...‘flight or fight’ response. Symptoms commonly associated with PD are: palpitations, accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling and shaking, fear of losing control, abdominal distress and fear of dying. Studies across the developed world have shown that PD prevalence is between 1.4% and 2.9%, with more women being affected by PD (Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2003). PD can lead to serious consequences which can result in recurrent panic attacks, alcohol and drug abuse or risk of attempting suicide, if not treated (Bouton, Mineka, & Barlow, 2001). The three treatment methods that will be assessed are: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) augmented by panic surfing, a combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy using serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and short term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP). It will be argued that a combination of CBT and SSRI is the best treatment for PD. CBT is a method that involves a paradigm of a fight or flight response and the role of bodily hyper-vigilance. Panic surfing is used to reduce anxiety by ‘riding out the wave of anxiety’ instead of trying to control the symptoms. (Lamplugh, Berle, Milicevic, & Starcevic, 2008). In Lamplugh et al. study there were eighteen participants in the study, fifteen of which were women who attended the anxiety clinic. Their mean age was 35.6 years. Of the eighteen, 10 participants (55.6 %) were married, 4 participants (22.2%) had post secondary qualifications and 10 were in paid employment...
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...is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT therapists believe maladaptive thoughts cause us to misinterpret reality leading to distressing emotions, physical symptoms and dysfunctional behaviour, which can cause depression. The aim of CBT is to identify and then alter these maladaptive thoughts as well as any dysfunctional behaviour, which may be contributing to depression. They will first look at how the negative schema affects current behaviour and try and teach individuals how to see the link between their thoughts, emotions and behaviour. This process is called ‘thought catching’. When the NAT’s are identified the therapist will often present evidence to challenge their negative thinking and think of other ways of explaining a situation using normal cognitions. The patient will be set homework where they may have to do a task/ experiment or have to write a diary which records emotions. In the case of a ‘task’ the therapist will set something the person can do such as taking the minutes at a meeting. They will then discuss the outcome of the task at the next session. CBT believes that by maximising the cognitive change you can maximise the effectiveness of the therapy session. CBT is a more active therapy compared to drugs with patients having to take a role in the treatment. There are usually between 16-20 sessions of which a person has a couple a week and then they may have booster sessions sparsely spread throughout the year. CBT has been found to be effective. Butler...
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...Procedures of CISD include in groups single session therapy that lasts for 3 to 4 hours and the treatment is conducted within 24 to 72 hours of severe trauma (Lilienfeld, 2007). The rationale behind this treatment is that people that have undergone similar traumatic experiences can share their concerns and provide social support to each other with the goals to prevent the symptoms of PTSD from surfacing. Preventing the symptoms of PTSD is one of the advantages of CISD because prevention is always better than cure and since PTSD’s symptoms disrupt the daily lives of patients, it is best to eliminate any chances of the symptoms occurring in the first place. However, a literature review on Potentially Harmful Therapies (PHTs) had listed CISD as having an adverse long-term effect and is considered harmful because it interrupts natural healing process of the patients (Lilienfeld, 2007). Besides, CISD as a type of intervention to prevent the symptoms of PTSD is said to contribute to the patients’ self-fulfilling prophecy in which CISD in a way creates the initially non-existing symptoms with the treatment session enhancing the idea causing the patients to unconsciously accept and eventually exhibit the symptoms (Lilienfeld, 2007). Generally, CISD is not effective as a treatment for PTSD based on several previously conducted RCTs as the reduction of symptoms shown by the patients is...
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... therefore, supports the use of psychological therapies, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Family Intervention (FI) in ameliorating psychotic symptoms. As such we should consider our choice strategy when targeting psychotic symptoms,...
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...CBT is a type of psychotherapy a type of psychotherapy in which negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders such as depression. CBT focuses on current issues and symptoms of patients. It takes around 12-20 weekly sessions, combined with daily practice exercises designed to help the patient to use new skills on a day-to-day basis. It is a very useful in dealing with emotional problems. There are 2 aims of CBT, the first one is to identify and correct faulty cognitions and unhealthy behaviors. When getting CBT, a patient is asked to do cognitive restructuring. It encourages patients to think about which thoughts are linked with depressed feelings and help patients to correct them. Cognitive restructuring uses the idea that people’s interpretations and inferences about the things that happen to them affect their thinking and behavior as a basis. Cognitive process can be distorted but as they are able to access to consciousness, a person can change them. So, when a depression patient focus too much on their failure, therapist would try to refocus his attention to something he did well. CBT is based on cognitive therapy which is constructed by Beck. He suggests that there are six patterns of faulty thinking which may lead to depression. They...
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...”Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a class of interventions that share the basic premise that mental disorders and psychological distress are maintained by cognitive factors”(Hofmann 2).CBT is a medley of cognitive and behavioral therapies, that work together to counter negative thinking through rhetorical means and behavioral adjustments. The concept behind CBT is that negative thoughts such as criticism, anxiety, grief, and devaluing one's demeanor, result in elevated susceptibility. CBT, essentially goes on to target and modify the way a person behaves, senses, and comes to realization, over a long-term period of time. Adolescent schizophrenia is an intriguing and perplexing disorder where the brain becomes extremely impaired. Some...
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...The only mediated subject variable was the age; 50 participants were selected for each defined age group using a computerized random selection process. Participants were ages 18 - 70 years, with a confirmed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis of Schizophrenia. All were generally healthy, were taking antipsychotic medication for their symptoms for at least 1 month prior to study, and did not use any recreational substance besides nicotine or caffeine. Every participant was a frequent smoker, with an average of 14 cigarettes smoked per day. Participants were informed of the study in full and signed consent forms, agreeing to begin a dose of the medication and attend CBT once per week. People with suicidal ideation, substance abuse other than nicotine or caffeine, another disease or illness, nicotine use other than cigarettes, or in another medical study were not used in the...
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...behavioural treatment programs for comorbid geriatric insomnia. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 288-298. Rybarczyk et al. (2002) found that the literature addressing geriatric insomnia provides evidence of the efficacy of several behavioural treatments, but that most research with this population has excluded those with comorbid medical illness. Thirty-eight geriatric patients with comorbid insomnia and medical illness participated in this randomised controlled trial, which allocated them to either cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT), home-based audio relaxation treatment (HART), or delayed-treatment control conditions using stratified random allocation. Seven self-rate or self-report and one actigraphy measures assessed between- and within-group differences at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 4-month follow-up. The CBT included weekly group sessions with behavioural and cognitive components, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene education. The HART participants received audiotape recordings with four relaxation and sleep-training programmes and a guidebook with behavioural components. Control participants completed the same interval assessments as the treatment groups and were offered HART at the end of 6 months. The study found differential improvement between the CBT and control groups at post-treatment and follow-up on five of seven sleep measures and a clinically significant difference for sleep efficiency between the HART and control groups at post-treatment. It concluded...
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...Micro Assessment 2 Abstract This Micro Assessment is about a client named Jane Doe that presented at CPS in Copperas Cove after having an altercation with her husband. Jane is a young mother that has a history of mental health and anger management issues. She has been married for just over a year. The client and her husband have a history of arguing and fussing in front of the children. Jane Jane was arrested after grabbing a knife and trying to stab her husband with the knife. When she did not succeed at stabbing him with the knife Jane went upstairs and overdosed on several pills. She was taken to the hospital and was immediately signed out by her mother that works at the hospital. Because of her leaving the hospital against doctor’s advice, CPS was called to remove Jane’s children from the home for their safety. This Micro Assessment will give detailed history about Jane and give suggested client-directed treatment plans for her treatment options. Micro Assessment 3 Assessment Demographics: Name: Doe, Jane Age: 20 years old Name(s) of Parent(s)/Guardian(s): Peggy Sue Williams Client/Family Members present at assessment: Jane Doe, John Doe, and Peggy Sue Williams ...
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...Outline and evaluate one biological therapy and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Schizophrenia, a psychotic disorder in which an individual has lost touch with their sense of reality, has been treated both biologically, with therapies such as drug therapy, and psychologically with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Both of these therapies are used extensively for an individual with the disorder, reflecting the view that no single approach can appropriately explain and treat schizophrenia single-handedly. When treating schizophrenia biologically, drug therapies are the most commonly used type of therapies. Within drug therapies, antipsychotics are the drugs which are the most appropriate for treating the disorder, as they help the patient gain a better subjective feeling of wellbeing and allow them to function within society adequately. Antipsychotics can come in typical forms, which includes drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol. These drugs, work on the assumption that schizophrenia is caused by too much of the neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger within the brain) dopamine. The way in which they act is by binding too, but not stimulating the dopamine receptors (notably the D2 receptors on the receiving end of the synapse). This means that the dopamine itself cannot bind to the receptor, as it is already occupied and so a lower level of dopamine enters the synapse. This lowers the overall levels of dopamine in the brain, combatting the positive...
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...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
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...were diagnostic hyperinflation and over-medication in treatments caused by the guide of this manual. Also, the problem of its ambiguous language was still not solved. Lastly, the purpose of the DSM-5 was questioned because critics doubted whether the DSM-5 was a guide for psychiatrists or a tool for making profits. First, the changes from the DSM-4 to the...
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...Adolescent Treatment Approaches Adolescent treatment of substance abuse disorders was initially conducted through approaches used in the treatment of adults, with substance abuse disorders. It came to light in the 1980’s that the approaches used in treatment of adults, did not adequately address, pertain, or appropriately aid adolescents (Winters, Botzet, & et al, 2011). Adults and adolescents possess different manifestation elements of substance abuse, therefore through assessment, an adolescent will be referred to one of five criteria levels for suggested treatment approaches to be used. The five criteria levels for suggested treatment approaches, as well as, the approaches will be discussed and examined in the following. The five levels...
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...Article #1 The title of the article, “Psychological treatment of insomnia in hypnotic-dependent older adults”, by Soeffing et al. (2008), gives an accurate portrayal of the research topic, as the wording is very understandable. The title clearly identifies the intended population of older adults, as well as reveals the key independent variable of cognitive behavioral therapy that is suggested to affect the dependent variable of insomnia. The title encompasses the idea that the population of older adults who take hypnotics for insomnia will be exposed to some sort of psychological treatment. The abstract is well organized and summarizes the main sections of the study. It contains the most relevant and extensively used terms and ideas from the article. The problem statement of this study is clearly presented and identifies that insomnia is a condition that can have detrimental effects on many older adults, and therefore, Soeffing et al. (2008) found the importance in developing new interventions to improve insomnia in older adults who are habitual users of sleep medications. The purpose of this study seeks to evaluate whether the psychological treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) will have an effect on older adults that suffer from insomnia and chronically use hypnotics. Many of these older adults are comfortable with their sleep medication regimen; however, introducing CBT as a second line of treatment could lead to further improvement of their sleeping patterns...
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...adulthood and had to take care of her sister. She formed a mindset that she had to be independent and was responsible for others. This view is activated when she loses someone she loves. Jessica continually blames herself and wonder about a different outcome if she had been there with her daughter. In order to function in the world, she has established rigid assumptions for herself. She had to be perfect, independent and care for others. To operationalize her assumptions, Jessica has difficulties in seeking help or she refuses to be dependent on others for help. For instance, she described herself as a ‘strong’ person who did not need the help of mental health professionals. Additionally, she refused medical interventions even when she was experiencing physical discomforts. Jessica also discontinued taking Lexapro which was prescribed to her because she did not want to depend on medication to get...
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