...Typical Sugar Plantation LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL 18YH CENTURY PLANTATION According to Claypole plantation lands were divided into several sections: cane fields, pastures lands, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labourers. Most plantations had from three to five cane fields, each surrounded by closely trimmed trees and walls made of lumber or stone wall to protect the crop from cattle. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier to manage the gangs that were cutting the cane and the movement to the work yard. According to Hamilton Wille the pastures lands were areas that was reserved for animals, mainly cattle, horses and mules ,and were extremely important. They provided manure for the cane fields and vegetable plots, and some could be even slaughtered to provide meat for supplement the diet of the estate population. The woodland provided lumber for the estate. Lumber was used for a various purposes such as the construction of buildings as well as fuel for the boilers and for cooking. Provisions grounds were unused lands and were generally cultivated on marginal lands, and were extremely important to both the planters and to the slaves. Caribbean history for cxc, Provisions grounds were poor lands on the plantation given to the slaves so that they may grow their own food, working the ground in whatever free time they were given and on Sundays. This was...
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...Political Science Econ 141 Prof. Mesina 23 March 2011 Sweet Deals: The Philippine Sugar Industry History From the 19th century until 1970s, sugar has been one of the most important agricultural products in the Philippines. Philippines have been one of top exporter of sugar in the world and the sugar has been one of the pillar of the agricultural Philippine Economy. Jose Maria Zabaleta in his paper discusses the Philippines’ comparative advantage in the sugar industry: “Comparative Advantage The middle islands of the Visayas and the northernmost island of Luzon lie in the typhoon belt of the Pacific Ocean, and its eastern seaboard, often visited by as many as twenty hurricanes a year two or three of which are often considered as destructive, is not suitable for maize, many tree crops, and year round agriculture. Sugarcane, however, grows luxuriantly and well, and suffers little from typhoon damage. It is, therefore, a crop of preference not only because its product, sugar, has a long shelf life and is easily transported, but because the farmer is never really in danger of losing his entire harvest because of its resiliency.”(Jose Maria Zabaleta) Sugar started to be commercially produced in the Philippines during the 18th century. Since then the sugar industry flourished to become a major commodity for export. In the 20th century, the greater demand for sugar in the American Market resulted into growth of the industry. (Jose Maria T. Zabaleta) The...
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...On a typical 18th century sugar plantation was divided into several sections each for their own different purpose. A portion was used for the cane fields, pastures, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labour. According to Claypole and Robottom, most plantations had from three to live cane fields each surrounded by a closely trimmed hedge or stone wall to keep out cattle. Each year one was generally left fallow another grows a second crop of rations and the others were planted with new canes. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier for the overseer to control the rate of the slave gangs’ work and to organize the movement of cut cane to the wok yard. [Caribbean Story Book 1 3rd Editionp.96]. “The sugar work yard consisted of the mill, boiling house, curing house, distillery, trash house and workshops for skilled craftsmen like black smith and carpenters”[A Study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p.35], stood in the middle of the cane fields. The factory buildings were closely positioned to prevent having to travel far distance from one place to another. Woodland was a very essential source on the plantation site. It hold many uses. According to Hamilton-Willie, The woodland provided lumber for building purposes, as well as fuel for the boilers, and for cooking. . [A study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p. 35]. Provision grounds...
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...Introduction This School Based Assessment is based on what happened on the 18th century sugar plantation in the British it was structured for jobs. It will also provide information on the roles that the slaves played. Sugar cane was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean. Generally speaking, the different types of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. It is land economy that influenced the social and political values of the plantation. THEME: Caribbean Economy and Slavery. Research Topic: How did land economy help in the 18th century British plantation? How to describe the social and political effects of the sugar plantation? What factors caused a disruption of the process of producing sugar? RESEARCH QUESTION: ‘The layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency.’ Does the evidence support this statement? RATIONALE: On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized...
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...and Slavery “The layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self- sufficiency and maximized efficiency.” Does the evidence support this statement? Rationale On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency Introduction Generally speaking, the categories of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. The Negroes houses were set apart from the estate buildings of the plantation in close proximity to the fields to enable easier access to work. "As you enter the gates, there is a long range of negro houses, like thatched cottages and a row of coconut trees and clumps of cotton trees." [Lady Nugent p. 28]. Their houses were made of wattle, mud or timber. The planter or his attorney in his absence would occupy the Great House. The other whites', overseers, bookkeepers etc. houses were located in close proximity to the Great House, which better enable them to supervise the slaves. The sugar works yard was located at the center of the plantation, a considerable walking distance away from the Great house. "The sugar works yard consisted of the...
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...women on a typical sugar plantation in Jamaica1750-1834? Table of Contents Content Page Rationale............................................................................................................................. 03 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 04 Aims and Objectives............................................................................................................. 05 Body of Research................................................................................................................. 06-10 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 11 Appendix.............................................................................................................................. 12 Bibliography......................................................................................................................... 13 This researcher has chosen the topic Social Relation in Slave Society, because this researcher is interested in knowing what were the relationships on the sugar plantation in Jamaica (1750-1834) like, but more specifically how White men and Enslaved women related to each other. And also because it is required by the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC). With the introduction and expansion of sugar plantation in the British...
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...Report The book entitled “Beyond Massa - Sugar Management in the British Caribbean, 1770-1834” written by Dr. John F. Campbell seeks to examine the mechanism of the plantation life, both the enslaved and the European whites who were otherwise known as masters. It delves deeper into the reality about slavery and revisionism, as this book challenges many past events and judgments that were based on slavery, with supporting evidence. Dr. Campbell focused on the British Controlled Caribbean region of Jamaica, particularly on the Golden Grove plantation owned by Chaloner Arcedekne. He was an absentee owner and his close friend, Simon Taylor managed the plantation. For the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there were difficulties faced by masters on the sugar plantations, also, social relationships were formed between the enslaved people and their masters. These are some of the details accentuated in “Beyond Massa.” The main areas of research and discussion concerning the sugar plantations throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were focused on; the Human Resource Management practices, the enslaved elite, the role of women, and the centre of power and power centre. Human Resource Management (HRM) was the governing principle within the sugar estates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although this term was recently developed around the mid 80’s, as historians conducted additional research into sugar estates, evidence has proven that Human Resource...
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...During the 1700 _ 1750 Sugar Cane was the main cultivated crop in Jamaica which was the number one leading cultivator, this is due to the well fertile soil and tropical climate. In the 17th century the typical layout of a Jamaican sugar estate was set with the mills in the centre of the estate for easy access for slaves to transport the reaped crop to convert the cane to sugar after they were harvested before fermentation process would occur. So on the plantation the mills was the first stop for the cut cane in specific lengths know as fraggots, here it was crushed between heavy iron rollers to extract the juices. “On the estate there were three types of mills the Water mill, Wind mill and Animal mill where the estate could benefit from the swift flowing rivers which water wheels were built to drive the mills”. ( Beckles and Shepherd 128 liberties lost) . Due to the mills planters profits increased substantially because more sugar was produced in a shorter time because slaves wouldn’t have to manufacture the sugar totally by hand which took a longer time and produced smaller quantities. In the division of the labour force on the estate it was divided into two main groups for production the White employees which occupied the managerial and supervisory positions on the estate whose duty was to ensure that all the material, equipment and the other necessities for the production process is right on the plantation. The slaves who had various task...
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...Negative effects of slave revolts in the Caribbean * Slave revolts in the Caribbean such as the rebellion of Sam Sharpe/Christmas Rebellion (1831), tended to harden positions among plantation owners in defense of slavery. * Slave uprisings, or rebellions and revolts, were frequent and were ferociously put down by plantation owners. The idea was to put off future rebels by showing them how any rebellion would be punished. Participants of rebellions were often publicly killed ‘by progressive mutilation, slow burnings, breaking on the wheel. * Lead to suppression of abolitionist expression in the Caribbean and dissuaded some against abolition. * The Abolitionist movement in the Caribbean really didn't grow until the 1840s and 50s, so from the Berbice/Coffy Revolt (1763) to the uprisings in Haiti (1791), there was relatively little abolitionist sentiment in the Caribbean. * Some would argue what the rebellions actually did was scare slave owners in the Caribbean, and lead to a series of legal reforms and slave codes designed to make revolts more difficult. * Slave owners through-out the region suffered massive destruction of property and loss of lives. Positive Effects of slave revolts in the Caribbean * Antislavery movements grew stronger and bolder, especially in Great Britain, and the colonial slaves themselves became increasingly more restless. * The impact of the Haitian Revolution (1791) was both immediate and widespread. The antislavery...
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...The sugar revolutions were both cause and consequence of the demographic revolution. Sugar production required a greater labor supply than was available through the importation of European servants and irregularly supplied African slaves. At first the Dutch supplied the slaves, as well as the credit, capital, technological expertise, and marketing arrangements. After the restoration of the English monarch following the Commonwealth (1642-60), the King and other members of the royal family invested in the Company of Royal Adventurers, chartered in 1663, to pursue of the lucrative African slave trade. That company was succeeded by the Royal Africa Company in 1672, but the supply still failed to meet the demand, and all types of private traders entered the transatlantic commerce. Between 1518 and 1870, the transatlantic slave trade supplied the greatest proportion of the Caribbean population. As sugarcane cultivation increased and spread from island to island--and to the neighboring mainland as well--more Africans were brought to replace those who died rapidly and easily under the rigorous demands of labor on the plantations, in the sugar factories, and in the mines. Acquiring and transporting Africans to the New World became a big and extremely lucrative business. From a modest trickle in the early sixteenth century, the trade increased to an annual import rate of about 2,000 in 1600, 13,000 in 1700, and 55,000 in 1810. Between 1811 and 1870, about 32,000 slaves per year were...
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...religion, a power struggle for land or the development of society, if there is one thing humans are consistent in is that we do not play nice. However, for people to judge each other on a superficial and meaningless factor such as color is truly bewildering, considering all the many things that makes us different. Because of this type of judgmental mentality, superiority complexes were soon followed, putting specific groups at the top of the food chain. Sadly, those of African descendance would bare the burden of being slaves, in every meaning of the words, to a vast majority of the world due the ignorance of the human race. The movie, The Last Supper, by Tomas Gutierrez Alea depicts the interaction and relationships of the denizens of a sugar plantation in Cuba during the eighteen hundreds. All from the Count to the overseer and slaves had ways of interacting with one another, which was mostly decided on their race and social status. The movie deals with various topics that defined that era in time and there are many reoccurring themes in the movie that can be seen in other periods of time and places. In this paper, many aspects of black culture will be discussed and how they relate compare and contrast to that of whites in the particular time frame in which the movie takes place, as well as discussing modern life implications that certain customs or believes back then have on our culture. The movie from the start makes it clear that it will heavily deal with religion. The beginning...
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...South Africans of Indian descent mirror the vast cultural diversity that India has to offer. It is marked by numerous religious beliefs, tribes and languages. Entering a country already occupied by European colonists and characterised with a great sense of racist behaviour, typical for this period, these people were exposed to oppressions and discriminative treatment. This essay will outline the major facts concerning Indian immigration into South Africa, including the issue of diversity and the struggles these people were forced to live with in their host country as described in Mahatma Gandhi’s memoir. From approximately 1960 onwards, South Africa’s Indian community mainly consisted of two groups: indentured labourers who were contracted in their home country to work on sugar plantations in Natal and Indian traders who arrived on their own expenses. For that reason, vast numbers of Indians were imported to the host country South Africa in order to work as cheap labourers. Even though slavery had been banned in 1833, their living conditions are described as a type of “semi-slavery”. In addition, they were bound to an immensely high tax in case they refused to renew their contracts. However, due to the fact that the Indian government deprived its people from information, increasing numbers of Indians entered South Africa. In contrary to the earliest Indian slaves who were brought to the country before 1960, they were not able to preserve their Indian heritage because of interracial...
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...harsh, unjust institution, Genovese believes utmost forms of mistreatment were uncommon. Genovese established slave-owner “paternalism”; the concept that masters took a personal interest in the lives of their slaves. This idea of paternalism was, with few exceptions, not a predominant practice in the South. The underlying concept of slavery was simple – slaves were treated as property and their status as property was more than often enforced by violence at the hands of their master. The ideology of paternalism implied masters took care of their slaves as a result of personal attachment to them. Genovese believes this practice as slaves were fed frequently to ensure their strength was maintained. He also states that medical care on plantations surpassed that of whites in the South as well as declaring slaves had outside contacts with whites which extended beyond exploited labour. Genovese uses the concepts of paternalism on the master’s side, and the complex balance between accommodation and resistance on the slave’s side to create an elaborate picture of the web of interdependence between owner and owned. However the reality is in stark contrast; many slaves were sold, punished, sexually exploited or even killed by their owners. Regardless of...
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...the Spanish Crown and each hand left its own print in the territory’s slave history. First, one needs to take an initial look into some general concessions about Southern Slavery and the so called Southern Slave System. The purpose of slavery was to acquire cheap labor. There is also what many people refer to as the “Chattel System” or “Chattel Principle” which held slaves to a numeric value. A fugitive slave, J.W.C Pennington, recalled this principle: any slave’s identity might be disrupted as easily as a price could be set and a piece of paper passed from one hand to another. Economically speaking, this referred to slaves not as people, but as units of labor. The two main crops produced in the South through this system were cotton and sugar cane. Workers slaved from sun-up to sun-down: field workers worked from “can to can't” – when they could see the sun to when they could no longer. During cotton picking season, laborers often ginned cotton...
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...economies. Were the construction of the US bases and other wartime faculties brought employment and income which also generated training for wider construction skills among the slaves, these skills were increased by the slaves, for a wide range of import-substituting activities such as domestic market and also exporting activities such as lime and limestone, matches, industrial gases and secondary industries, serving the local market such as food, drink, tobacco, clothing and household items and also local artisan and handicraft. Due to the war the trade was disrupted all the export industries were affected therefore, the colonial economy collapsed and undertook extreme vulnerability to metropolitan markets; grievances of the peasants against plantation interest; the growth of the working class organisations, consciousness and agitation for better pay and conditions of work and also present was subhuman standards of living. According to “Fabian” a socialist he recommended focus on the need to improve on the social services, making pleas for more financial aid to the region’s agricultural produce, and insisting on land settlement schemes as a means of heading off confrontation between...
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