...Religious and Ethical Language are about facts. Discuss. In order to analyse whether language, religious or ethical are about facts it is vital to define facts. According to Honderich a fact can be defined as the worldly correlation of a true proposition, in other words a state of affairs make a statement true or false. There are two main schools of thought as to how ethical and religious language is to be treated. The cognitivists argue that statements about religion and ethics possess truth value, and hence can be known. As such the case such statements can be about facts. For example ‘Hitler is evil’ or ‘God exists’ is knowable in the sense that it corresponds to events that are occurring in the world. This view presents the correspondence theory of truth, which is what has now become to be known as early Wittgenstein’s writings. It argues that statements are true so far as in it paints a picture about the world it must relate to and derive meaning out of. As such the case religious and ethical truths are to be discovered. Ethical naturalists such as F.H. Bradley have argued that ethical language is about facts of the world. It is argued that moral statements which are subjective statements about values can be translated into facts or objective statements of fact. Thus it can be argued that ‘Hitler is evil’ is a true statement on the account that he was responsible for mass murder. This view was challenged by Hume. Hume argued that it is not possible to move from...
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...NIETZSCHE’S ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE THE TRUTH OF DECEPTION IN LANGUAGE Natalie Andrade Response 1 Nietzsche’s essay “On truth and lying” attempts to define how we as humans perceive the truth. How do we know what truth really is? Deeper into his essay Nietzsche starts to break down on how exactly these “truths” come to existence. Nietzsche brings up the subject of deception and how it plays in language itself. He argues about the extreme nature of language and the fact that language is essentially a man made concept implying that we as humans impose our own explanations and rhetoric on objects, thoughts and theories. From what I seem to understand here is that we as humans need to categorized each word because we have this believe that language is crucial in shaping the truth. But how can man actually ever know the actual truth when it is man who created truth? Further into his essay, Nietzsche considers how concepts are actually born, he states, “each word immediately becomes a concept, not by virtue of facts that is intended to serve as a memory of the unique….every concept comes into being by making equivalent that which is non-equivalent. Here what I think he is stating, is as time goes by words, metaphors are balanced by others implications or additions to the concept. Therefore, the concept is carried through time over and over and basically a “reality” is born? Any idea then would never have is true self, because as time passes, man imposes its own metaphor on that...
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...when it is not it is false. Truth needs to be analytic and synthetic. An absolute claim can only be suggested when the being of it is proven for eternity. There are some distinction of false and truth but it is not absolute. Since to an extent, we distinct things unknowingly into two category, true and false. This distinction it helps us to decide. We distinct it by what we believe, perceived and justified. When we were a child we were told about what is true and what is false, and as we grow we choose it by our own opinion. What if what we’re told since we’re young is false and vice versa? There are some foundations to why we consider things as true and false and how we make our own distinction to understand things. Such as by learning things from other people and being influenced. Religious believe and our own personality or values to life. Sometimes we consider truth to what we want it to be true, as what is comfortable for us to think. Most of our truth and false settles down from a community, our knowledge and believe is tied to what our community is tied to. We believe because it is proven or because we were told and believe it. In the past people believe the world is flat and that there is a cliff at the end of the world. However, since we’ve been outer space we believe it is oval. The truth we once believe turned false. Absolute truth may exist and we might know it. However, since we aren’t omniscient we can’t assume it’s absolute. Truth depends on the situation. If...
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...The Question of Objectivity in Husserl and Heidegger This paper discusses the question of objectivity in Husserl and Heidegger and their respective views. Husserl addresses the question of objectivity by means of investigating the consciousness, where as Heidegger emphasizes knowing reality means knowing being. The view of each philosopher as well as arguments and counterarguments with respective examples are examined. In order to understand objectivity, Husserl asserts that the answer is found in perception and consciousness. Through investigation of our mind we can know reality. In order to understand reality one must understand phenomenology and phenomenological reduction. Phenomenology is a category of Contemporary Continental Philosophy that rejects the practical Kantian notion that the thing itself cannot be known. Husserl, unlike Kant, believes that the phenomena do reveal things themselves. He believes that by going “back to things themselves,” one can grasp an aspect of a thing’s true essence, and accordingly objective reality. Phenomenology embraces realism, which is the revelation of the existence of an objective reality outside or apart of one’s mind. In principle, Husserl supposes that the world is objectively real and that it is not a creation or illusion in one’s own mind. Thus, Husserl argues that things can be known through the phenomena; the manifestation of things themselves. To counter this argument, Kant may suggest that you cannot know things themselves...
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...A2 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE What follows should act as reminders. For full revision you need to do more than rely on these notes. Use your course notes, essays and text books. 1. Key Words: Religious language is cognitive if it is thought of as conveying knowledge of what is really there. Religious language is non-cognitive it is thought as conveying feelings or expressing desires or guiding ways of behaving. Religious language is realist if it is thought of as conveying testable facts that actually pertain in reality. Religious language is non-realist it is thought of as conveying guiding ideals but with no basis in factual reality. Religious language offers a correspondence theory of truth if it is thought of as being able to point to the reality that it is trying to convey. Religious language offers a coherence theory of truth if it is thought of as conveying making sense within a network of other beliefs which people hold to be true. 2. What Religious Language is: Religious language is an outlet for emotion in special times of life. Religious language is the language of worship. It is performative, ‘I baptise you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit’, and it is prescriptive (law making – i.e. honour your father and mother). However, none these uses of religious language is our focus. Our focus is how religious language might make truth claims about the reality of God and whether it can succeed in doing this. Philosophers...
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...is abstract; this concept would be the notion of truth. To define truth, would be defining something that is invented. Nothing can be absolute truth; rather, there are levels of truth. These variant levels range from more to less true, based on how interpretive one concept is over the other. In “Homo religiousus,” Karen Armstrong delves into two classifications of truth, the symbolic and the logical truth, and provides examples that corroborate her beliefs. In “When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning It Was Friday,” Martha Stout insinuates that the truths, Armstrong terms rational, conceptual and logical, are being influenced by the symbolic nature that is built into any “meaning-seeking creature[’s]” biology (Armstrong 5). An example of a meaning-seeking creature is Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are the symbolic species. The ability that a meaning-seeking creature possesses, to understand, stems from a foundation of symbols. When defining truth, the idea that everything is made out of symbols has to be accounted for, and when regarding symbols, nothing can actually be concretely true. Therefore, there is no absolute truth, but rather there are conditions that can qualify different concepts as true, based on their levels of trueness, such as maintaining a unified consciousness, the mechanics of beliefs, language, and the...
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...discussing the truth validity of this statement, we need to understand the meaning of Faith and Reason. Faith in my own opinion would be the entrusting or bowing oneself to others while Reason would be the use of our intellectual capacities to arrive and certain truths. In about to find the truth validity of faith and Reason being compatible realities, we are going to base on what some Philosophers and Religious people have send about the two to give its validity. As a human being may be defined as the one who seeks the truth, life cannot be grounded upon doubt, uncertainty or deceit. It would constantly be threatened by sear and anxiety. A search so deeply rooted in human nature cannot be completely vain and useless. One does not ask question about something one knows absolutely nothing about scientists who try to explain something will not give up until they find an answer. The same is true for ultimate questions; “the thirst for truthful answers to them is so deeply rooted in the human heart that ignoring them would cast our existence in leopard.” There are different kinds of truths “most depend on immediate evidence confirmed by experimentation, philosophical truth obtained by the speculative power of the human intellectual finally the religious truths of the different religions traditions to some degree grounded in philosophy.” Philosophical truths are not the domain women direct their lives according to their own philosophies. At this point the question about the link...
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...Pope John Paul II’s Theology of the Body A Cliff Notes’ Version Introduction A. The Theology of the Body is the term used to describe the teaching of Pope John Paul about the human person and human sexuality given during his Wednesday Catecheses in St. Peter’s Square between September 5, 1979 and November 28, 1984. John Paul II says that these catecheses could be called “Human Love in the Divine Plan” or “The Redemption of the Body and the Sacramentality of Marriage.” B. Various scholars, in different language groupings, will generally break the theology of the body found in these 129 catecheses down into four main sections, others six. I think the most logical way to do so is to break it down into seven interrelated sections: 1) The Original Unity of Man and Woman as found in the Book of Genesis • 23 catecheses from September 5, 1979-April 9, 1980 2) Purity of Heart versus Concupiscence: Catechesis on the Sermon on the Mount • 27 catecheses from April 16 to December 10, 1980 3) St. Paul’s Teaching on the Human Body: Life according to the Spirit • 13 catechesis from December 17, 1980 to May 6, 1981 4) Marriage and celibacy in light of the resurrection of the body • 9 catechesis from November 11, 1981 to February 10, 1982 5) Virginity or celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven • 14 catecheses from March 10, 1982 to July 21, 1982 6) The sacramentality of marriage based on Ephesians 5:22-33 • 27 catecheses from July 28, 1982 to July 4, 1984 7) Reflections...
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...The Six Branches of Philosophy Charlene Murray PHI 201 UNIT 1 IP AIU Humans are such complex individuals. Learning what makes each individual to think, and react has been widely studied. Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct and a personal outlook or viewpoint. The six branches of philosophy will help address questions often asked daily during human lifetime. Metaphysics is the study of existence Epistemology is the study of knowledge Ethnics is the study of action Politics is the study of force Esthetics is the study of art Social is the study of social behavior What is real? Scientist has based findings that the brain may distinguish between reality and fantasy, because real things tend to have a higher degree of personal relevance than something that is fictional. My personal experience with real; can you communicate with the dead. I can remember as a child my grandfather dead. He appeared to be sleeping but he died in his sleep. I can remember talking for hours the day before he died. He told me to always come to him if I needed to talk about anything or if I was having a problem. My reason for questioning this is every time I had a problem I would dream about my grandfather. And in every dream he always gave me sound advice which always solved the problem. So I do believe that you can communicate with the dead, but it is a spiritual connection. Ernst Mach (1836-1916) thought that the only real...
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...The Effectiveness of Body Language In communication. Body language refers to various forms of nonverbal communication, where in a person may reveal clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behaviour. These behaviours include (but are not limited to) facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Body language exists in both animals and humans, but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language. It is also known as kinesics. Body language must not be confused with sign language, as sign languages are full languages like spoken languages and have their own complex grammar systems, as well as being able to exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages. Body language, on the other hand, does not have a grammar and must be interpreted broadly, instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement, so it is not a language like sign language, and is simply termed as a "language" due to popular culture. Body language, a subset of nonverbal communication, complements verbal communication in social interaction. In fact some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions. Body language is a part of communication that very few actually study yet it makes up most of what we use to communicate and is generally much more accurate a judge of meaning than are the words we use...
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...RELIGION STUDY • Truth can be explained in different ways Truth can be conveyed in many different ways, it can usually be aimed at a particular audience, like age or time period. For example: • Moral truth; stealing is wrong • Proverbial truth; a stitch in time saves nine. • Historical truth; ww1 lasted from 1914- 1918. Truth can be communicated in various ways such as verbally, with actions, with facial expression, images, writing, formal, explanation, and discussion. • Recognise truth in sacred scripture. Scientific: People who wrote the bible had little knowledge about science, like they thought the world was flat. Biblical account of how the world was created differs from the scientific version. Writers were concerned with religious truth not science. When looking behind the inaccurate scientific theories you find it expresses a truth about God, people and their relationship. Historical: The bible contains some historical truth, but the information is not like the recounts in textbooks. The stories from the bible were passed on by generations, they were told so the listener heard the religious truth, not necessarily the facts. The gospels are reliable historical records, but they are presented in different ways. It is religious history, not accurate recounts of dates and events. The Bible is not to be read as a history book. Symbolic: The religious truth in the bible is told in symbols. We have to read behind the symbols to find the meaning....
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...Methods of Lie Detection Samuel Medina Housatonic Community College Abstract This research paper will cover a few different aspects of Lie Detection. Through the knowledge gathered from 5 journal articles the reader will learn of different methods of lie detection as well as some real life applications and the possibilities of lie detection in the near future. The areas that the 5 journal articles touch upon are the Cognitive load approach, the use of the polygraph and its controversies, the behavioral differences when using a person’s first or second language, the use of fMRI and the potential future of fMRI technology and last but not least some of the application of lie detection in our world today and potential for even more efficient and less intrusive methods of lie detection. Methods of Lie Detection In today’s society technology is at the fore-front of almost every aspect of life. In one particular area technology has created a new path of discovery for society to explore. Lie detection is a subject widely used in different ways throughout law enforcement and is becoming implemented in many different ways in our society today. Lie detection is being used in court rooms all over the world to solidify verdicts proved in the court rooms. There are a few methods of lie detection used in and outside of the court rooms but not all are allowed in the court rooms because of certain controversies. Of course with every...
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...the 1836 first edition of Nature with a passage from the Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus. The 1849 second edition included instead a poem by Emerson himself. Both present themes that are developed in the essay. The passage from Plotinus suggests the primacy of spirit and of human understanding over nature. Emerson's poem emphasizes the unity of all manifestations of nature, nature's symbolism, and the perpetual development of all of nature's forms toward the highest expression as embodied in man. Nature is divided into an introduction and eight chapters. In the Introduction, Emerson laments the current tendency to accept the knowledge and traditions of the past instead of experiencing God and nature directly, in the present. He asserts that all our questions about the order of the universe — about the relationships between God, man, and nature — may be answered by our experience of life and by the world around us. Each individual is a manifestation of creation and as such holds the key to unlocking the mysteries of the universe. Nature, too, is both an expression of the divine and a means of understanding it. The goal of science is to provide a theory of nature, but man has not yet attained a truth nbroad enough to comprehend all of nature's forms and phenomena. Emerson identifies nature and spirit as the components of the universe. He defines nature (the "NOT ME") as everything separate from the inner individual — nature, art, other men, our own bodies. In common usage...
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...07/31/2013 ENGL 100F/ 18:30-21:50/ M-T Chris Andrews An Emoticons Era Nowadays, with the non-stop developments of socioeconomics, it is an undeniable truth that technologies and social networks are playing a vital role in our daily life. We have come to the new era of communication when people can contact each other everywhere, at every moment. Thus, technologies are now the dominant factor in our communication today, since we have such an exceptional access to information and people. Truly, geographic limitation is now destroyed in terms of communication. However, we are becoming more ignorant about how these technologies are affecting our life every day. We are abusing these communicating methods without acknowledging that our life and our own personalities are being spoiled. As a consequence, these technologies are bringing the lacks of social interaction, distraction, and the decayed expression of languages and emotions. The rise of technologies is leading to the collapse of our communication. Technologies are ruining social interaction among humans. Without a doubt, technologies have dominated our choices of interacting with each other. While the purpose of technologies was to improve the communication between humans, people now prefer using these tools to talk, rather than face-to-face conversations. In fact, human civilization has been always developed based on the connection between people, but now, we are losing that real connection in order to exchange for a virtual...
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...satisfaction to include all people around the world. Thinking creatively and critically introduces new ideas and ensures careful planning. Free will is the will to do what you please at any time. Truth is when someone tells facts that happen and could be proven. Knowledge is the research and experience you have on different subjects. Opinion is something everyone expresses about each and every subject. These are all used in our formulation of thoughts. Our thoughts are made up of free will, truth, knowledge, and opinion. Three habits that are hindrances to the critical thinking process are human limitations, use of language, and misconceptions due to faulty logic. Methods of overcoming each one of these hindrances are to acquire an adequate basis of understanding of the situation at hand for human limitations, for use of language we need to recognize when words are not intended to communicate ideas and feelings, and as far as misconceptions due to faulty logic, a critical thinker must understand how numbers can be used to mislead. One example I have experienced was the choice of language and words I used to conceal the truth I was covering up for a friend of mine that would hurt the feelings of his girlfriend. I should have used a better choice of words and told the truth, there may...
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