| UN-Conference 1974-76 | Charter of Economic Rights and Duties UN- habitat Conference | | | Submitted to:- Mrs. Anu Kohli |

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UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE 1974-1976Twenty-eighth session
Agenda item 51
Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly 3082 (XXVIII). Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States | | Bearing in mind that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in its resolution 45 (III) of 18 May 1972,/8 decided to establish a Working Group of governmental representatives to draw up a draft Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Recalling its resolution 3037 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, by which it decided to enlarge the composition of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Reaffirming its conviction of the urgent need to establish or improve norms of universal application for the development of international economic relations on a just and equitable basis, 1.Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and of the comments made thereon as reflected in the report of the Trade and Development Board on its thirteenth session; 2.Decides, in the light of the progress achieved, to extend the mandate of the Working Group as established by resolution 45 (III) of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; 3.Further decides that the Working Group shall hold two sessions in 1974, each of three weeks' duration, as recommended by the Trade and Development Board in its decision 98 (XIII) of 8 September 1973; 4.Urges the Working Group to complete, as the first step in the codification and development of the matter, the elaboration of a final draft Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, to be considered and approved by the General Assembly at its twenty-ninth session; 5.Requests the Trade and Development Board to examine at its fourteenth session, as a matter of priority, the report of the Working Group and to transmit it to the General Assembly" together with its comments and suggestions; 6.Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its twenty-ninth session an item entitled "Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States". |

| Twenty-ninth session
Agenda item 48
Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly 3281 (XXIX). Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States | | | | Recalling that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in its resolution 45 (III) of 18 May 1972, stressed the urgency to establish generally accepted norms to govern international economic relations systematically and recognized that it is not feasible to establish a just order and a stable world as long as a charter to protect the rights of all countries, and in particular the developing States, is not formulated. Noting that, in its resolution 3082 (XXVIII) of 6 December 1973, it reaffirmed its conviction of the urgent need to establish or improve norms of universal application for the development of international economic relations on a just and equitable basis and urged the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States to complete, as the first step in the codification and development of the matter, the elaboration of a final draft Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, to be considered and approved by the General Assembly at its twenty-ninth session. Bearing in mind the spirit and terms of its resolutions 3201 (S-VI) and 3202 (S-VI) of 1 May 1974, containing, respectively, the Declaration and the Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, which underlined the vital importance of the Charter to be adopted by the General Assembly at its twenty-ninth session and stressed the fact that the Charter shall constitute an effective instrument towards the establishment of a new system of international economic relations based on equity, sovereign equality and interdependence of the interests of developed and developing countries. Having examined the report of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States on its fourth session, transmitted to the Generally Assembly by the Trade and Development Board at its fourteenth session. Expressing its appreciation to the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States which, as a result of the task performed in its four sessions held between February 1973 and June 1974, assembled the elements required for the completion and adoption of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties at the twenty-ninth session of the General Assembly, as previously recommended. Adopts and solemnly proclaims the Charter on 12 December 1974 | | | | PreambleThe General Assembly, Reaffirming the fundamental purposes of the United Nations, in particular the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations and the achievement of international co-operation in solving international problems in the economic and social fields, Declaring that it is a fundamental purpose of the present Charter to promote the establishment of the new international economic order, based on equality, sovereign equality, interdependence, common interest and co-operation among all States, irrespective of their economic and social systems, Mindful of the need to establish and maintain a just and equitable economic and social order through: a. The achievement of more rational and equitable international economic relations and the encouragement of structural changes in the world economy, b. The creation of conditions which permit the further expansion of trade and intensification of economic co-operation among all nations, c. The strengthening of the economic independence of developing countries, d. The establishment and promotion of international economic relations, taking into account the agreed differences in development of the developing countries and their specific needs, Determined to promote collective economic security for development, in particular of the developing countries, with strict respect for the sovereign equality of each State and through the co-operation of the entire international community, Considering that genuine co-operation among States, based on joint consideration of and concerted action regarding international economic problems, is essential for fulfilling the international community's common desire to achieve a just and rational development of all parts of the world. Stressing the importance of ensuring appropriate conditions for the conduct of normal economic relations among all States, irrespective of differences in social and economic systems, and for the full respect of the rights of all peoples, as well as strengthening instruments of international economic co-operation as a means for the consolidation of peace for the benefit of all. Convinced of the need to develop a system of international economic relations on the basis of sovereign equality, mutual and equitable benefit and the close interrelationship of the interests of all States, Reiterating that the responsibility for the development of every country rests primarily upon itself but that concomitant and effective international cooperation is an essential factor for the full achievement of its own development goals. Firmly convinced of the urgent need to evolve a substantially improved system of international economic relations, Solemnly adopts the present Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. Chapter 1 Fundamentals of International Economic RelationsEconomic as well as political and other relations among States shall be governed, inter alia, by the following principles: a. Sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of States; b. Sovereign equality of all States; c. Non-aggression; d. Non-intervention; e. Mutual and equitable benefit; f. Peaceful coexistence; g. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples; h. Peaceful settlement of disputes; i. Remedying of injustices which have been brought about by force and which deprive a nation of the natural means necessary for its normal development; j. Fulfilment in good faith of international obligations; k. Respect for human rights and international obligations; l. No attempt to seek hegemony and spheres of influence; m. Promotion of international social justice; n. International co-operation for development; o. Free access to and from the sea by land-locked countries within the framework of the above principles. Chapter II Economic Rights and Duties of StatesArticle 1Every State has the sovereign and inalienable right to choose its economic system as well as it political, social and cultural systems in accordance with the will of its people, without outside interference, coercion or threat in any form whatsoever. Article 21. Every State has and shall freely exercise full permanent sovereignty, including possession, use and disposal, over all its wealth, natural resources and economic activities. 2. Each State has the right: a. To regulate and exercise authority over foreign investment within its national jurisdiction in accordance with its laws and regulations and in conformity with its national objectives and priorities. No State shall be compelled to grant preferential treatment to foreign investment; b. To regulate and supervise the activities of transnational corporations within its national jurisdiction and take measures to ensure that such activities comply with its laws, rules and regulations and conform with its economic and social policies. Transnational corporations shall not intervene in the internal affairs of a host State. Every State should, with full regard for its sovereign rights, cooperate with other States in the exercise of the right set forth in this subparagraph; c. To nationalize, expropriate or transfer ownership of foreign property, in which case appropriate compensation should be paid by the State adopting such measures, taking into account its relevant laws and regulations and all circumstances that the State considers pertinent. In any case where the question of compensation gives rise to a controversy, it shall be settled under the domestic law of the nationalizing State and by its tribunals, unless it is freely and mutually agreed by all States concerned that other peaceful means be sought on the basis of the sovereign equality of States and in accordance with the principle of free choice of means. Article 3In the exploitation of natural resources shared by two or more countries, each State must co-operate on the basis of a system of information and prior consultations in order to achieve optimum use of such resources without causing damage to the legitimate interest of others. Article 4Every State has the right to engage in international trade and other forms of economic co-operation irrespective of any differences in political, economic and social systems. No State shall be subjected to discrimination of any kind based solely on such differences. In the pursuit of international trade and other forms of economic co-operation, every State is free to choose the forms of organization of its foreign economic relations and to enter into bilateral and multilateral arrangements consistent with its international obligations and with the needs of international economic co-operation. Article 5All States have the right to associate in organizations of primary commodity producers in order to develop their national economies, to achieve stable financing for their development and, in pursuance of their aims, to assist in the promotion of sustained growth of the world economy. In particular accelerating the development of developing countries. Correspondingly, all States have the duty to respect that right by refraining from applying economic and political measures that would limit it. Article 6It is the duty of States to contribute to the development of international trade of goods, particularly by means of arrangements and by the conclusion of long-term multilateral commodity agreements, where appropriate, and taking into account the interest of producers and consumers. All States share the responsibility to promote the regular flow and access of all commercial goods traded at stable, remunerative and equitable prices, thus contributing to the equitable development of the world economy, taking into account, in particular, the interests of developing countries. Article 7Every State has the primary responsibility to promote the economic, social and cultural development of its people. To this end, each State has the right and the responsibility to choose its means and goals of development, fully to mobilize and use its resources, to implement progressive economic and social reforms and to ensure the full participation of its people in the process and benefits of development. All States have the duty, individually and collectively, to co-operate in eliminating obstacles that hinder such mobilization and use. Article 8States should co-operate in facilitating more rational and equitable international economic relations and in encouraging structural changes in the context of a balanced world economy in harmony with the needs and interests of all countries, especially developing countries, and should take appropriate measures to this end. Article 9All States have the responsibility to co-operate in the economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological fields for the promotion of economic and social progress throughout the world, especially that of the developing countries. Article 10All States are juridically equal and, as equal members of the international community, have the right to participate fully and effectively in the international decision-making process in the solution of world economic, financial and monetary problems, inter alia, through the appropriate international organizations in accordance with their existing and evolving rules, and to share in the benefits resulting therefrom. Article 11All States should co-operate to strengthen and continuously improve the efficiency of international organizations in implementing measures to stimulate the general economic progress of all countries, particularly of developing countries, and therefore should co-operate to adapt them, when appropriate, to the changing needs of international economic co-operation. Article 121. States have the right, in agreement with the parties concerned, to participate in sub regional, regional interregional co-operation in the pursuit of their economic and social development. All States engaged in such co-operation have the duty to ensure that the policies of those groupings to which they belong correspond to the provisions of the present Charter and are outward-looking, consistent with their international obligations and with the needs of international economic co-operation, and have full regard for the legitimate interests of third countries, especially developing countries. 2. In the case of groupings to which the States concerned have transferred or may transfer certain competences as regards matters that come within the scope of the present Charter, its provisions shall also apply to those groupings in regard to such matters, consistent with the responsibilities of such States as members of such groupings. Those States shall co-operate in the observance by the groupings of the provisions of this Charter. Article 131. Every State has the right to benefit from the advances and development in science and technology for the acceleration of its economic and social development. 2. All States should promote international scientific and technological co-operation and the transfer of technology, with proper regard for all legitimate interests including, inter alia, the rights and duties of holders, suppliers and recipients of technology. In particular, all States should facilitate the access of developing countries to the achievements of modern science and technology, the transfer of technology and the creation of indigenous technology for the benefit of the developing countries in forms and in accordance with procedures which are suited to their economies and their needs. 3. Accordingly, developed countries should co-operate with the developing countries in the establishment, strengthening and development of their scientific and technological infrastructures and their scientific research and technological activities so as to help to expand and transform the economies of developing countries. 4. All Sates should co-operate in research with a view to evolving further internationally accepted guidelines or regulations for the transfer of technology, taking fully into account the interest of developing countries. Article 14Every State has the duty to co-operate in promoting a steady and increasing expansion and liberalization of world trade and an improvement in the welfare and living standards of all peoples, in particular those of developing countries. Accordingly, all States should co-operate, inter alia, towards the progressive dismantling of obstacles to trade and the improvement of the international framework for the conduct of world trade and, to these ends, co-ordinated efforts shall be made to solve in an equitable way the trade problems of all countries, taking into account the specific trade problems of the developing countries. In this connexion, States shall take measures aimed at securing additional benefits for the international trade of developing countries so as to achieve a substantial increase in their foreign exchange earnings, the diversification of their exports, the acceleration of the rate of growth of their trade, taking into account their development needs, an improvement in the possibilities for these countries to participate in the expansion of world trade and a balance more favourable to developing countries in the sharing of the advantages resulting from this expansion, through, in the largest possible measure, a substantial improvement in the conditions of access for the products of interest to the developing countries and, wherever appropriate, measures designed to attain stable, equitable and remunerative prices for primary products. Article 15All States have the duty to promote the achievement of general and complete disarmament under effective international control and to utilize the resources released by effective disarmament measures for the economic and social development of countries, allocating a substantial portion of such resources as additional means for the development needs of developing countries. Article 161. It is the right and duty of all States, individually and collectively, to eliminate colonialism, apartheid, racial discrimination, neo-colonialism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation and domination, and the economic and social consequences thereof, as a prerequisite for development. States which practise such coercive policies are economically responsible to the countries, territories and peoples affected for the restitution and full compensation for the exploitation and depletion of, and damages to, the natural and all other resources of those countries, territories and peoples. It is the duty of all States to extend assistance to them. 2. No State has the right to promote or encourage investments that may constitute an obstacle to the liberation of a territory occupied by force. Article 17International co-operation for development in the shared goal and common duty of all States. Every State should co-operate with the efforts of developing countries to accelerate their economic and social development by providing favourable external conditions and by extending active assistance to them, consistent with their development needs and objectives, with strict respect for the sovereign equality of States and free of any conditions derogating from their sovereignty. Article 18Developed countries should extend, improve and enlarge the system of generalized non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory tariff preferences to the developing countries consistent with the relevant agreed conclusions and relevant decisions as adopted on this subject, in the framework of the competent international organizations. Developed countries should also give serious consideration to the adoption of other differential measures, in areas where this is feasible and appropriate and in ways which will provide special and more favourable treatment, in order to meet the trade and development needs of the developing countries. In the conduct of international economic relations the developed countries should endeavour to avoid measures having a negative effect on the development of the national economies of the developing countries, as promoted by generalized tariff preferences and other generally agreed differential measures in their favour. Article 19With a view to accelerating the economic growth of developing countries and bridging the economic gap between developed and developing countries, developed countries should grant generalized preferential, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment to developing countries in those fields of international economic co-operation where it may be feasible. Article 20Developing countries should, in their efforts to increase their over-all trade, give due attention to the possibility of expanding their trade with socialist countries, by granting to these countries conditions for trade not inferior to those granted normally to the developed market economy countries. Article 21Developing countries should endeavour to promote the expansion of their mutual trade and to this end may, in accordance with the existing and evolving provisions and procedures of international agreements where applicable, grant trade preferences to other developing countries without being obliged to extend such preferences to developed countries, provided these arrangements do not constitute an impediment to general trade liberalization and expansion. Article 221. All States should respond to the generally recognized or mutually agreed development needs and objectives of developing countries by promoting increased net flows of real resources to the developing countries from all sources, taking into account any obligations and commitments undertaken by the States concerned, in order to reinforce the efforts of developing countries to accelerate their economic and social development. 2. In this context, consistent with the aims and objectives mentioned above and taking into account any obligations and commitments undertaken in this regard, it should be their endeavour to increase the net amount of financial flows from official sources to developing countries and to improve the terms and conditions thereof. 3. The flow of development assistance resources should include economic and technical assistance. Article 23To enhance the effective mobilization of their own resources, the developing countries should strengthen their economic co-operation and expand their mutual trade so as to accelerate their economic and social development. All countries, especially developed countries, individually as well as through the competent international organizations of which they are members, should provide appropriate and effective support and co-operation. Article 24All States have the duty to conduct their mutual economic relations in a manner which takes into account the interest of other countries. In particular, all States should avoid prejudicing the interests of developing countries. Article 25In furtherance of world economic development, the international community, especially its developed members, shall pay special attention to the particular needs and problems of the least developed among the developing countries, of land-locked developing countries and also island developing countries, with a view to helping them to overcome their particular difficulties and thus contribute to their economic and social development. Article 26All States have the duty to coexist in tolerance and live together in peace, irrespective of differences in political, economic, social and cultural systems, and to facilitate trade between States having different economic and social systems. International trade should be conducted without prejudice to generalized non-discriminatory and non-reciprocal preferences in favour of developing countries, on the basis of mutual advantage, equitable benefits and the exchange of most-favoured-nation treatment. Article 271. Every State has the right to enjoy fully the benefits of world invisible trade and to engage in the expansion of such trade. 2. World invisible trade, based on efficiency and mutual and equitable benefit, furthering the expansion of the world economy, is the common goal of all States. The role of developing countries in world invisible trade should be enhanced and strengthened consistent with the above objectives, particular attention being paid to the special needs of developing countries. 3. All States should co-operate with developing countries in their endeavours to increase their capacity to earn foreign exchange from invisible transactions, in accordance with the potential and needs of each developing country and consistent with the objectives mentioned above. Article 28All States have the duty to co-operate in achieving adjustments in the prices of exports of developing countries in relation to prices of their imports so as to promote just and equitable terms of trade for them, in a manner which is remunerative for producers and equitable for producers and consumers. Chapter III Common Responsibilities Towards the International CommunityArticle 29The sea-bed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as the resources of the area, are the common heritage of mankind. On the basis of the principles adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 2749 (XXV) of 17 December 1970, all States shall ensure that the exploration of the are and exploitation of its resources are carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes and that the benefits derived therefore are shared equitably by all States, taking into account the particular interest and needs of developing countries; an international regime applying to the area and its resources and including appropriate international machinery to give effect to its provisions shall be established by an international treaty of a universal character, generally agreed upon. Article 30The protection, preservation and enhancement of the environment for the present and future generations is the responsibility of all States. All States shall endeavour to establish their own environment and development policies in conformity with such responsibility. The environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present and future development potential of developing countries. All States have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. All States should co-operate in evolving international norms and regulations in the field of the environment. Chapter IV Final ProvisionsArticle 31All States have the duty to contribute to the balanced expansion of the world economy, taking duly into account the close interrelationship between the well-being of the developed countries and the growth and development of the developing countries, and the fact that the prosperity of the international community as a whole depends upon the prosperity of its constituent parts. Article 32No State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measures to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights. Article 331. Nothing in the present Charter shall be construed as impairing or derogating from the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations or actions taken into pursuance thereof. 2. In their interpretation and application, the provisions of the present Charter are interrelated and each provision should be construed in the context of the other provisions. Article 34An item on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of Sates shall be included in the agenda of the General Assembly at its thirtieth session, and thereafter on the agenda of every fifth session, In this way a systematic and comprehensive consideration of the implementation of the Charter, covering both progress achieved and any improvement and additions which might become necessary, would be carried out and appropriate measures recommended. Such consideration should take into account the evolution of all the economic, social, legal and other factors related to the principles upon which the present Charter is based and on its purpose. | |

Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver

The United Nations convened the Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements in Vancouver, Canada, from 31 May till 11 June 1976 as governments began to recognise the consequences of rapid urbanisation, especially in the developing world. That pioneering conference sprung from warnings about urbanisation at the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm convened to deal with the perceived threat to the environment by human activity.

At the time of the first Habitat conference in Vancouver in 1976, urbanization and its impacts were barely on the radar screen of a United Nations created just three decades earlier when two-thirds of humanity was still rural. But the world was starting to witness the greatest and fastest migration into cities and towns in history. In 1976, one-third of the world’s people lived in cities. Just 30 years later, this rose to one-half and will continue to grow to two-thirds, or 6 billion people, by 2050. Cities are now home to half of humankind.

On 16 December 1976 the General Assembly adopted resolution 31/109 which took note of the report of the conference, the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements. The resolution called upon all organizations within and outside the UN system to support national efforts in the formulation, design, implementation and evaluation of projects to improve human settlements.

Outcome of the Conference was the establishment of UN-HABITAT, the UN organization for human settlements. In 1996 a second conference was held, Habitat II, in Istanbul, Turkey.

The Vancouver Declaration
The Vancouver Declaration starts with a preamble stating that “unacceptable human settlements circumstances are likely to be aggravated by inequitable economic growth and uncontrolled urbanization, unless positive and concrete action is taken at national and international levels”. Among the general Principles, the Conference advocates improving the quality of life through more equitable distribution of development benefits, planning and regulating land use, protecting the environment, integrating women and youth, rehabilitating people displaced by natural and man-made catastrophes. In the Guidelines for action, various elements of a human settlements policy are defined. Focus is placed on harmonious integration, reduction of disparities between rural and urban areas, orderly urbanisation, progressive minimum standards and community participation. The Declaration states that “adequate shelter and services are a basic human right” and that “governments should assist local authorities to participate to a greater extent in national development” – still very current concerns. The Declaration strongly emphasizes that “the use and tenure of land should be subject to public control”, an idea which lost its attractiveness in the 1990s. The Declaration concludes with a call on the International community to support national efforts. Twenty years later, the Istanbul Declaration put more emphasis on the role of cities in social and economic development but noted the continuing deterioration of shelter conditions. It adopted the principles of partnership and participation and agreed to promote decentralization through democratic local authorities. It also insisted on the need for healthy living environments. Land use was no longer a priority, while housing and municipal finance were still buried under the agreed need to mobilise financial resources.

The Vancouver Action Plan
The substantive outcome of the first Habitat Conference is the series of 64 recommendations for National Action, a 44-page “Action Plan”. These recommendations are organized in six sections.

| | | | | A. Settlement policies and strategiesA.1 A national settlement policy
A.2 Human settlements and development
A.3 Content of national human settlement policy
A.4 More equitable distribution
A.5 Settlement development strategies:
A.6 Allocation of resources
A.7 Constant review B. Settlement planningB.1 Settlement planning in national context
B.2 Indigenous planning models
B.3 Availability of resources
B.4 Scope of national settlement planning
B.5 Regional planning for rural areas
B.6 Regional planning for metropolitan areas
B.7 Scope of local planning
B.8 Improving existing settlements
B.9 Urban expansion
B.10 New settlements
B.11 Individual rural settlements
B.12 Neighbourhood planning
B.13 Temporary settlements
B.14 Planning for disasters
B.15 Settlement concerns of mobile groups
B.16 Planning processes C. Shelter, infrastructure and services
C.1 Comprehensive approach to shelter, infrastructure and services
C.2 Shelter, infrastructure and services as tools of development
C.3 Standards for shelter, infrastructure and services
C.4 Designs and technologies for shelter, infrastructure and services
C.5 Energy
C.6 Long-term cost of shelter, infrastructure and services
C.7 National construction industry
C.8 Construction by the informal sector
C.9 National housing policies
C.10 Aided self-help
C.11 Infrastructure policy
C.12 Water supply and waste disposal
C.13 Waste management and prevention of pollution
C.14 Transportation and communication
C.15 Social services
C.16 Services for rural areas
C.17 Reorganization of spontaneous urban settlements
C.18 Recreation D. Land
D.1 Land resource management
D.2 Control of land use changes
D.3 Recapturing plus value
D.4 Public ownership
D.5 Patterns of ownerships
D.6 Increase in usable land
D.7 Information needs E. Public participation
E.1 Role of public participation
E.2 Participation in the planning process
E.3 Two-way flow
E.4 Wide involvement
E.5 New forms of participation
E.6 Mobilizing resources F. Institutions and management
F.1 Settlement institutions
F.2 Co-ordination of physical and economic planning institutions
F.3 Institutional change
F.4 The role of special institutions
F.5 Institutional incentives to participation
F.6 Management of settlements
F.7 Human resources
F.8 Financial arrangements
F.9 Reaching the people
F.10 Settlement laws and regulations | | | | | |