...Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor of worse outcomes. Although many researchers in this field have shared...
Words: 1624 - Pages: 7
...QUANTITATIVE ARTICLE REVIEW Context-Sensitive Positive Behavior Supports for Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Second Replication Study EDUC 518 February 7, 2014 SUMMARY Traumatic brain injury or TBI as it is sometimes called is the injury of the brain that is caused by a powerful force outside of the body. Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in childhood (Kraus, 1995). As a result of TBI, many young children/students display negative behaviors ranging from aggression and rage to depression and withdrawal from peers and other adults. Aggression has been found to be the most prevalent problem behavior of children who receive a TBI during early childhood. Research shows that children who obtain traumatic brain injuries at an early age are more likely to development more challenging behaviors compared to children who might be injured at a later age of development. The purpose of this study was to replicate a previous study that was used to investigate the effects of multicomponent cognitive-behavioral intervention on students with behavioral problems due to traumatic brain injury. The study combined cognitive, behavioral and executive functions along with communication intervention. The hypothesis of the research was that a multicomponent (CBEF) or cognitive behavioral executive function intervention would aid in lowering the amount and frequency of problem behaviors while increasing the...
Words: 1371 - Pages: 6
...system used to describe the level of consciousness in a person a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This scale does have its limitations when it comes to its use in pediatrics, but it continues to be a great method of estimating severity of TBI. There now is a pediatric version of the GCS that has been altered to accommodate the different ages in children (Pediatric Care Online). This article performed a study to see if there is any correlation between a pediatric patients GCS score and later cerebral atrophy after a traumatic brain injury. Protection of Human Participants In the article the authors do not address any risks or benefits that may come from participating in this study. There were no risks that I could identify from reading the article, as participants were to only receive a quantitative magnetic resonance image (QMRI) approximately four months after a TBI. I also do no think that there is anything beneficial for the patient from this research study, as it seems that the final results will benefit future TBI victims in determining if they will be faced cerebral atrophy. There was no mention in the article about informed consent, but no personal information was disclosed in the article. The authors did not mention if there was an approval by an institutional review board. The only patient disclosed information was age, gender, ethnicity, handedness, socioeconomic status, initial GCS score, and mechanism of injury of the patients. Data Collection The authors did not specify...
Words: 1066 - Pages: 5
...Traumatic brain injury also known and abbreviated as TBI, it is described to different for every person, and varies depending on the circumstances. TBI is a disability that is recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and a very common injury. Playing tackle football or even romping around with siblings can cause this injury, and very commonly overlooked due to no visible injuries but can be very dangerous and life-threatening if not looked at by medical professionals. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury varies from state to state. However, in the state of Kentucky the definition for students to be to be categorized by this disability “is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an...
Words: 1010 - Pages: 5
...for Traumatic Brain Injury 1. Introduction and core story elements a. What is the overview of the purpose of the study and the problem discussed? i. Research has shown that hypothermia has neuroprotective effects and might be an effective source of treatment for patients with head injuries. When discussing the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injuries, hypothermia is a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to compare existing research on the use of hypothermia with TBI patients to determine if it is an adequate form of treatment. b. Is the problem clearly stated? . Yes. Hypothermia has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and may have benefit in the treatment of head injuries. However, it is a controversial treatment in traumatic brain injury. c. Is the problem clearly supported with literature? . The question is supported by literature but the conclusion is not. d. What are the research questions? . Is hypothermia an adequate form of treatment to prevent secondary injury in patients with a TBI? e. Are the questions clearly stated? . The question was not clearly stated within this article. The introduction leads up to the idea that hypothermia is an effective treatment for TBI but there is not a clear PICOT formed question. Evaluate the literature reviewed . What literature was reviewed to support the purpose and need for the study? . Brain Trauma Foundation. (2007). Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury:...
Words: 1035 - Pages: 5
... Dr. D.L. James Editor-‐in-‐Chief Student Perspectives in Cognitive Neuroscience 1 August 2014 Dear Dr. James, I would like to submit my article entitled, “Recovery from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Case Study-‐Susan” for publication as a review article in the Student Perspective in Cognitive Neuroscience. The article traces traumatic brain injury in an eight-‐year-‐old child with a premorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and challenging family environment. With the aid of Luria’s conceptual approach to brain organisation and function, and Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, we are able to gauge the impact of the trauma on brain function and also the long term effects...
Words: 5670 - Pages: 23
...7/21/2015 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Degenerative Cognitive Diseases Buck (2011) conducted an advanced review of current literature involving the growing issue of repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) and its long lasting effects on creating degenerative cognitive diseases titled Mild Traumatic Brain Injury; A Silent Epidemic in Our Practices. MTBI can cause a host of degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia pugilistica, as well as a multitude of sensory, emotional, behavioral, communicational, and intellectual issues. These can range from difficulty regarding memory or speaking to depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Repeated MTBI has proven to especially dangerous as it is often more difficult to diagnose due to the relatively minor immediate implications that it presents, as opposed to the more blunt and obvious symptoms of severe or moderate TBI. Buck (2011) states that “A diagnosis of severe or moderate TBI is relatively straightforward given the availability of diagnostic technology, including computer tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging. Mild injuries, however, are far more difficult to diagnosis”. This is due to an underreporting of MTBI by those who suffer from this variety of head trauma as the symptoms may be subdued enough in order to not cause an alarm as well as current technology not being able “to reliably detect the neural damage that occurs in mild injuries”. Another major...
Words: 1072 - Pages: 5
...concussion, such as decreased activity in the primary motor cortex resulting in a slower reaction time. Introduction: The brain is an organ that serves as the centre of the nervous system in all humans. The brain is located in the head, encased in a skull usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in the body of most living organisms. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons allow the brain to send messages throughout the body actions such as movement. Structures...
Words: 1364 - Pages: 6
...responsibility is to treat and evaluate players after an injury. While they claim that they only release players if they are completely free of symptoms and that also the players consent to feeling normal, the NFL should take on more responsibility with current and former players and acknowledge fact that they have knowingly allowed players to compete in games when they should have been kept on the sideline. There have been over 4100 former players who have been diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) which also includes illnesses like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. There have been several suicide related deaths that have left many unanswered questions. Some have even left suicide notes that requested that their brain to be researched. Additionally, medical research has been able to show connection through several studies that head injuries, especially repeated, can cause traumatic brain damage. The main point of this research paper is to argue that repeated head injuries suffered by current and former NFL players are directly related to the neurological problems and the deaths of Junior Seau, Jovan Belcher and others, while also presenting the reactive measures that are taking place to prevent future occurrences in regards to rules and equipment. Every NFL football team is assigned a medical staff that is a paid member(s) of the organization. Their sole purpose is to tend to players after they have an on the field injury during a practice or game. The history behind...
Words: 2270 - Pages: 10
...Stephen Mannar Instructor: NRS -433V Nursing Research December 11, 2011 Caring Science | Sources 1. Legitimizing basic research by evaluating quality.Abstract:The aim of this study was to use ethical arguments to strengthen the relationship between the concepts of legitimacy and evaluation. The analysis is based on the ethics of Levinas and Buber and is motivated by a sense of responsibility using dialogical ideology as a mediator. The main questions in this study consider the following: Does caring science as an independent academic discipline have the moral responsibility to develop a theory for evaluating the quality of basic research? and Will such a quality evaluation theory have a reasonable probability of introducing legitimization into caring science? On an ethical level, this study introduces a meaningful interaction inspired by social demands and is linked to the concept of research justification. Legitimization turns from an abstract idea to an achievable entity by an act. The act of evaluation has the likelihood of delegating legitimacy and empowers the foundation of caring science, which in turn will become a cornerstone of nursing. At this stage there is no intention to develop an evaluation theory, rather to create a meaningful discussion for the future development of an ethics-based theory.2. Watson's caring science as a framework...
Words: 1284 - Pages: 6
...responsibility is to treat and evaluate players after an injury. While they claim that they only release players if they are completely free of symptoms and that also the players consent to feeling normal, the NFL should take on more responsibility with current and former players and acknowledge fact that they have knowingly allowed players to compete in games when they should have been kept on the sideline. There have been over 4100 former players who have been diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) which also includes illnesses like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. There have been several suicide related deaths that have left many unanswered questions. Some have even left suicide notes that requested that their brain to be researched. Additionally, medical research has been able to show connection through several studies that head injuries, especially repeated, can cause traumatic brain damage. The main point of this research paper is to argue that repeated head injuries suffered by current and former NFL players are directly related to the neurological problems and the deaths of Junior Seau, Jovan Belcher and others, while also presenting the reactive measures that are taking place to prevent future occurrences in regards to rules and equipment. Every NFL football team is assigned a medical staff that is a paid member(s) of the organization. Their sole purpose is to tend to players after they have an on the field injury during a practice or game. The history behind...
Words: 2271 - Pages: 10
...symptoms of repeated concussions Those close to Seau knew something was not right the man they all knew and loved. Some of them just chalked it up to him adjusting to life after football. Many players go through an adjustment period after stepping down from a glorious career in the limelight. However, this was not the case with Seau. He was suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy, CTE. What is unique about Seau’s suicide is he shot himself in the chest. The common belief is he did this to preserve his brain for scientist to study how it was affected by suffering many concussions during his 20 year football career. And, eight months after his death, the scientists who examined his brain announced they had found evidence of CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), a dire neurological disease linked to concussions, which has been a factor in the deaths of many other NFL players (Penn, 2013). The fact that a player would kill himself because he was suffering from symptoms of repeated concussions speaks to the importance of properly diagnosing and treating head injuries. Other players have suffered from the symptoms of brain trauma. Some, like Dave Dureson, have even taken their own lives. These two incidents are on the extreme end of the spectrum what can happen to an athlete that has suffered multiple concussions and may not have received proper treatment. However, these two incidents bring to light the need for a clinically trained neurologist to lead a medical/training staff...
Words: 1674 - Pages: 7
...External Ventricular Drainage Intracranial pressure refers to the pressure exerted by the brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the skull. The normal range for ICP measurement is 0-15 mmHg. The cerebral perfusion pressure indirectly reflects the adequacy of cerebral blood flow. The CPP is derived by a mathematical calculation subtracting ICP from the mean arterial pressure (MAP). The normal range for adults is approximately 60-100 mmHg or a mean of 80 mmHg. The optimal CPP for a given patient depends on the clinical condition. Clinical conditions that frequently result in an increased ICP are traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, brain tumor, meningitis and hydrocephalus. Increasing ICP causes decrease CPP, impaired autoregulation, hypotension, hypoxemia, cerebral ischemia, hypercarbia, hyperthermia and hypo/hyperglycemia. The goal of care is to prevent the secondary brain injury that results from increased ICP. An EVD (external ventricular drain) may be indicated in these cases. It is considered the most accurate ICP monitor while allowing for drainage of CSF. The procedure to place drain may be performed at the bedside under sterile conditions or in the OR. Nursing Considerations * Obtain pre procedure assessment to provide baseline data including vital signs, LOC, sensation and motor function, cranial nerve function and mental status. * Obtain...
Words: 548 - Pages: 3
...Neuropsychology Name: Institution: The working of the human brain is an aspect that many have tried to fathom as well as study in a bid to understand how it works. Many have been taken aback by what they have been able to figure out about the brain and its functions. The brain has over time been regarded as one of the most important organs in the body, and that can be tied to the fact that most bodily functions can be controlled by the single organ. The destruction or the dysfunction of the brain could mean death or even other problems such as mental disorders. The field of memory, cognition and thought are unique areas when it comes to understanding the functioning of the brain. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with being able to study how the brain works as well as why people act as they do. Some areas are involved in the field of neuropsychology with each of them being a crucial pillar. Cognitive neurology deals with studying the mental process such as memory, creativity, thinking and perception (Mohn & Rund, 2016). That means being able to understand the inner workings of the brain and its relation to the mind. Clinical psychology deals with the management as well as the rehabilitation of individuals who have suffered from illnesses as well as injuries that cause neurocognitive problems. That may include post-traumatic stress disorder patients or bipolar disorder patients. The field also covers behavioral neurology which deals with memory, behavior and cognition...
Words: 3097 - Pages: 13
...head injury by helmet to helmet hit in the NFL Football is known to be a hard hitting sport and its spectators claim that those who play it already know the risks. One of the major injuries in football is a concussion or severe head injury which can lead to paralysis or fatality hence ending their career. This has been a big issue in the past years the National Football League and many solutions have been brought up to avoid these injuries. Every season the NFL introduces new rules outlining proper ways to hit in order to avoid certain injuries. Although these rules are introduced, concussions and other head injuries are still increasing by each football season. It is therefore important to understand the basis of this risk by performing an analysis and understanding its probabilities and consequences. The purpose of this project is performing a risk analysis of the underlying issue and come up with mitigation action. First the decision is identified, in this case, helmet to helmet hit or an illegal hit as defined by the NFL. The undesired outcome of this decision is players having concussions or severe head injuries while others even end up getting paralyzed. A risk avoidance or mitigation action will then be taken. The project will include statistical data available from numerous sources provided by the NFL and other independent studies. These data sets will be used in analysis from a set number of seasons. Methods of analysis such as cause effect, fault tree analysis and...
Words: 663 - Pages: 3
