...Commencement of laytime Determining when laytime commences is essential for both owners and charterers. Both need to be aware when laytime starts so that any demurrage claim can be accurately evaluated. It is therefore important that both owners and charterers are able to effectively analyse the terms of the charterparty which deal with the conditions which need to be satisfied before the laytime clock starts running. I will review the main conditions that are generally required to be satisfied and indicate some of the common pitfalls and errors which can arise. In general there are three main conditions which need to be met under most charterparties before laytime can commence. These concern the arrival and readiness of the vessel and the tender of the Notice of Readiness ("NOR"). We will consider these in turn. Arrival The first requirement for the commencement of laytime is that the vessel must be arrived ship. Simply, to have 'arrived' at a port, a vessel must have reached either the loading/discharging place or, should that place be busy, the normal waiting place. The vessel must be “arrived ship” so that the notice of readiness will be valid when given. If the Notice of Readiness is invalid when given, it will be ineffective to trigger the laytime (or to start the "laytime clock") upon the expiry of the stipulated period of notice. Notice of Readiness can be given orally, but usually a written form is used. It is an important function of a port agent to assist...
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...Impact of unstable Economic on Transportation Like many economic activities that are intensive in infrastructures, the transport sector is an important component of the economy impacting on development and the welfare of populations. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive multipliers effects such as better accessibility to markets, employment and additional investments. When transport systems are deficient in terms of capacity or reliability, and the unstable economy hey can have an economic cost such as reduced or missed opportunities. Transport also carries an important social and environmental load, which cannot be neglected. Thus, from a general standpoint the unstable economic impacts on transportation can be direct and indirect: • Direct impacts related to accessibility change where the unstable economy is disabling larger markets to save time and costs. • Indirect impacts related to the economic multiplier effects where the price of commodities, goods or services drop and/or their variety increases. Mobility is one of the most fundamental and important characteristics of economic activity as it satisfies the basic need of going from one location to the other, a need shared by passengers, freight and information. All economies and regions do not share the same level of mobility as most are in a different stage in their mobility transition. Economies that possess greater mobility are often...
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...warehousing inventory, transport and delivery. The range of activities involved are: 1) Freight forwarding 2) Customs brokerage 3) Freight auditing and payment 4) Vehicle control and communication 5) Product identification and tracking 6) Information system (optimization in management) 7) Transportation services / brokerage 8) Transportation equipment / leasing 9) Private fleet assets / management 10) Warehousing 11) Order management and fulfillment 12) Cross docking 13) Value added, assembly and configuration 14) Site location Transport principles in logistic The larger the capacity transportation vehicles are less costly per unit of freight than smaller capacity vehicle in economy of scale. In the economy of distance the decrease of transportations coast per unit of weight as distance increase. However, to maximize the size of load and the distance being shipped while still meeting the customer expectation. Land logistic Land logistics is a very important link in logistics activities. It extends the delivery services for air and maritime transport from airports and seaports. The most positive characteristic of land logistics is the high accessibility level in land areas. The main transport modes of land logistics are railway transport, road freight transport and pipeline transport. However there are same advantages and disadvantages of these transports mode. For example: Railway transport has advantages...
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...Economic Benefits from Air Transport in Nigeria Nigeria country report Acknowledgements Oxford Economics gratefully acknowledge the help that we received from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in preparation of this report. Through a survey conducted by IATA many organisations across the aviation industry supplied us with data that has formed an integral part of our analysis. In addition, the Airports Council International (ACI) very kindly provided us data on the economic activities at airports. We would like to thank all these organisations for their generosity in supplying this data, without which this report could not have been written. A note on the data reported in the report Unless otherwise stated, the numbers reported in this report relate to the calendar year 2010. Oxford Economics 2012 v1.1 2 Nigeria country report Contents Facts & figures.......................................................................................... 4 1 1.1 1.2 Consumer benefits for passengers and shippers ......................... 7 Consumer benefits ..................................................................................... 7 Estimated consumer benefits ..................................................................... 8 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Enabling long-term economic growth............................................ 9 Connectivity and the cost of air transport services .................................... 9 How aviation...
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...Transport Means & Modes 1- Transport Means : These means of transport are : Cars (trucks) , Ships, Trains, Planes and Pipes. These are the means which are used either for carrying people or carrying the goods from one place to another. 2- Transport Mode : Is the mode or the environment in which the mean is running or moving. Thus, we could say that the land roads are the mode for cars, buses and trucks. Sea is the mode for ships and marine crafts. Railway is the mode for trains. Air is the mode for the planes. And finally the pipeline is mode for pipe transportation. First : The Land Roads When building the roads there are certain requirements which should be considered and require special engineers who are specialized in this aspect in order to meet the local and the international requirements and standards which include the speed limits for cars and trucks, number of lanes, width of each lane, the degree of the steeps and the radius of the curves and many other things. Factors to be considered when planning for building a road : The highway roads and those which are designed for heavy lift trucks should pass out towns and cities in order to minimize traffic, noise and pollution inside the towns. When planning for a road or roads network it should be done to be capable of serving the future traffic considering the possibilities of the increasing population, number of cars and trucks and the expected increment in moving goods. Roads should...
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...nswer: Using a handheld computer (DIAD ), UPS drivers automatically capturecustomers’ signatures along with pickup, delivery, and time-card information. Thedrivers then place the DIAD into their truck’s vehicle adapter, an information-transmitting device that is connected to the cellular telephone network. Packagetracking information is then transmitted to UPS’s computer network for storageand processing in UPS’s main computers in Mahwah, New Jersey, andAlpharetta, Georgia. From there, the information can be accessed worldwide toprovide proof of delivery to the customer or to respond to customer queries.(asinputs) Through its automated package tracking system, UPS can monitor packages throughout the delivery process. At various points along the route fromsender to receiver, a bar code device scans shipping information on the packagelabel; the information is then fed into the central computer. The people who areshipping packages can access the UPS website to track packages, checkdelivery roots, calculate shipping rates, determine time in transit and schedule apick up. Businesses can use the website to arrange UPS shipments and for billing the accounts. Q2. What technologies are used by UPS? How are these technologies related toUPS’s business strategy? Answer: Since 1985 UPS began to improve their data networking applications.They built up their IT network and database in order to collect and track over 200data elements for every single package. Through UPS.com new UPS could...
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...DVD For Less DVD for less is an online business that makes all of its money from customers that shop for DVD players online. Their competitive advantage is that they can sell DVD players for around $200 less than its competitors because it benefits hugely from low costs from its suppliers. DVD for less has now outsourced its warehousing and storage activities to an external firm, this firm is called Baselio Logistics who is charging them $500,000 annually for the warehousing of their inventory. This strategic move is going to have a positive impact on the business overall because their costs will decrease drastically. These costs that will decrease include the warehousing costs, average inventory costs and the carrying costs. Previously DVD for less was paying $1.46 million for warehousing and had an average inventory of $5 million of which the carrying cost was $1.25 million. Also under these circumstances their order fill rate was 97% and of the other 3% of the customers, 1% would cancel their orders and 2% would be unhappy but wait for the second delivery all these customers would also be compensated for the company’s mistake with a $35 coupon towards any of their products. Every late order would also have a handling fee of $20 per order so this would be a waste of $55 per customer for every customer that received the incorrect order. This is another extra cost that the company would need to pay. After the company’s warehousing and storage was handled by Baselio Logistics...
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...ABC Category: Company sells 500 products, annual sales = 10 M. B&C items stored in ware house. A=top 50 selling items, ¾ of ttl sales. 2/3 of remaining are C, & account for 5% of ttl sales. T/O A=10:1, B= 4:1, C = 2:1. Category # items % ttl sales T/O A 50 3/4= 75% 10:1 B 150 20% 4:1 C 300 5% 2:1 WH 450 25% How many C items? B+C = 500-50 = 450 -> 2/3*450 = 300 C items Avg Val Inv for B? Annual Sales = 100%-75%(A) – 5% (C) = 20 % (B) 20%*10M = 2M/4 =500,000 Avg Val of Inv in WH? (B= 500K) + (C=.05*10M/2=250K) = 750K Calculate TTL cost for Shipments: Engine = 1000 lbs = 10 CWT TTL demand CA plants 10 engine/week, 1 shpmnt per week, Trans cost= 18 $/cwt + 100 fixed per shpmnt TTL annual cost of current plan? 10 eng/week * 10 cwt/engine * 18 $/cwt + 100 $/wk (10*10*18 + 100) * 52 = 98,800 $/ year New Lrg shipment + reg Shipment? 95,160 $/yr Lrg: 12 $/cwt + 200 fixed, 1 shpmnt / 4 weeks (40 eng/4 wks *12 $/cwt *10 cwt/eng*200/4 wks )x 52/4)=$65,000 Reg: 5 $/cwt + 80 fixed, 1 shpmnt/week (10 eng/wk * 5 $/cwt * 10 cwt/eng * 80 $/wk) x 52wk/yr = $30,160 Prof = Rev – Cost: Each % increase est. to increase rev 400k Current LVL: 90%, cost = 2.5 M $/yr Alt 1 LVL: 92%, cost = 3 M$/yr Alt 2 LVL: 95%, cost 4 M $/yr Alt 3 LVL: 99%, cost = 6M $/yr Alt 1 Profit Increase = 2*.4 – (3-2.5) = .3 M Alt 2 Profit Increase = 5*.4 – (4-2.5) = .5 M Alt 3...
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...Week 1 – Assignment 1: Globalization Describe FIVE ways in which globalization of processes increases competitiveness of firms in your country. Globalization is the most important factor in a company’s growth and continued success within today’s competitive market. Competition in both domestic and foreign markets is increasing steadily, making it mandatory for companies to keep a global focus and strategy to maintain or grow their current market share. Domestic firms have managed to increase their competitiveness through globalization of processes. For example, some domestic companies have managed to outsource many of their engineering and technological development to other countries which decreases overhead expense. This type of function allows the company to drive out cost and become more attractive in its domestic environment. Companies have also looked at the purchasing process and have opted to purchase their supplies from differing global suppliers. These globally sourced products are relatively cheaper than domestic products, which again drives cost out and helps maintain a company’s competitive advantage. Domestic firms have also streamlined the communication process as a means of improving the global communication process through internet, instant messenger, cell-phones, etc. Companies that have lowered transportation costs in a global environment will have a great competitive advantage over other organizations whose process is not as streamlined. Domestic firms...
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...TYPE OF SUPPLY BASE When choosing what type of supply base to source from HL for COS must first decide whether they want to source from a narrow or wide supply base. Both have advantages and disadvantages, for example a wide supply base offers choice and flexibility as well as variety but a narrow supply base creates greater negotiating power as you build up a closer relationship with the supplier. As HL for COS is a carefully selected range of just 32 pieces a narrow supply base is more appropriate in this case as it offers the chance to have a greater involvement and control over the production of the garments. This would be a necessity when creating the HL for COS range. SOURCING STYLE The H&M group use Hubs when sourcing their garments this means that they have smaller offices regulating and controlling the factories they use during production of garments this helps with communication between the supplier and the company as well as regulating and monitoring the working conditions of the people employed by the supplier and ensuring that garment production runs smoothly. The choice of using a hub is one of many, including working directly with the supplier, sourcing from a wholesaler and using an agent to source product. Each method has its own pros and cons such as working directly with the supplier builds up relationships and allows tighter regulating of the process. However it will cost more to continually travel between the UK based HO and the country the supplier...
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...sdfsadafsdfsdfsdfAutomobiles come in all shapes and sizes. They range from having comfort and speed, to excitement and price. There are many different types of vehicles to choose from in this new technological world. Some are for thrills, racing, off-roading, and for the boring people, a mode of transportation. Hundreds upon thousands of vehicles fill the roads and highways every day, and many don’t need to be there, due to just people driving for no reason. There are really three types of automobiles that are the greatest in number on the road. These types that fill the roads are cars, trucks, and SUV’s. Each vehicle is very different and really all contain what a person is looking for. Cars are the most common form of vehicle on the roads today. Cars can really be categorized into a few types, from economy, luxury, and sports cars. Economic cars usually cost less, and get more efficient gas mileage. They are great for the average family or single person. A few examples of these cars are Civics, Cavaliers, and the new hybrid cars. Luxury cars are more for the people who have too much money on there hands. The gas mileage is not too bad, but the car can cost a pretty penny. Some examples of these cars are Cadillac, BMW, Mercedes, and Lexus. Luxury cars have the most smoothing cruising and really are the best for relaxation. The final type of car is the sports car. These cars are the ones that cost the most and guzzle gas like no other. They range in the highest price range and...
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...III. External Analysis Opportunities: The second of the SWOT analysis includes a look at Harley Davidson’s biggest opportunities and threats. Harley currently operates in what is known as they heavyweight cycle market (over 650cc engines), this means that the sheer size and weight of their bikes set them apart from some of their other lighter, faster rivals. The heavyweight market can be broken down into three different segments cruisers, touring bikes, and performance models. Cruisers are the bikes that are generally associated with Harley Davidson’s, big, loud, low riders that are generally considered to be macho cycles. This style was introduced by Harley and makes up for more than half of the market. Touring bikes are motorcycles that are specifically designed for long distance riding. These bikes normally have features that include two way radios for the driver and passenger, heaters, radio, padded seats etc. This section of the market is dominated by car companies such as Honda and BMW who have engineered their bikes to provide the rider with a smoother, more comfortable ride over long distances. Lastly, performance models are modeled after racing bikes only larger. These bikes have the latest in high-tech engines and put their emphasis on speed and acceleration instead of comfort or styling. These bikes are the ones that generally dominate the European and Asian markets. One of Harley’s biggest opportunities for growth is overseas in areas such as Europe, China...
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...QUESTIONNAIRE Personal Identification 1) Name: - . 2) Sex: - A) Male B) Female 3) Age: - A) 15-25 B) 25-35 C) 35-45 D) 45-55 E) 55-65 4) Occupation: - . 5) Education: - . 6) Address: - . 7) Ph/Mob No: - . 8) Annual Income: - A) Less than 10000/- B) More than 10000/- C) More than 20000/- 9) Size of the Family: - A) Joint Family B) Single Family 10) Frequency of visit to the Bazaar: - A) Weekly B) Monthly C) Quarterly 11) Number of person accompanying with: - 12) Are you villager...
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...Can RFID System ? (Answer with “yes” , “no” or “possible“ and explain how) * Monitor and read all the vehicles in violation of the speed at one time? * Inform the driver when their license is expired? * Inform the owner of the vehicle that the vehicle registration is expired with the identification number plate? * Link the system with the traffic lights; monitor the vehicle in excess of the red light to notify the control room as well as the owner of the vehicle? * Make a special register for the vehicles of each ministry, establishment or corporation separately for the follow-up according to the agreement with the police? * Fix a device on the bridges that measures high load of heavy vehicles, locomotives, using a red light in the case where the load is higher than allowed? * Link the traffic system with the passport system in the land and air stations? * Detect the location of an accident when connecting to 999 with the number palate of the vehicle? * Traffic control on the internal main roads in cities, as well as other roads can be monitored if the system is installed and activated? * Locate police patrols and individuals on the roads? Link the system with GPS to cover all parts of the Sultanate and it has other benefits? * Link the airport card entry permit system to monitor the presence of people’s sites? * Restrict the speed of heavy vehicles with a code to reduce the speed limits. * Documentation of vehicles...
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...Summary: This topic is about ‘world car’. Hence world car means only single type of car that production and marketing globally. But they observe that it is too much expensive to produce. So first time Company pull up this project. Later they again want to establish this project in 1981 but again they were failed to establish. But company determined to establish this project. Finally 1993 with well-coordinated teams and designers from around the world finally company produced the car. Question and Answers: 1.Is the company’s new car really a ‘world car’? Why or why not? Ans:I think it is not ‘world car’. Because ‘world car’ means that used globally. But this car not used globally. Even in Europe this car not sells regularly. The car was having problem in Europe. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of trying to develop a single product for a global market? Ans: There are some advantages and disadvanges develop a single product for a global market. Advantages: #Cost minimized #Minimum Resource #Easier to produce #Easier to marketing Disadvantages: #Not to easy for global marketing. # Many of the undeveloped and developing country will not be able to purchase the car due to high currency fluctuations. # It is tough to maintain the same standard for different countries. #. Different market will not accept until it fulfills their requirements 3. Should an automobile company have a strategy for developing for developing such a product? Why...
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