...------------------------------------------------- Technical overview See also: S Core NetworkGPR 2.5G and 3G systems rely on double core network infrastructures; traditional circuit-switched network nodes (switching points) for telephony, and packet-switched GPRS nodes for various data services. Dedicated nodes handle the SMS service. 4G systems are expected to be all-IP, meaning that the core network is based on IP routers.[citation needed] [edit]Services offered GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible: * SMS messaging and broadcasting * File manipulation functions * Active process block process * "Always on" internet access * Multimedia messaging service (MMS) * Push to talk over cellular (PoC) * Instant messaging and presence—wireless village * Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP) * Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP) * Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute. [edit]Protocols supported GPRS supports the following protocols:[citation needed] * Internet protocol (IP). In practice, built-in mobile...
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...Approaches © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 1 INTRODUCTION • We’ll also discuss how to hasten or improve the development process through: – Business process reengineering – Prototyping – Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and redesign of business processes and information systems to achieve significant performance improvements. – Reduces a company to its essential business processes. – Reshapes organizational work practices and information flows to take advantage of technological advancements. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 3 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • BPR: – Simplifies the system. – Makes it more effective. – Improves a company’s quality and service. • BPR software has been developed to help automate many BPR tasks. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Michael Hammer has set forth several principles that help organizations successfully reengineer business processes: - Organize around outcomes, not tasks. • DO AWAY WITH: Assigning different parts of a business process to different people, with the resulting handoffs, delays, and errors. INSTEAD: Each person’s job is designed around an objective, outcome, or process rather than a task needed to complete a process. • © 2012 UMT Advanced...
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...Dang BMI paper: An Overview Of Today’s And Tomorrow’s M-Commerce In The Netherlands And Europe ABSTRACT This paper explains: • What m-commerce is: in a nutshell, it is commerce using a mobile device such as a hand-held device or a smart phone; • What it is used for: currently, m-commerce in Europe mainly consists of messaging, such as SMS, and mobile entertainment (think of ringtones, wallpapers, and mobile games); • What technology is involved with m-commerce: this paper describes the history and future of mobile networks from 1G to 3G, and how other technologies can be used for m-commerce such as GPS, and Wi-Fi; • The business aspects of m-commerce: how much does it cost to enable mcommerce (for instance the costs of the European UMTS network) and how much turnover is made. Also, success stories for several m-commerce services are described, as well as the...
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...compatible technologies should offer smooth migration paths from 2G networks. To that end, a standard called UMTS rose to the top as the 3G choice for GSM operators, and CDMA2000 came about as the backward-compatible successor to IS-95. Following the precedent set by GPRS, CDMA2000 offered CDMA networks an "always-on" data connection in the form of a technology called 1xRTT. Here's where it gets a little confusing: even though CDMA2000 on the whole is officially a 3G standard, 1xRTT is only slightly faster than GPRS in real-world use -- 100kbps or so -- and therefore is usually lumped in with GPRS as a 2.5G standard. Fortunately, CDMA2000 also defined the more advanced 1xEV-DO protocol, and that's where the real 3G money was at, topping out at around 2.5Mbps. The first CDMA2000 and UMTS networks launched between 2001 and 2003, but that wasn't to say that manufacturers and standards organizations were standing still with the 2G technology path, either. EDGE -- Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution -- was conceived as an easy way for operators of GSM networks to squeeze some extra juice out of their 2.5G rigs without investing serious money on UMTS hardware upgrades and spectrum. With an EDGE-compatible phone, you could get speeds over double what you got on GPRS; not bad at the time. Many European operators didn't bother with EDGE, having already committed to going big with UMTS, but Cingular -- likely looking to buy itself time -- jumped at the opportunity and became the first network...
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...Concerns To Validate the Nominal Plan (2G and 3G) Currently we are engaged on TEP related activities as survey work for new and swap sites and planning tasks. However we have found the following difficulties to proceed with Addis Ababa nominal plan validation which has a serious impact on new site survey and validation for TSSR and LLD. ethio telecom requested Huawei to use the latest forecasted subscribers from ethio telecom marketing department, which was done based on 10 sub cities instead of 28 woredas provided before. However the nominal plan was done considering the forecast of 28 woredas which has data discrepancy with the newly provided 10 sub cities. To make it short, the planned sites could not meet the subscribers forecast for following sub-cities Ketema, Akaki, Arada , Kirkose, Lideta and Nefasilk, on the other hand there is excess resource planned for Bole, Gulele, Kolfe and yeka. 2G planned and Forecast Data [pic] 3G planned and Forecast Data [pic] Hence, to alleviate this problem, Huawei has proposed the following solution. 1. 2G (GSM) 1. Solution step 1 for Capacity Huawei has come-up as a solution for the above problem to configure all the sites in their Maximum Configuration (G666 & D888) in those low capacity areas in an attempt...
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...Historically, The cell phone evolution has occured, since 1945, in technical leaps which we call generations. 0G was the invention of the mobile telephone without networks, where callers had to connect to a base station and operator. In 1979 and 80, 1G came out, where the cellular radios (as we engineers called them) were first connected to networks of stations (called cells). The 2G networks were the first ones where consumers became aware of new capabilities and started buying the technology heavily. This was during the late 90s and into the early 2000s. These were the first phones with the PHS, CDMA, GSM, mail, Cameras, and other options. 3G is the network expansion which allowed direct internet connections, Wideband data access, simultaneous voice, data, music, and telephone, plus network based apps all rolled into one. 3G is the network which allows you to use the cell phone as a credit card. 4G is a network in the planning stages, although some companies say they are implementing parts of the 4G net now. 4G includes a network specification (engineer talk for basic requirement), for 100 megabit to 1 gigabit data transfer rates while highly mobile worldwide. It also includes high quality of service requirements for multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc). 4G is coming, but is not here yet, because the specs are still being worked over at the ITU (Intenational Telecom Union) in Geneva. A 3G/4G network is one...
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...ZXSDR BS8900A GU360 Outdoor GSM/UMTS Dual Mode Macro BTS Product Description ZTE CORPORATION No. 55, Hi-tech Road South, ShenZhen, P.R.China Postcode: 518057 Tel: +86-755-26771900 Fax: +86-755-26770801 URL: http://ensupport.zte.com.cn E-mail: support@zte.com.cn LEGAL INFORMATION Copyright © 2013 ZTE CORPORATION. The contents of this document are protected by copyright laws and international treaties. Any reproduction or distribution of this document or any portion of this document, in any form by any means, without the prior written consent of ZTE CORPORATION is prohibited. contractual confidentiality obligations. All company, brand and product names are trade or service marks, or registered trade or service marks, of ZTE CORPORATION or of their respective owners. This document is provided “as is”, and all express, implied, or statutory warranties, representations or conditions are disclaimed, including without limitation any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title or non-infringement. ZTE CORPORATION and its licensors shall not be liable for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on the information contained herein. ZTE CORPORATION or its licensors may have current or pending intellectual property rights or applications covering the subject matter of this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license between ZTE CORPORATION and its licensee, the user of this document shall not acquire any license to the subject...
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...and Packet Control Unit (PCU). The next section is Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) which consists of Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Authentication Center (AUC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR). The last segment is the GPRS Core Network, which consists of Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). All GSM operators more or less, have these common elements for its 2G/2.5G networks. Difference between 2G and 3G The basic difference between 2G and 3G networks is the Radio Network Controller (RNC), which works for 3G as the BSC of 2G, and the Node B, which works as the BTS. Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher base station density. For a full-fledged UMTS incorporating video on demand features, one base station needed to be set up every 1km to 1.5 km. This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however the problem has been solved by using lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz). Ericsson is conducting its 3G trial by using the site and transmission networks of three...
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...3G MOBILE LICENSING POLICY: FROM GSM TO IMT-2000 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS GSM Case Study This case has been prepared by Audrey Selian , ITU. 3G Mobile Licensing Policy: GSM Case Study is part of a series of Telecommunication Case Studies produced under the New Initiatives program of the Office of the Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable guidance and direction of Tim Kelly and Fabio Leite of the ITU in the development of this study. The 3G case studies program is managed by Lara Srivastava and under the direction of Ben Petrazzini . Country case studies on 3G, including Sweden, Japan, China & Hong Kong SAR, Chile, Venezuela, and Ghana can be found at . The opinions expressed in this study are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Telecommunication Union, its membership or the GSM Association. 2 GSM Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 The Generations of Mobile Networks................................................................................................ 7 GSM Technology.....................................
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...School of Social Sciences and Humanities MA Media and Communication Specializations: – Media Management – Advertising and Public Relations University of Management and Technology C-II, Johar Town Lahore-54770, Pakistan Tel: 92 42 35212801-10 Fax: 92 42 35212819 Email: info@umt.edu.pk University of Management and Technology www.umt.edu.pk School of Social Sciences and Humanities School of Social Sciences and Humanities Career Opportunities After graduating from UMT, you are likely to find employment opportunities in the following areas: – – – – – – Editorial positions at press, broadcast and web media outlets Managerial positions in media Public relation firms or PR departments of corporations Advertising agencies Establishing new businesses Teaching or researching mass communication Admission requirement – Graduation from an HEC recognized University with minimum 45% marks – Interview Introduction Media is becoming one of the growing industries in our country. In last decade (2000-2010) Mass Media has emerged as a new socio-political and socio-economic force which is supporting the process of required change in society. Media is enhancing its role tremendously to promote democracy, making sure good governance and monitoring malpractices. A large number of media organizations have been established and many plans are in the pipeline. Other dimensions of mass communication like Advertising, Public Relations and Development Communication are rising...
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...Modern Wireless Signals Earl McCune RF Communications Consulting, 2383 Pruneridge Ave., Santa Clara, CA, 95050, USA Abstract — With the evolution of wireless systems and services, the on-air signals themselves are also undergoing very significant transformations. This paper provides a survey of the active and coming-soon signal types adopted for wireless systems around the world. Focus is on modulation schemes, along with various measures used to characterize the signals before and after power amplification. Cost-benefit tradeoff information is introduced to provide perspective on this signal evolution. I. INTRODUCTION As two-way wireless communication becomes ubiquitous from relative obscurity 20 years ago, the signals used have evolved from those which are very simple to now include very complicated and high order modulations. And with economics demanding that older systems are not taken down before newer ones are installed, many of these signals must exist and operate side by side. This demands that the actual radio hardware used in any network infrastructure, as well as that in the mobile, remote, or subscriber devices, must usually be much more general purpose than optimized specifically for one signal type. In the design and test of this radio hardware it is very important to understand the fundamental characteristics of the signal(s) that it must support. With such a wide variety of signals, even the metrics used in their characterization are not uniform in type and...
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...Migration from 2G to 3G - Options: Evolution of Mobile Technologies: The Migration Path This is a brief overview of what has been already done and possible expected migration path of mobile operators. At the 2G phase, there were three major dominant systems in market: a) GSM operating in 900, 1800 and 1900MHz band, b) TDMA operating in 800MHz, 1900MHz and 850MHz (North America), and c) CDMA (IS-95) operating in 1900 and 800MHz band. 2G systems offered enhanced voice services and improved capacity to its customers. With the growing demand in mobile services and the need to connect corporate networks for data communications, an intermediate generation (2.5G) of technologies were developed: GPRS and EDGE (both in the GSM family), and cdma2000 1X-RTT. While migrating from 2G to 2.5G, operators made decisions based on their future planning and business interests targeting third generation (3G) networks. From 2G to 2.5G, GSM operators migrated to GPRS and EDGE systems with some of the TDMA operators also migrating to GSM/GPRS systems (see figure 1). Among them * Vodafone is the largest player with a global foot print in offering GSM/GPRS ser-vices. * Prominent TDMA operators in the United States include AT&T Wireless and Cingular Wireless. * Another major operator includes T-Mobile-USA, offering GSM/GPRS services. * In India, Bharti Cellular (AirTel), IDEA Cellular, Hutchison are some of the GPRS operators whose GPRS networks are in commercial...
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...se A Global Uniform Standard for Secure Service Provision over 4G Infrastructures. 4G Networks:Generation of Wireless network Since their birth in the early seventeenth and all along their di_erent generations, mobile communication networks have crossed important evolutionary phases aiming to de_ne increasingly sophisticated technologies allowing the provision of seamless global roaming, quality of service, and high data rates. Today, numerous technologies are co-existing to provide a unifying set of services. The coming era of 4th generation networks is foreseeing a potential smooth merging of all these heterogeneous technologies. A 4G network is characterized by the integration and the convergence of all communication networks, which are intrinsically characterized by their diversity, their heterogeneity, and their dynamicity, into one network. The main challenges raised by this network are the guarantee of seamless global roaming, the provision of cost effective high data rates, the definition of efficient user-centric customized service models, and the optimization of the quality of service provision. 1.1:Generation: 1.1.1:Wireless first generation overview (1G) 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology...
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...UMT MGT190 Business Plan Introduction When venture capitalists are asked what they consider most carefully when deciding whether or not to fund a new venture, they consistently respond: “We are most concerned with the quality of the management team and the quality of the business plan.” The business plan is an important component of a business start-up. It forces the business owner and his/her management team to reflect seriously on the goals of their venture and the steps necessary to launch and maintain it successfully. The very act of constructing a business plan offers an important learning experience to the business owner, because it requires him/her to take a comprehensive view of all aspects of the new venture: organizational, financial, marketing/sales, legal, operational, and IT. Outside investors find the business plan to be important because it offers them a revealing picture of how the new venture will be organized and what it will achieve. Of equal importance, the business plan enables them to determine how effective the owner and his/her management team will be in launching and maintaining the venture. If the business plan is poorly written, inconsistent, and unrealistic, then the investors will not fund the venture, because they know that it will likely fail. If you cannot write a compelling business plan, then it is unlikely that you will be able to establish a viable business. On the other hand, a wellcrafted, compelling, and realistic business clan suggests...
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...reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. The following standards are typically branded 3G: the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure: The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China. The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing...
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