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Trenches

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Det halve Grønland ramt af afsmeltning
Efter et rekordvarmt 2010 med rekordafsmeltning af Grønlands indlandsis frygter forskerne, at selvforstærkende processer er begyndt at destabilisere de enorme ismasser
Smeltevand på overfladen af indlandsisen vælter i sommermånederne ned i smeltevandsfloder under isen. Vandet er med til yderligere at underminere det frosne ismassiv, der visse steder er tre km tykt. Grønlands indlandsis tøede sidste år kraftigere end nogensinde før og afgav 510 mia. ton vand, der løb ud i havene omkring den store ø.

Af: Jørgen Steen Nielsen, Information ,2. februar 2011
.Forårets tøvejr på den grønlandske indlandsis kommer nu 40 dage tidligere end for 40 år siden og varer 30 dage længere om efteråret. Det forklarer, at hele 52 pct. af indlandsisens areal sidste sommer blev ramt af afsmeltning - i alt 950.000 kvadratkilometer, hvilket er mere end nogensinde før i målingernes historie og mere end dobbelt så stort et område som tilbage i 1972.

Det fremgår af nye forskningsresultater fra Grønland, som i dag præsenteres af den danske arktisk klimaforsker Sebastian H. Mernild fra Los Alamos National Laboratories på et videnskabeligt møde i Colorado under International Arctic Science Committee.
»2010 var et usædvanlig varmt og tørt år i Grønland,« fortæller den danske forsker.
Som andre forskere er han stærkt foruroliget over den accelererende afsmeltning af indlandsisen, ikke mindst fordi selvforstærkende mekanismer synes at være på spil.
»I 2007 havde vi rekordafsmeltning, og i 2010 har vi haft det igen. Der er kortere mellem rekordværdier end tidligere, og inden for de seneste tre-fire årtier har vi set større variationer i måledata og flere ekstreme værdier, end før.«
Tipping point
På en netop afsluttet international konference i Tromsø i Norge om opvarmningen i Arktis har flere forskere påpeget, at netop forstærkede udsving og variationer i fysiske og økologiske systemer kan være tegn på, at systemerne befinder sig ved et tipping point, det vil sige står umiddelbart foran en hurtig, markant og ofte irreversibel ændring af systemets tilstand.
Den spanske klimaforsker Carlos Duarte fra Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies beskrev, hvordan ikke blot Grønlands indlandsis, men også den skrumpende arktiske havis siden 2007 har vist voldsommere udsving fra år til år - ifølge Duarte et muligt tegn på systemets destabilisering på randen af et tipping point.
Duarte har sammen med norske og danske kolleger opregnet hele 51 dokumenterede ændringer i de arktiske haves biologiske systemer som tidlig reaktion på de klimaændringer, der nu er i gang højt mod nord.
»Der er bestemt en pointe i at se på koblinger mellem klimaet og variationer i det fysisk-biologiske miljø. Hvis det forandres pludseligt, kan det være et tidligt tegn på, at the tipping point er overskredet,« siger Sebastian Mernild.
Han understreger, at de forskellige fysiske systemer i Arktis tipper på forskellige tidspunkter, hvad der ikke gør det nemmere for forskerne at identificere, hvornår det sker.
»Om vi med de forandringer, vi ser på indlandsisen, allerede har passeret dens tipping point, er svært at sige. Men tendensen peger kun i en retning: mod mere ekstreme forhold. Og vi er gang på gang blevet overraskede,« siger Mernild.
Når det gælder havisen i Arktis vurderer Carlos Duarte, at den kan være helt væk i sommermånederne allerede i 2020. Den britiske forskerkollega Peter Wadhams bud i Tromsø var 2030-40. Fra oktober 2010 til januar 2011 havde havisen den mindste udstrækning for årstiden i satellit-målingernes historie.
»Vi er lige ved at passere dette tipping point,« sagde Duarte på Tromsø-konferencen.
Udviklingen harmonerer med nye målinger af rekordhøje havtemperaturer i området i sommer, netop offentliggjort i tidsskriftet Science.
»Temperaturen er uden fortilfælde i de seneste 2.000 år,« siger en af forskerne bag havmålingerne, Robert Spielhagen fra Kiels Universitet til Reuters.
Sommerens høje havtemperaturer kan i sig selv have sammenhæng med, at der i den forudgående vinter blev registreret rekordhøje lufttemperaturer i regionen.
Feedback-mekanisme
En af de destabiliserende og selvforstærkende mekanismer, som er i gang på den grønlandske indlandsis, er ifølge Sebastian Mernild og hans kolleger den såkaldte albedo-effekt, knyttet til den smeltende sne og is.
»Våd sne opsuger op til tre gange så meget af den indkommende solenergi som tør sne, så ændrede afsmeltningsforhold kan give markante ændringer i overfladens ‘albedo’,« forklarer Mernild.
Albedoen er en overflades evne til at reflektere solenergien, og når tør sne afløses af våd sne på grund af opvarmningen, eller når en hvid overflade ved smeltning afløses af en mørk overflade, så opsuges en større del af energien og giver øget opvarmning, der fører til forstærket afsmeltning osv. - processen er således selvforstærkende.
Et forskerhold ledet af Marco Tedesco, der er arktisk klimaforsker ved City College of New York, bekræfter i en netop offentliggjort undersøgelse i Environmental Research Letters Sebastian Mernilds resultater for rekordafsmeltningen i Grønland i 2010 og understreger også betydningen af den selvforstærkende albedo-effekt.
»Overflade-afsmeltningen og albedo er tæt forbundet: I takt med at afsmeltningen tiltager, tiltager også snekornenes størrelse, og det leder til fald i overfladens albedo, som så nærer en yderligere afsmeltning,« skriver Tedesco.
»Den positive albedo-feedback mekanisme var en betydelig faktor bag den omfattende negative afvigelse i overfladens massebalance på indlandsisen i 2010,« konkluderer Tedescos videnskabelige artikel.
Forskerholdet fastslår, at kombinationen af mindre nedbør og øget afsmeltning i 2010 førte til en afstrømning fra indlandsisen til havet på 510 milliarder ton smeltevand, et tab der svarer til, hvad Sebastian Mernild og hans kolleger har fundet, og som er mere end det dobbelte af gennemsnittet for årene 1958-2009.
Albedo-effekten gælder også den arktiske havis, hvor hvid, solreflekterende isoverflade ved smeltning erstattes af mørk, varmeopsugende havoverflade.
Mark Flanner, klimaforsker ved Michigan University, har netop i tidsskriftet Nature Geoscience offentliggjort et studie, der bekræfter, at de skrumpende is- og snearealer - af forskere kaldet kryosfæren - på den nordlige halvkugle har medført en klart reduceret evne til at reflektere solenergien. Mere præcist en reduktion af refleksionen pr. kvadratmeter på godt 10 pct. siden slutningen af 1970’erne.
»Konklusionen er, at kryosfæen både reagerer mere følsomt på og forstærker klimaændringer mere, end man hidtil har troet,« siger Flanner.
Tabet af masse fra den grønlandske indlandsis afspejles også i den hastige tilbagetrækning af gletscherne langs Grønlands kyst.
Gletschere på skrump
Sebastian Mernild og forskerkolleger fra bl.a. Aarhus Universitet og Københavns Universitet har analyseret udviklingen i dén grønlandske gletscher, som man har den længste måleserie for: Mittivakkat-gletscheren i Sydøstgrønland, som er blevet fotograferet jævnligt siden 1931 og har været genstand for massebalancemålinger siden 1995.
Siden 1931 har gletscherfronten trukket sig 1.300 meter tilbage, og i øjeblikket trækker den sig med det dobbelte af gennemsnitshastigheden for de seneste 15 år.
»Ifølge vore modeller vil Mittivakkat-gletscheren miste 85 pct. af sin samlede masse på grund af forstærket afsmeltning, hvis de nuværende klimaforhold fortsætter,« siger Sebastian Mernild.
Havstigningen
Det store spørgsmål for forskerne er, om eller hvornår de arktiske systemer i kraft af den globale opvarmning kommer så stærkt ud af ligevægt, at de selvforstærkende mekanismer for alvor tager fart. I Tromsø opremsede Carlos Duarte »en kaskade« af indbyrdes sammenhængende forandringer, som opvarmningen har sat i gang, og som bringer systemerne nærmere de kritiske tipping points: Den forstærkede albedo-mekanisme, den smeltende permafrost, udsivninger af metangas fra permafrosne områder og havbund, stigende vandstand i havene, større tilførsel af ferskvand, ændring i havstrømme m.m. - »en arktisk dominoeffekt,« sagde han. Samtidig pegede kollegaen Dirk Notz fra Max Planck Instituttet i Hamburg på, at der specielt for havisen kan være feedbackmekanismer, der virker modsat og dæmper smelteprocessen. F.eks. taber åbent hav varmen til atmosfæren hurtigere end isdækket hav, hvad der kan få en tiltagende afsmeltning til at bremse op, ligesom tynd is hurtigere kan brede sig på ny, når temperaturen falder, end tyk is.
Konklusionen er, at udviklingen simpelthen er meget svær at forudsige.
»Vi taler om et komplekst system, som kan være svært at forstå og sætte på matematisk formel. Men vi står i en speciel situation, hvor menneskets indflydelse på klimaet er større end nogensinde. Atmosfærens CO2-indhold er det højeste set i mindst én million år og er fortsat stigende. Det er bekymrende - og ikke kun for Arktis og Antarktis, for med smeltende is får vi det globalt stigende havniveau,« siger Sebastian Mernild.
NASA’s respekterede chefklimaforsker James Hansen og kollegaen Makiko Sato viser i en endnu ikke offentliggjort artikel, at vi er højst én grads global temperaturstigning fra at nå niveauet i Eem-tiden for 130.000 år siden, hvor havniveauet samtidig var flere meter over dagens. Uden en markant ændret global klimapolitik er vi ifølge Hansen og Sato på vej mod en temperaturstigning i år 2100 på tre til seks grader.
»Det er for et sådant scenario, vi gør gældende, at en stigning i havene på flere meter inden for en tidshorisont på 100 år ikke alene er mulig, men nærmest dødsikker,« lyder konklusionen i artiklen, hvor forskerne forudser det hurtigste store bidrag til havstigningen fra Antarktis, hvis enorme vestlige halvø af is i modsætning til Grønlands indlandsis delvis hviler direkte på havet.

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