...Are smoking cessation interventions prior to elective surgery, effective in achieving short and long term smoking cessation? ABSTRACT: 178 Objectives: Smoking cessation intervention programmes prior to elective surgery are reviewed in relation to achieving short and long term abstinence. Research studies examining smoking cessation interventions and its overall effectiveness were critiqued and evaluated using a systematic literature review. Methods: Specific medical databases were utilised, followed by a methodical search strategy to identify key articles. Through evaluation of the studies, reliability and validity will be established. Evidence based practice will be explored throughout the report and will demonstrate how to source and appraise relevant research, whilst indicating how research findings can be implemented within todays nursing practice. Findings: It has been identified that smoking cessation intervention programmes are successful in short and long term abstinence with evidence identifying that post-operative complications are higher in patients that smoke. Implications: The right time to introduce smoking cessation pre-operatively is debatable although the majority of research argues that even the shortest time will be of benefit to the patients overall health and recovery time. Patients attitudes and willpower towards smoking cessation have a considerable impact upon how effective the intervention is. INTRODUCTION: 110 Modern medical practice is...
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...Tools and Programs to help quit smoking 2.1 Increase in the price of tobacco Raising cigarettes taxes is considered a long term method of controlling smoking, which is prevailing in the society. According to meta-analysis in 2003, statistics from 86 research papers show more than 50% of smokers were influenced by increase of tobacco price, which means a 10% tobacco price increase would result in 2.4% less smokers (Martire, Mattick, Doran&Hall, 2010). Therefore, the effects of increasing cigarette prices have a significant influence on decreasing the consumption of tobacco. Furthermore, Hayes (2011) claims that if the government of New Zealand follows the policy completely, the deaths caused by smoking in ten years will decrease up to 300 each year. Consequently, the World Health Organization suggests that regulating the price of tobacco is the most efficient measure to reduce smoking (WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, as cited in Hayes, 2011). 2.2 Legislative response According to Hayes (2011), the main barrier in the process of controlling smoking efficiently is that government lack of policy. It means that the government policies would not only focus on the cigarettes consumers, but also on supervising the authorized tobacco sellers. In 1985, a legislation was enacted in New Zealand, children under 16 years old were prohibited to buy cigarettes (Hayes, 2011). In addition, National Public Health Partnership (2000) notes that ACT, Western Australia and South...
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...Business Research and It’s Purpose The business research that I chose for my paper is the reinforcement of smoking and drinking and how tobacco marketing strategies link themselves with alcohol in the United States. The reason I chose this topic is because I see this issue increasing within our society. The purpose of this research is to investigate tobacco companies’ awareness about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies pursued from these marketing activities. Problems under Investigation Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of premature deaths in the United States, accounting for more than 440,000 deaths yearly. Alcohol consumption is the third-leading cause of deaths in the nation. Each year, approximately 79,000 deaths are caused by excessive alcohol use. The concurrent use of cigarettes and alcohol further increases risks for certain cancers, such as cancer of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. In addition, the use of both tobacco and alcohol makes it more difficult to quit either substance. The three basics issues are under investigation: 1. What tobacco companies knew about the association between drinking and smoking, especially about smokers’ drinking behaviors 2. How tobacco and alcohol companies developed cross promotions featuring cigarettes and alcohol 3. How tobacco companies linked cigarettes with alcohol in their marketing activities...
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...over their health and to improve their health WHO (1986) cited in (Bright, 1997). However, health promotion is commonly confused with health education and yet health education, is an instrument in health promotion together with health protection and illness prevention. Without knowledge people cannot make healthy choices about their lifestyles therefore health education is very much a part of health promotion (Tannahill, 1985) cited in (Bright, 1997). This assignment is going to be based on a health initiative towards a group of young adult smokers within age range of seventeen and twenty five years. The author has chosen smoking because more young people continue to take up cigarette smoking and yet smoking has been identified as the biggest single cause of preventable ill health and premature deaths in the United Kingdom (DOH, 1999). The paper is going to support the choice of the topic with statistics and what the government is saying. The needs of the young adult smokers are going to be identified and these needs are going to be addressed through interactive lecture approach. It is essential to consider a health promotion model as a tool to meet the assessed needs. There are many health promotion models but for purposes of this assignment, Ewles and Simnett (1999) model of health promotion is going to be used. The use of this model will help the author to focus and maintain delivery of health promotion to meet the complex needs of young adult smokers. The assignment...
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...care and my own professional responsibilities. To comply with the data protection act (1998) I have replaced names with ficticious ones. Jim is a 63 year old man who lives in Bury which is a small town in Greater Manchester, he has lived here since he was born. Jim was born into a working class family, he left his local school at 16, became a builder and retired 5 years ago. Jim was diagnosed with lung cancer ten months ago and has been told his cancer is most likely due to his smoking habit. He began at 14 and still smokes up to 30 cigarettes a day. Since his diagnosis Jim has remained quite positive despite being told that his cancer is terminal. Jim has previously undergone chemotherapy however he was told that this wasn’t curative treatment and due to the side effects he has decided to stop. Jims family is very close knit, his four siblings visit regularly to help with his shopping, cleaning and to take him out, his sons help with his personal care. Jim has been at a higher risk of smoking and therefore of lung cancer purely based on his demographic profile. Jim was born into a low income working class household and has remained on a low income throughout his life. The General Lifestyle Survey, Office For National...
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...folder on Blackboard). Background You are currently volunteering for Cancer Council Australia providing part time administration support for them at a local office. During a well-earned tea break a discussion ensues about the effectiveness of government policies aimed at reducing tobacco smoking. The discussion touches on ways of reducing smoking including a tax on cigarettes, a ban on advertising, plain paper covering for cigarette packs and shocking TV adverts depicting images of smokers with cancer associated with smoking cigarettes. You remember that your lecturer in BSB113 had spoken about cigarette taxes. You say that your lecturer had mentioned that the evidence is that taxes are fairly successful at reducing smoking and that in Australia overall rates of smoking have been declining for a number of years. Someone challenges this position, and notes that if this is the case, why has the government either used and/or is thinking about a adopting a range of other polices to target smokers, in addition to a tax on cigarettes. You answer that different polices affect a change in smoking behaviour in different ways. Some polices are more effective at impacting on smoking cessation rates, whilst other...
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...Introduction Smoking is one of the biggest health problems seen throughout the United States. It is estimated that cigarette smoking contributes to around 450,000 deaths every year and cost the U.S. $193 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost productivity (Porter 2013). Cigarette smoking is an addictive habit and for the majority of smokers is very hard to quit, especially by themselves. It is difficult if one is a non-smoker to grasp and understand the dynamics of the addiction and successful quitting usually requires a significant amount of assistance and support. Nurse practitioners are there to provide professional assistance by helping patients take the appropriate steps and measures to ensure their success in smoking cessation. Difficulty of Smoking Cessation In general, most people who smoke know smoking is bad for their health and can contribute to many other health problems and even death, so why can’t they just quit? If it were that easy there would be significantly less smokers in this country. The problem is not the desire to quit but rather the actual act of stoping smoking for good. The fact of reality is there are plenty of smokers out there who want to quit but just can’t due to the complexity and addictive nature of the habit. The three main components of tobacco smoke include; tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine (McEwen 2014). Most of the health issues that arise from smoking cigarettes are directly linked to tar and carbon monoxide components...
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...Running head: Post-9/11 Veterans with PTSD: A battle with smoking Proposal Paper for Post-9/11 Veterans with PTSD: A battle with smoking Morgan Mathews and Brenda Pizana The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N5366 Principles of Research in Nursing Dr. Michelle Hampton, PhD, RN-CCRN, Clinical Faculty July 31, 2015 Pinch table Author/yr Design Sample Size Interventions Outcomes Notes Use of Learning Collaborative to Support Implementation of Integrated Care for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Use of Learning Collaborative to Support Implementation of Integrated Care for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 2014 Longitudinal, Time series Quasi- experimental study. Methodological Research Collaborative change framework using the learning collaborative model 70 staff members from 12 VA PTSD Clinics After training and development of a expert panel team, questionnaires evaluated how feasible and effective integrative care for smoking cessation using the Learning Collaborative Model. The LC model would be useful to implement integrated care to patients without interfering with treatment. The staff found it useful but difficult to communicate and meet with teams to train Unique challenges: different clinics...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Most people are aware of the fact that smoking causes lung cancer but people hardly know how or why the cancer develops. What does tobacco contains that gives the smoker the deadly disease of lung cancer? How many packs a day and for how long does a person have to smoke in order for him or her to develop this cancer? Are there any other conditions that are caused by smoking besides lung cancer? According to Jonathan Foulds in the article “Smoking and Lung Cancer,” the smoke contains dangerous chemicals such as benzopyrene and methylnitrosamino which are deposited into the lungs. Further, the chemicals cause DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation which end into malignant tumor growth (Foulds). Lung cancer destroys the respiratory tract from the mouth to the alveoli; in addition, major organs of the body are affected. Symptoms of lung cancer are coughing with blood in sputum, fever, and chest pain (Foulds). There are three main methods by which lung cancer may be diagnosed. According to Mark H. Beers of The Merck Manual of Medical Information, an x-ray of the chest, CAT scan, or biopsy may be done to diagnose lung cancer. Lung cancer is usually detected at a late stage, which does not give an individual many options for treatment. The treatment options include quitting smoking, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, and surgery (Beers). The purpose of this paper is to examine smoking and lung cancer by summarizing two articles on the topic...
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...Abuse Paper HCA/250 10/8/12 Abuse Paper I believe that as more of people become aware of the dangers of smoking tobacco, the percentage of smokers has fallen from around 50 per cent of the population in the 1950s to 25 per cent in 2003. The illnesses can cause cancer, heart disease and respiratory illnesses. Smoking can cause impotence, ulcers and fertility problems and it's doesn't just harm smokers. However, the decline in smoking in the population has leveled off and the percentage of people smoking in the last 10 years seems to have remained at around 25 per cent. But the good news is that about 70 per cent of smokers say they want to quit. Yet success rates for quit attempts are between 10 and 20 per cent. I also believe that the problem starts in the childs childhood, because they start to experimenting with cigarettes in their teens. Children whose parents smoke are twice as likely to start smoking compared to those with non smoking parents. Also I have read that there are 11 to 15 year olds who were most likely to be smokers due to being lonely and had difficulty talking to their parents, had problems at school and started drinking alcohol. When it come to how smoking tobacco affects the workplace I believe that smoking in the workplace often results in higher expenses for employers. These costs are attributed to increased absenteeism, lower productivity, unscheduled smoke breaks, maintenance...
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...Family Nursing Diagnosis Susan Kenney, RN NUR/405 June 9, 2014 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP-BC Family assessment, roles and structure The family I have been working with consists of three sisters who live in a house owned by the eldest of the three, C.H. C.H. is a 64 year old Caucasian female who was born with cerebral palsy and mental retardation. She has never been able to walk, and her mentation never progressed past the age of an approximately 4 year old child. She lived at home with her parents and two sisters and one brother until the age of 11 when she was institutionalized in a facility notorious for the mistreatment and neglect of its residents. The facility has long since closed, and in 1991, C.H. was placed with our organization, Community Vision Inc. (CVI). Her parents were both deceased by that time, and her sister D.H.C. assumed legal guardianship, with sister N.W. helping with her needs. CVI is a non-profit organization that assists disabled individuals to live as independently as possible, and enables them to purchase and live in their own homes if possible. We provide caregivers and in collaboration with social services and interdisciplinary personnel facilitate the supported individual to live to their maximum potential. Each person has their own individual service plan with health, safety, and vocational goals, and staffing is provided as required to meet the individual’s needs. Assessment of C.H. and her living situation The home the sisters...
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...ride his bike,” that is one of Jerry’s habits. Breaking bad habits is one of the hardest things to do. Smoking is a bad habit that millions of people choose to do. Some people smoke due to stress and other issues, which still doesn’t make the habit good. People die from cancer because of smoking and people still choose to smoke. Breaking this habit comes with a perfect mind state and patience and a will to stop completely. Drinking alcohol carelessly is a bad habit that some people have. Drinking too much alcohol can eat your kidney and liver, which can end in a terrible illness. Millions of people drink irresponsibly, which is also the main reason for car accident deaths. An estimated 10,839 people died in the United States in 2012 due to drunk driving accidents accounting to 32% of total traffic deaths. (www.centurycouncil.org>Drunk Driving>Research) The process to breaking smoking habits is first to acknowledge that it is wrong. Secondly you have to be willing to quit. The outcome is to stop smoking. Third you have to ask for help with this habit (preferably a doctor, or a close friend who has quit smoking). After completing your first stage of quitting cigarettes you may need a nicotine patch to ease the cravings, but you have made a great effort to stop smoking and you made a good choose to break a bad habit. Drinking alcohol is a harder task to break than smoking I believe. This is just my personal beliefs...
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...Increase uptake of Smoking cessation services in deprived areas Background Tobacco is a major killer. About half of the smokers die prematurely due to smoking related diseases. The most recent estimates show that around 114,000 people in the UK are killed by smoking every year, accounting for one fifth of all UK deaths (Peto, R. et al). People under 35 who never stop smoking may lose 10 years of life expectancy. In the UK about 30% of smokers attempt to quit, of whom 3% to 6% are successful (1% to 2% of all smokers). Almost all smokers try to quit without professional support from NHS, private clinics or workplace schemes. An analysis of quit attempts made by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) category shows the largest numbers to be in the most deprived categories and the smallest in the least deprived, Scottish Household Survey estimates (2005/2006) of smoking prevalence by deprivation quintiles show a smoking prevalence rate of 41% in the most deprived areas and 13% in the least deprived areas. People from deprived background are underprivileged in terms of income, employment, housing, education and most importantly access to health services. So while planning smoking cessation intervention for people from deprived background these factors need to be taken into consideration. For instance costly habit of smoking causes burden on this poor man’s household budget. One survey found that if both partners smoke, they could be spending as much as 15% of...
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...Graeme Sneddon Course code:EDINBIA12 Tutor: Rebecca Muller Case Study 1 Screed – Stopping Smoking Now make yourself comfortable take a nice deep breath, close your eyes and begin to relax……….. Let’s start by concentrating on your breathing……think of each breath as it goes in and think of each breath as it goes out slowly……….think about relaxing every muscle in your body… just let go and relax……inhale and exhale…..notice your breathing…notice the rhythm. Feel the breath going through your body…….be aware of normal sounds going on around you…………..these every day noises start to become irrelevant helping you to relax more deeply than you have felt before….as you breath out release any tension, any stress from any part of your body mind and thought…………just let the stress go… Begin to feel the relaxing sensation spreading from the top of your head .feel the muscles in your scalp relax……feel them relax……..feel any stressful thoughts winding down and disappearing……feel the muscles in your face relax…..around your eyes….your temples … followed by your cheeks and your jaw….let them relax....feel them relax and as you relax feel yourself drifting and floating letting go of all stress and tension…….feel those muscles smooth and relaxed…imagine your eyelids so comfortable and heavy.so relaxed and let all those muscles in your neck and shoulders relax ………let them go….enjoy this feeling of deep relaxation………..more deeply relaxed than...
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...Alita Abram English Lac. 1 The Effects of Smoking Tobacco. Why do you choose to smoke something that causes harm to your body? How does it make you feel while using tobacco? Do you feel like smoking tobacco is affecting your body? Smoking tobacco can do all kinds of harmful things to the human body. For example you can get lung, stomach, mouth, voice box, bladder, and kidney cancer. Tobacco can change you vision, teeth, mood stimulation, skin and can affect your unborn child. I used to be a heavy smoker until my grandmother died from lung cancer. When she died, it made me think twice about smoking. It’s not really hard to quit smoking. I stopped and so can you. Here are some examples of how you can quit smoking cigarettes. From my experiences, I suggest a vapor pen I use a vapor pen and I haven’t picked up a cigarette in four weeks. A vapor pen is just nicotine oil which comes in different levels. This includes a 0 percent nicotine oil, depending on how heavy of a smoker you are. Instead of a bad nasty taste, you can have a wonderful, flavorful taste every time that you inhale. It does not hold a nasty, skunky odor. In fact, you don’t smell it at all. Nicotine gum is another method to help you stop smoking. Nicotine gum can be addictive and may increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, oral irritation, dental pain, hiccups, heartburn, nausea and indigestion. The nicotine patch is another way of quitting tobacco. It may cause dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting...
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