...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION A hydraulic fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission in which relatively incompressible fluid is used as the power transmitting media. The primary purpose of hydraulic system is the transfer of energy from one location to another location and this energy into useful work. In this project fabricated model of Multipurpose Hydraulic angle forming machine will describe. Metal forming can be defined as a process in which the desired shape is obtained through the deformation of metals plastically under the action of externally applied force. The type of drive depends upon the length of the stroke needed and loads on the ram. In this project we have applied to the hydraulic force for the angle forming machine. The Hydraulic drive is used when a very heavy pressures is required on the ram this is used for drawing and forming operation .System pressure can be generated in the form of any physical action which results in a compression over the Hydraulic system. CHAPRT-2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 2.1 PASCAL’S LAW Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There...
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...rate measurement by utilizing three basic types of flow measuring technique which is rotameter, venturi meter and orifice meter and to investigate the loss coefficient of fluid through 90 degree elbow. The apparatus was placed on bench. The inlet pipe was connected to bench supply while the outlet pipe into volumetric tank. Pump supply was started up when bench valve was fully closed and the discharge valve was fully opened, then bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened. The reading on manometers (A-J) was recorded and the flowrate was measured. The steps were repeated for different rotameter. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Theory 4.0 Diagram and Description of Apparatus 5.0 Experimental Procedures 6.0 Results and Discussion 7.0 Sample calculations 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 9.0 References 10.0 Appendices INTRODUCTION In the industries, flow meter is used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids by introducing a constriction in the flow. The pressure difference caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli’s theorem. In this experiment, SOLTEQ model FM101 is used to measure the different of pressure across the venture and orifice plate flow meter by measuring the value of indicated by the multi-tube manometer meniscus from A to J. if constriction is placed in the pipe carrying the fluid stream, there will be increase in kinetics...
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...flying at high speed, the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surface are such that it is not possible to move the surfaces without some form of assistance. This assistance can be provided in the form of hydraulic or electric power or a combination of both of the systems. This system is important for the aircraft to fly. . The purpose of the powered flight control unit fitted on the aircraft is to: 1) Aircraft speed and aerodynamic loads imposed on control surface too great for the pilot to overcome using manual force only. 2) Assist the pilot to overcome this load 3) No need for normal form of aerodynamic assistance, example: balance tab and spring balance tab EXPLAINATION OF POWERED FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (PFCU) Figure 1: Powered Flight Control Unit System Drawing Artificial Feel With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydro mechanical flight control systems, however, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used. With total hydraulic or electric power moving the control surface, it becomes difficult for the pilot to gauge the amount of control movement required for any maneuver. This is because the pilot's control does not have any sensation...
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...Introduction Hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, is a means of natural gas extraction employed in deep natural gas well drilling. The fracturing is done from a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations. The rock layers are fractured when chemical-laced water and sand are blasted underground to break apart rock and release natural gas. The chemical based water is known as fracking fluid. The fracking fluid injected into the rock is typically a slurry of water, proppants, and chemical additives. Additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen, carbon dioxide and air can be injected. Various types of proppant include silica sand, resin-coated sand, and man-made ceramics. These vary depending on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. Sand containing naturally radioactive minerals is sometimes used so that the fracture trace along the wellbore can be measured. Chemical additives are applied to tailor the injected material to the specific geological situation, protect the well, and improve its operation, though the injected fluid is approximately 98-99.5% percent water. (Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, 2009) For each frack, 1-8 million gallons of water and 80 – 300 tons of chemicals may be used to frack a well. A well may be fracked up to 18 times. (Fox, 2010) Figure 1: Hydraulic Fracturing (Albertan, 2011) History Hydraulic fracking of oil and gas wells was first used in the United States in 1947...
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...Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or external to the fluid. Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. Positive displacement pump A lobe pump lobe pump internals Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation. Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge...
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...Power Control Unit, Hydraulic - Description Hydraulic power control units (typically referred to as PCUs) are used to position primary (or secondary) flight control surfaces. PCUs are a single assembly (i.e., single part number) that combines individual hydraulic components into an assembly. PCUs perform two critical functions: (1) they position the flight control surface in response to mechanical or electrical commands, and (2) they represent a principle structural element capable of withstanding flight loads and providing protection against flutter (unsteady, aerodynamic loads). The requirements of these two functions make PCU design a challenging task. At the heart of PCU is a servovalve and an actuator (servo actuator). The servovalve can be controlled by a flapper nozzle, jet pipe, solenoid, torque motor or mechanical linkage. Some PCUs contain only a servo actuator. However, PCUs often contain other components to meet performance and failure mode performance criteria. Other components typically found in PCUs are shutoff valves, pressure relief valves, input filter, check valves, and compensator. Another component that is often part of a PCU is one or more servos whose control is based on some performance criteria. These servos can be positioned electronically or by hydraulic pressure (where loss of hydraulic pressure allows a spring to position the servo). A simple PCU is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Simple PCU Diagram This PCU shows the pressure input going through...
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...its manufacturing process. The project is study material type project. In that we are having a working model of gear pump. We are studying the principle of working, manufacturing process & its application. Based on this study, we are making a report which will be benefited to students who will study the subject INDUSTRIAL FLUID POWER. Working model is useful in our laboratory & useful for better understanding the working of gear pump to the student in future. Chapter 1 BASICS OF PUMPS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What are pumps and pumping systems? Pump is a device which is used to pumping the fluid at various heights. It is similar to the heart in the human body. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. It provides the force necessary to move a liquid, thus transmitting power. Pumping systems account for nearly 20% of the world’s electrical energy demand and range from 25-50% of the energy usage in certain industrial plant operations. Pumps have two main purposes: Transfer of liquid from one place to another place (e.g. water from an underground aquifer into a water storage tank) Circulate liquid around a system (e.g. cooling water or lubricants through machines and equipment) The main components of a pumping system are: Pumps (different types of pumps are explained in section 2) Prime movers: electric...
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...methodology for the parametric design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aided analysis and manufacturing of a Francis type hydro turbine runner. A Francis type hydro turbine consists of five components which are volute, stay vanes, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. The hydraulic performance of the turbine depends on the shape of the components; especially on the shape of the runner blades. The design parameters for the other components are affected by the runner parameters directly. Runner geometry is more complex than the other parts of the turbine. Therefore; to obtain accurate results and meet hydraulic expectations, CFD analyses and advanced manufacturing tools are necessary for the design and manufacturing of the hydro turbine runner. The turbine runner design methodology developed is presented using an actual potential hydraulic power plant in Turkey. Index Terms—CFD, francis turbine, runner, design and manufacturing. I. INTRODUCTION Turbines are used for hydropower generation. There are basically two types of hydraulic turbines, the first one is impulse and the second one is reaction type turbines. Impulse turbines work based on momentum principle; while in the reaction type turbines, the flow is fully pressurized and it works according to conservation of angular momentum [1].The potential energy of fluid is converted to kinetic energy. Francis and Kaplan type turbines are examples of reaction turbines [2]. Francis type turbines have a wide range of specific speed. Furthermore;...
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...that is exactly what happened when one hundred thousand gallons of chemically treated water rushed off of a natural gas fracking pad onto Truman and Bonnie Burnett’s land, killing a twenty foot swath of trees and filling their pond. The Burnett’s who live in Bradford County Pennsylvania have had to abandon their beautiful retirement home in the woods due to this terrible and tragic accident, which has contaminated their well and devastated their land (Walsh). Unfortunately the Burnett’s story is just one of many that have recently made headlines. All across the nation stories similar to the Burnett’s are becoming more common. The hydraulic fracturing frenzy that is sweeping the nation has caused many recent debates that have people wondering about the environmental impacts of this technology. But what is hydraulic fracturing? The process of hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking” begins by clearing an area so that workers can store equipment and materials for the fracking process. Next a hole, called a well, is drilled deep into the crust of the earth. Unlike conventional wells, which are mostly vertical shafts, fracking wells are drilled vertically then horizontally, which when complete can be over 11,000 feet deep and 11,000 feet long. The final step in the fracking process involves pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and various chemicals into a well at extremely high pressure until the earth fractures. These fractures take place deep below the surface in dense...
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...is Hydraulic Fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing is the process of drilling for natural gas and oil underneath the ground. Hydraulic fracturing is a procedure that can increase the flow of oil or gas from a well (what is Fracking, 2013). Hydraulic Fracturing Process It is done by pumping liquids down a well into subsurface rock units under pressures that are high enough to fracture the rock and release the gas. The goal is to create a network of interconnected fractures that will serve as pore spaces for the movement of oil and natural gas to the well bore (King, 2013). Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States, Europe and South America The first use of hydraulic fracturing to stimulate oil and natural gas wells in the United States was in the 1940s (King, 2013). This process used in nine out of 10 natural gas wells in the United States. In December 2012 the British government gave the approval for exploratory hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from shale-rock deposits (Reed, 2012). In 2011, a horizontal well with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing was completed in the Neuquén Basin of Argentina. It was the first horizontal gas shale well and the deepest shale gas well in South America (Halliburton, 2013). Economic Impact/Concern of Hydraulic Fracturing According to the Global Fund Exchange, there are a number of environmental concerns related to hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing fluids are...
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...Done By: Yaseen Date: 10/01/2015 Subject: Hydraulics I.D. no.: Introduction In this assignment I am going to discuss the construction and clarify the operation of a rod and a cable worked manual flying control system and for every system, expresses the motivation behind their real components. I will likewise clarify the operation of a hydraulically controlled aircraft rudder system and state the motivation behind each of the real components inside the system. I will likewise specify the operation of a hydraulically controlled aircraft trailing edge fold system and state the motivation behind each of the components inside the system. Index Cover Page | Page 1 | Introduction | Page 2 | Index | Page 3 | Task 1: Explain in detail the construction and operation manually operated flight control systems. And for each of this system explain the function of each of the components involved. | Page 4-6 | Task 2: Describe in detail the operation and state the function of the components involved in a hydraulically operated rudder system. | Page 6-10 | Task 3: Describe in detail the operation and state the function of the components involved in a hydraulically operated flap system. | Page 11-14 | Conclusion | Page 15 | Reference | Page 16 | Task 1:Explain in detail the construction and operation manually operated flight control systems. And for each of this system explain the function of each of the components involved. (Rod System: Construction: (It is...
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...A Report on Hydraulic Fracturing Salman Ahmed August 18, 2013 1. Hydraulic fracturing is a process of well stimulation, and a completion technique. It is used to extract underground natural resources, such as oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy. Industrial hydraulic fracturing is used to enhance subsurface fracture systems. The well stimulation process is used in nine out of ten gas wells in the United States. Generally, millions of gallons of water, sand, and chemical mixtures are pumped underground to break apart the rock formations to release gas. This method is used to facilitate the maximal extraction of natural gas by allowing it to move more freely from rock pores to production wells. This movement causes the oil or gas to come to surface where it can be stored in wells (US EPA, 2012). 2. The process of hydraulic fracturing starts with finding natural gas in underground formations, such as sandstones, carbonates, shale and coal. To gain access to the natural gas, vertical, horizontal, or multi-level wells are drilled to the target formation. Hydraulic fracturing is a completion technique used to create an effective connection between a well and the natural gas formation. Before drilling a well, a drilling and completion plan must be developed and approved by state regulators. Geoscientists and environmental employees then work to collect information about the surface geology of the potential drill site (ConocoPhillips, 2011). A well pad made of cement...
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...INTRODUCTION An exactly analysis of the landing gear, as designed on modern aircraft’s, is necessary to understand the construction and systems of the landing gear of the Airbus A320. Operation of the landing gear is made possible through extension/retraction, steering, braking and damping systems. In order to maintain the safety of the aircraft, the design of the landing is satisfied to the legislation of the European Aviation Safety Agency . With the knowledge of the landing gear construction of the Airbus A320, the forces on the construction calculated during different flight phases. In these flight phases the aircraft endures several forces. The materials that are used depends on the forces at the aircraft . Then, with a good insight of the A320’s landing gear I’m able to provide an in detail overview of the common faults and problems of the A320’s landing gear. These faults and problems have consequences for the aircrafts airworthiness. Change in the aircraft’s airworthiness requires maintenance with inevitable costs for the airline . The used main sources, serve as information to learn how the landing gear of the Airbus A320 operates. Literature review The Airbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, and the ACJ business jet. Final assembly of the family in Europe takes place in Toulouse, France, and Hamburg, Germany. Since 2009...
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...Poppet or check shut off valves Pressure relief valve simulation Function Leak free sealing of flow in one direction. Allows flow in only one direction. Provides positive back pressure on a system when fitted with a spring. Also used as simple low pressure relief valves. Setting Fixed spring to control the opening or cracking pressure Fit valves without springs vertically Variations Pilot operated – can be opened by pilot pressure to allow flow back through valves. Can be used as leak free directional valves. Typically for low flow, high pressure situations or for very high flows where directional valves are expensive or not suitable. Directional control valves Function Stops/starts flow or directs flow into A or B service lines. Variations Manual or electrical operation. Spool centre positions vary depending on free flow path or pressure venting. Pilot or direct operated valves. Low flows generally direct acting but large flows require pilot operation. Pressure relief valves Function Limits the maximum pressure in a circuit. Setting Generally set 15 bar above the working pressure of system. Back pressure - Changes in pilot drain or backpressure will generally be added to the set pressure; making a sequence valve. Variations Direct acting - quick response, low flow, leak free. Pilot operated - high flow, internal or external leakage. Unloading valve - e.g. relief valve that switches to minimum pressure for start up. Flow control or throttle valves ...
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...National Student Conference On “Advances in Electrical & Information Communication Technology”AEICT-2014 Nitro-Shock Absorber- Potential and Challenges Abhishek Dixit1, Sachin Bhatia2, Nitin Srivastava3 Research Scholar, Professor 1 abhishek48a@gmail.com, 2sachin.form@gmail.com,3nitin.srivastava@gmail.com Mechanical Engineering Department Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. Abstract—The disturbing forces must be eliminated or reduced considerably by using some devices for a smooth and comfortable ride. The present scenario of competition compels the automobile industry manufacturers to produce comfortable and safe vehicles which the consumers can utilize to the full extent and potential. Keywords— Acceleration Sensitive Damping, Position Sensitive Damping, Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), Shock Absorber, Suspension System. I. INTRODUCTION Shock absorbers are devices which isolate the vibrations by absorbing some disturbing energy themselves [2]. The gas filled shock absorbers are designed to reduce foaming of the oil and provide a smooth ride for a long period. Nitro Shock Absorbers are high quality, nitrogen filled shocks designed and gas charged specifically for each vehicle application. The addition of nitrogen under pressure limits the foaming effect and increases efficiency [3]. These first shock absorbers were simply two arms connected by a bolt with a friction disk between them. Resistance was adjusted by tightening or loosening...
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