...Transformational versus Transactional Leadership 1 Running Head: Transformational versus Transaction Leadership Transformational versus Transaction Leadership Dr. Byron L. Cherry 28 August 2007 Transformational versus Transactional Leadership 2 Introduction The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while they do it. ~ Theodore Roosevelt Good leaders make people feel that they're at the very heart of things, not at the periphery. Everyone feels that he or she makes a difference to the success of the organization. When that happens people feel centered and that gives their work meaning. ~ Warren Bennis In todays ever-changing environment leaders are finding themselves playing major roles. Today’s leaders have to be strategic in every since of the word. Organizations are looking for that special leader who is not only strategic, but also transformational to take them to the next level. Transformational Leadership Defined According to Bernard Bass, transformational leadership is a form of leadership that occurs when leaders “broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and the mission of the group, and when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group.†Transactional Leadership Defined Bass states that transactional leadership is built on reciprocity. The...
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...national cultures influence leadership styles? To give an answer to this question, this thesis is divided into three parts: leadership, national culture and the connection between them. The conclusion of this thesis is based on analytical and exploratory research. The first part, on leadership, focuses on mainly two types of leadership: transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is mainly based on the transaction between leaders and their followers. Bass described four components of transactional leadership: Contingent reward, Active management by exception, Passive management by exception and Laissez-Faire leadership (1997). Transformational leadership focuses mainly on inspiring and stimulating the followers. Transformational leadership contains also four components: Idealized influence (Charisma), Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration. The second part focuses on different studies on national culture: Hofstede (1983), Schwartz (1990) and Inglehart (1997). Each study has different values and dimensions, both all three studies show some similarities. The first similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Power distance, Schwartz’ Hierarchy versus Egalitarianism and Inglehart’s Survival and measures the degree to which the people in a national culture accept and expect the unequal distribution of power. The second similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Individualism, Schwartz’ Autonomy versus Embeddedness and Inglehart’s...
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...types of leadership styles: Transformational, charismatic, transactional, and instrumental. Transformational and charismatic are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more people oriented. Transactional and instrumental are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more task oriented. Transformational and charismatic leaders must be careful to keep their focus people oriented or they may be subject to fall in to narcissism. Transactional and instrumental leaders must not be so task focus that they become autocratic and lose their followers. Transactional Leadership is defined as leadership that occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things (Burns, Wern 1995) However, further research into this type of leadership according to Bass (1981) transactional leadership is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment.' While transactional leadership is based on a quid pro quo (something for something) relationship, transformational leadership is need based. Kark & Shamir (n.d., p.69) found that transactional leaders address the self –interest concerns of followers by exchanging rewards or recognitions for cooperation and compliance behaviors consistent with task requirements. In the current economy, it is easy to state that both transformation and transactional leadership are widely used in organizations, however transactional leadership...
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...cannot function without leaders. Leader is the most substantial element of successful organizations. Becoming outstanding leaders, leadership skill is vital in order to drive the organizations forward. Several leadership principles are extensively used these days. Burns (1978) identified two types of leadership comprise of transactional and transformational leadership. Hence, leaders should be capable to indicate which theory should be applied in accordance with organization’s culture and objectives. This essay aims to evaluate the resemblances and the differences between transactional and transformational leadership as well as the feasibility to utilize a mixture of them by giving the definitions and examples followed by the supporting researches and studies. Initially, transactional and transformational leadership are different in terms of implementation and its outcomes. However, transformational leadership was developed from transactional leadership (Downton, 1973). Bass (1985) defined transactional leadership as an exchange activity that leaders execute to motivate subordinates in order to achieve their tasks by giving out reward or punishment correspond with their performance. Additionally, active and passive management by exception are taken into account when it comes to misconception and faults. Bass (1985) stated that transformational leadership emphasizes the value of subordinates, encourages them to perform extra effort, and assures their comprehension on organization’s...
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...Impact of Transformational Leadership on Follower Development and Performance: A Field Experiment Author(s): Taly Dvir, Dov Eden, Bruce J. Avolio, Boas Shamir Source: The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Aug., 2002), pp. 735-744 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069307 . Accessed: 13/10/2011 04:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Journal. http://www.jstor.org c Academy of Management Journal 2002, Vol. 45, No. 4, 735-744. IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON FOLLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE: A FIELD EXPERIMENT TALY DVIR DOV EDEN Tel Aviv University BRUCE J. AVOLIO University of Nebraska BOAS SHAMIR Hebrew University In a longitudinal, randomized field experiment, we tested the impact of transformational leadership, enhanced by training, on follower development and performance. Experimental group leaders received transformational...
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...INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP INSTITUTE IN COLLABORATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH The Role of Leadership in Improving the Quality of Teacher Education: The Case of Dr. Abdulmajid Hussein College of Teacher Education By Mohammed Abdi Obolos A Thesis Submitted to University of Greenwich and International Leadership Institute in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master in Transformational Leadership and Change October 2011 Jijiga Contents I. Table of Content .................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables 4 II. Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. 5 III. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Objectives of the study........................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Significance of the study..............................
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...According to Bruce Avolio, “What we have clearly learned is that leaders who can balance transactional and transformational leadership across time, situations, and challenges are the most effective” (Avolio 2011, 49). “People have a greater sense of ownership at the highest levels in terms of identification and are willing to provide the extra effort needed to succeed” (Avolio 2011, 49). Yet, Rusty Ricketson wrote, “Those who embrace the followerfirst perspective are not dependent on titles or positions in order to gain a sense of identity and worth. They understand that good leaders are good followers” (Ricketson 2014, 197). Although Avolio supports Full Range Leadership and Ricketson support Following-Leaders there are both differences and similarities in each perspective. Ricketson wrote, “One of the unique aspects of being a Following-Leader is that those who embrace the followerfirst perspective only need be who they are within the organization and, by default, they become Following-Leaders” (Ricketson 2014, 199). In contrast, Avolio shared, “Yet, although transformational leadership across time, organizations, cultures, and individuals seem to be the most effective form of leadership, it is important to reemphasize that without the more positive forms of transactional leadership such as setting expectations and goals, as well as monitoring performance, leaders and those lead would be limited in their ability to succeed” (Avolio 2011, 49). When faithful followers...
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...COMPARE AND CONTRAST FOUR LEADERSHIP MODELS UNIVERISTY OF PHOENIX There are four leadership models that I will talk about. These leadership models are Charismatic, Transformational, Servant, and Transactional. These styles of leadership hold significant differences. However, The Charismatic Leadership style refers to a special quality that enables the leader to mobilize and sustain activity within an organization through specific personal actions combined with perceived personal characteristics (Wren, 1995, p. 108). The charismatic leader has three components which include envisioning, energizing, and enabling. Charismatic leaders display behaviors that will inspire others. And their ethical values are very high. It seems likely that under normal ethical charismatic circumstances, a leader’s mirror-needs play a central role in his or her desire to become the focus of social attention (Avolio & Yammarino, 2002, p. 248). The Transformational Leadership style is quite rewarding. The transforming leader shapes, alters, and elevates the motives and values and goals of followers (Wren, 1995, p. 103). Transformational leadership focuses on culture and learning experiences in the workplace. Although not the most agreeable man in history, Adolf Hitler has inherently follows the charismatic leadership model. He had many followers that followed his leadership as a dictator, and he took advantage of his “followers independent of their inherent intentions, thereby opening the door...
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...Entrepreneurial Leadership Zachyra Torres Sotomayor Michael Padgett July 17, 2011 Create a hybrid theory/philosophy which combines the common elements found in the thinking of Case, Kouzes, and Drucker. In your philosophy, be sure to include the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership presented in Understanding Entrepreneurial Leadership in today’s Dynamic Markets. In order to understand and develop a hybrid theory or philosophy, one must understand what each individual concept entails. An entrepreneur is a “person who seeks a profitable opportunity and takes the necessary risks to set up and operate a business.” (Boone, & Kurtz, 2010) Entrepreneurship is defined by Boone & Kurtz (2010) as the “willingness to take risk”. Leadership is “the process of developing ideas and a vision, living by values that support those ideas and that vision, influencing others to embrace them in their own behaviors, and making hard decision about humans and other resources.” (Hellriegel, & Slocum, 2010) An entrepreneurial leadership is passionate, he or she must believe in the product or service that they are creating; is driven by accomplishing a goal while challenging the process. An entrepreneurial leader will find a cost effective way to make a better product or provide a better service. Another characteristic that sets apart an entrepreneurial leader is that is he or she enables others to act encouraging them to share ideas, celebrating their success and recognizing...
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...in the workforce. Moreover, this occurred just at the moment when corporations were demanding ever-greater performance and commitment from employees. Valencia, Spain (More) For companies, the challenge became a question of how to orchestrate transformational change while simultaneously building employee morale and commitment, a seemingly contradictory endeavour. In the view of Conger, these events had a direct impact on the study of leadership. It turned attention to the senior leaders in the belief that they possessed the power and resources to effectively implement significant organisational change. In the late 1970’s an approach to studies of leadership emerged which engaged a number of researchers in the USA and expanded to investigate the extent to which a new theory of leadership behaviour, based first on studies of politicians, could be applied internationally, was more valid in circumstances of crisis, applied to people at different levels and was true for both public and private organisations. Transformational Leadership Theory emerged from considerations by James McGregor Burns [3] of the histories of various political leaders. Burns identified two types of leadership style, transformational and transactional...
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...Chapter 9 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes • • • • • • • • • • • • • Describe personal meaning and how it influences attributions of charismatic qualities. Briefly explain Max Weber’s conceptualization of charisma. Describe the behavioral qualities that differentiate charismatic from noncharismatic leaders. Explain the locus of charismatic leadership. Discuss the effects of charismatic leadership on followers. Describe the characteristics that distinguish charismatic from noncharismatic leaders. Discuss how one can acquire charismatic qualities. Explain the difference between socialized and personalized charismatic leaders. Distinguish between charismatic and transformational leadership. Explain the difference between transformational and transactional leadership. Explain the four phases of the transformation process. Explain the basis of stewardship and servant leadership. Define the key terms listed at the end of the chapter. 2 Charismatic and Transformational Leaders • Often have a more heightened sense of who they are • Seem to have a clearer picture of their personal meaning or purpose in life sooner • Seek to actualize their personal meaning through leadership 3 Personal Meaning • Is the degree to which people’s lives make emotional sense and to which the demands confronted by them are perceived as being worthy of energy and commitment • Is the “work–life balance” ...
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...Leadership Training In Public Administration Mr. Khalid abdulaziz Introduction As leaderships training is one of the significant parts in each organization and it is one of the reasons to enhance the organization, this essay will discuses the two types of leadership and how they affect the organization. In Addition, this essay will take in consideration the organization structure and its culture. The main concern of this essay the relation between the leaders and their followers and how it is improved through leadership training. Background information In the recent years, many nations have seen a paradigm shift in public administration. This shift to a new paradigm is often referred to as new public management (NPM). In essence, NPM is based on two philosophies: economic rationalism and managerialism. In Australia, the implementation of reforms in public services have become more efficient, effective and economical (James 2005). This can be further enhanced when a market-oriented approach will be taken in public policies and with the introduction of business methods and practices in public sector management. Public sector management can be developed because of leadership training for organizational change. The ability to lead is not always acquired naturally. It is not always apparent and is not found in the behavior and personality of the individual. Proper education and training can draw the leadership ability and help it become...
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...H 13 Contemporary issues in leadership Inspirational approaches to leadership Traditional approaches to leadership ignore the importance of the leader as a communicator. Framing: a way of communicating to shape meaning. Framing is a way for a leader to influence others. Charismatic leadership Charismatic leadership: a leadership theory which states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours. Charismatic leaders have vision, they are willing to take risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs and they exhibit behaviours that are out of ordinary. Are charismatic leaders born or more? Individuals are born with traits that make them charismatic. But most experts believe that individuals also can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviours. How charismatic leaders influence followers Influencing others is a four-step process. It begins by the leader articulating an appealing vision. Vision: a long-term strategy of attaining a goal or goals. Once a vision and a vision-statement are established, the leader then communicates high performance expectations and expresses confidence that followers can attain them. Next, the leader conveys, through words and actions, a new set of values and, by his or her behaviour, sets an example for followers to imitate. Finally, the charismatic leader engages in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behaviour to demonstrate courage...
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...factors greatly affect how productive and efficient an organization is and how it is viewed by the employees. This helps leaders to have a better understanding of how and why employees behave in accordance with the culture and towards objectives assigned by management. Every firm or organization has a different and unique culture that is ever changing. It is important for leaders to identify the culture so that they can help to mold and form it to the most productive culture possible. Define the role an “adaptive” (transformational) vs. “strong” (transactional) culture performs in transforming an organization. Transactional leadership is defined as the influence of a leader towards his subordinates using rewards and punishment as a motivation mechanism (Northouse, 2013). This is based on the idea that a leader must give or take something from subordinates in order to get them to perform a task or act in a desirable way. Transformational leadership is where the leader works as a motivator and model to encourage followers to work because of their love or like of the job and not because of rewards or punishment. The leader also works to put people in positions to succeed based on their strengths and expertise and then challenges them to do...
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...Theory 2.2 Transformational Leadership Theory 2.3 Transactional Leadership Theory 3.0 Application of Tranformational Theory to Steve Jobs’s Leadership 4.0 Application of Transactional Theory to Steve Jobs’s leadership 5.0 Application of Hershey Blanchard Theory to Steve Jobs' leadership 6.0 Application of Path-Goal Theory to Steve Jobs’s leadership 7.0 Steve Jobs as a Charismatic leader 8.0 Uniqueness of Steve Jobs leadership 9.0 Conclusion Executive Summary Leadership style has an impact on all aspects of business in organization. Therefore over the last four decades, leadership scholars and practicing managers have been focused to identify those behaviors that affects a leader’s effectiveness in their leadership( Avolio, alumbwa, & Weber, 2009) The definition of ‘leadership’ and why it is important is vary to different people. (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2008) defined leadership as whether the leader’s abilities, personality traits, influence relationships, cognitive versus emotional orientation, individual versus group orientation, and/or appeal to self versus collective interests . The objective of this assignment is to analyze and comparing Steve Jobs leadership style and qualities with the selected leadership theories. This study identified the characteristics of Steve Jobs leadership which were matched with a combination of leadership theories of Path-Goal Theory, Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory, Transformational Leadership...
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