally and those made by humans. These toxins normally enter the body through inhalation, consumption of contaminated food and/or water, or even absorption through the skin. Some of the toxins that persist in the human body include lead, mercury, dioxin, and furans, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lead toxin is contained in both the indoor and outdoor air. Industries, waste incinerators, and plants manufacturing lead-acid battery usually emit that from the outdoor air. Lead-based paint is also a source of both lead contained in indoor and outdoor air. The lead present in drinking water normally comes from the corrosion of lead-containing materials found in the water supply systems. The coal-fired power plants are the leading emitters of mercury in the environment because mercury occurs naturally in coal. Gold mining is another source of mercury as it is largely used in the separation of gold from the mined ore. Waste incinerators produce mercury through the burning of disposed items containing mercury, for instance, thermometers and compact fluorescent light bulbs. Cement kilns also release mercury contained in the coal used as fuel in cement-manufacturing plants. Fish is another major source of mercury as it contains higher concentrations of mercury, which the fish takes up after...
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...Goliath Tarantulas Imagine a huge, hairy, vicious looking spider. It has giant fangs and hair all over its body. Surprisingly, there is nothing to worry about. You are looking at the Goliath tarantula. These spiders are not what people say. They aren’t very dangerous whatsoever. If anything, you are no concern of this tarantula if you keep your distance. The largest spider in the world, the Goliath bird-eating tarantula, has a unique lifestyle where it lives in South America fighting for survival so it can achieve its one life goal: mating. The Goliath tarantula is a typical tarantula in the Theraphosidae family. This family has 850 species in it. That’s a lot of different species. This includes Typical and Atypical tarantulas (Trap-door spiders). The Goliath is a Typical tarantula, which is a tarantula that is more along the lines of what you think when you hear “tarantula.” It is part of kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda. There are many different species that are involved in this one including vertebrate. The Goliath seems like one insignificant member of a huge family. But it is more than that. This tarantula, the Goliath bird-eater tarantula, has many different features that contribute to its name. The Goliath got its famous namesake from painting of a tarantula attacking a hummingbird by Madame Maria Sibylla Merian. The concept that the Goliath attacks birds was mocked in “Age of Reason” by socialists since they are not fit enough to (Hillyard 64). Though it had “earned...
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...thought it was the most obsurd thing they had ever heard of, injecting deadly toxins into your body. According to Brown, Botox has now become the “number-one most-performed nonsurgical dermatologic procedure” (240). One of the first wrinkle fillers to be introduced to the U.S., a “toxin” made from the same protein that causes botulism created quite a stir. Wunder stated “Botox injections are no longer limited to Hollywood types and the super rich” (62) anymore it has taken the stay at home moms to the working class mothers and fathers to a whole new beauty regiem. With the economy being at the lowest, women and men are still having their faces refreshed on a routine scheduled visit at their favorite dermatologist or plastic surgeons office. Picking a trained physicihian is one of the most critical parts of using the neurotoxin. Botox is not only for beauty anymore, now uses for the toxin is helping other areas of health issues in men and women. As negative issues reached the news about the use of Botox, one of the scariest was when Begley stated “one of the deadliest posions in nature and a possible bioterroism agent, this neurotoxin reached the market, in very dilute doses”. Many factors must be taken in to consideration when a person is going to try the injectable neurotoxin Botox. There is always the possibility of those “potential pitfalls in untrained hands or if overused, injecting this toxin could lead to a frozen face or a drooping effect” according to Janes (65). Other...
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...forearms) and legs (again from the thighs down to the feet). As for infant botulism is the most common form of botulism. It is also most common in kids under than 6 months. 2. If botulism was the case Kevin would have to be admitted to the hospital to start treatment. Treatment cannot usually be treated in the home but in the hospital. If botulism is not treated quickly it can be fatal, with the treatment it is usually possible to stop toxins causing further paralysis. Since Kevin is a 13 week old he will need to be incubated to keep him warm and protect him from other infections, this still requires treatment from hospitals. 3. An antitoxin is administered to Kevin at the earliest opportunity. Antitoxin is derived from horse serum that is distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antitoxin is effective against toxin type A,B and E and these of the4 toxins that are in the botulinum toxin and that is what unattached the nerve endings. Antibiotics cannot be administered to botulism because the Clostridium groups of toxins are not sensitive to them. Antibiotics are discouraged for infants because of the bacteria that could potentially be released into the child’s system. 4. Usually eating honey, eating fish that has picked up salinity or acidity of brine can cause botulism, so home canned foods can carry botulism or just by putting your fingers in mouth (fingers with dirt on them) can give you botulism....
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... | Name : ……….…………………….……………….. Lecturer : ................................. Intake : …………………..………….…..………...…. Date : .………..…………...... Use this article about Botox to answer the questions that follow: Beauty with Botox Botox injections are one of the most popular cosmetic treatments in the world. Celebrities like Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Liz Hurley are rumoured to be keeping the wrinkles at bay this way. Sir Cliff Richard admitted to having had the treatment and now it is an increasingly popular choice for ordinary women looking for a quick way to look younger. What is Botox? Botox is made from ‘botulinum toxin’, a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium causes botulism - a severe form of food poisoning. In small quantities, however, Botox merely interrupts nerve impulses to muscles in the face. Botox first began to be used in 1980 to treat many muscle disorders such as lazy eye, eye ticks and uncontrolled blinking. Cosmetic treatments were pioneered by dermatological surgeons in 1987. In small doses, Botox works by paralysing the muscles of the face which are used in frowning and raising the eyebrows. When these muscles relax, the fine lines and wrinkles smooth out. Unfortunately, when it is overdone, Botox treatment can leave the face with a lack of expression. This is reputed to have caused a problem for some actors...
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...Although the botulinum toxin is destroyed by thorough cooking over the course of a few minutes,[21][22] the spore itself is not killed by the temperatures reached with normal sea-level-pressure boiling, leaving it free to grow and again produce the toxin when conditions are right.[23][24] A recommended prevention measure for infant botulism is to avoid giving honey to infants less than 12 months of age, as botulinum spores are often present. In older children and adults the normal intestinal bacteria suppress development of C. botulinum.[25] While commercially canned goods are required to undergo a "botulinum cook" in a pressure cooker at 121 °C (250 °F) for 3 minutes, and so rarely cause botulism, there have been notable exceptions such as the 1978 Alaskan salmon outbreak and the 2007 Castleberry's Food Company outbreak. Foodborne botulism is the rarest form though, accounting for only around 15% of cases (US)[26] and has more frequently been from home-canned foods with low acid content, such as carrot juice, asparagus, green beans, beets, and corn. However, outbreaks of botulism have resulted from more unusual sources. In July 2002, fourteen Alaskans ate muktuk (whale meat) from a beached whale, and eight of them developed symptoms of botulism, two of them requiring mechanical ventilation.[27]...
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...by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The bacteria that causes botulism can be naturally present in the environment, usually within the soil. Surprisingly, the bacteria alone do not cause botulism, the bacteria produce spores, this provides a special cover for the bacteria. The spores are what can grow and produce the toxin that causes botulism. Conditions that help spores grow and make toxins are low-oxygen, low acid, low sugar, and low salt. Home canning if not done properly can lead to botulism. Botulism mainly falls into five different kinds: foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, and iatrogenic. Symptoms...
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