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Turning Point to 1911

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Submitted By tomangler
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The first turning point, the fall of the Qing dynasty, occurred in 1911 after an army uprising in October in the city of Wuchang had caused rebellion to rapidly spread. The uprising was caused by disturbances in Sichuan Province where the gentry violently resisted the government’s attempts to nationalise the provincial railway. The court appealed to Yuan Shikai, commander of the first modern army unit (Beyang army) to put down the uprising. Revolutionaries in the Southern provinces called for the establishment of a republic and Sun Yatsen, who was in the US at the time, was elected president on his return to China in December 1911. Sun Yatsen did a deal with Yuan Shikai conceding his presidency in return for Yuan Shikai supporting a new constitution. In February 1912, Yuan Shikai brought about the abdication of the Qing dynasty and in March Sun Yatsen handed over the provisional presidency to him. The country was now led by an important military figure, who had been loyal to the old regime and this did not bode well for the new republic. Under the new constitution, Yuan Shikai was supposed to work with a prime minister and his cabinet and elections were to be held for a parliament and new provincial assemblies. Sun Yatsen now established the Guomindang (GMD), replacing old revolutionary organisation, the Tongmenghui. The Guomindang did well in the election and then relations broke down between the president and the Nationalist Party (GMD). The latter launched a second revolution in the South which was crushed by Yuan Shikai, who the banned the Guomindang and closed the parliament, ushering in a republican dictatorship. There was more rebellion among military governors in the South at the end of 1915, when Yuan Shikai decided to restore the monarchy and become Emperor. Yuan Shikai died in June 1916 – his policy of administrative centralisation had failed because of widespread resistance and after 1916 a feeble parliament and a weak government were no match for the warlords who now exercised power throughout China. Politically, therefore, the potential of the republican revolution was not realised. The idea of an elected president and parliament had failed and China’s political modernisation was frustrated by fragmentation of power amongst warlords. As Moise states, “central authority of China collapsed completely and the country was divided up amongst various generals. China entered a decade of warlord rule .”

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