...7 [ Inflation] 1. Inflation - Inflation is a continuing rise in the price level, which causes money to lose value. - Inflation is a rise in the price level, not in the price of a particular commodity. - It is ongoing, not a-onetime-only increase in the price level. - The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level. It is calculated as the following: Current price level – Last year's price level x 100 Last year's price level 2. Demand-Pull inflation - Demand pull inflation is caused by an increase in aggregate demand. - An increase in consumption or investment or government expenditures or exports or the quantity of money → increases the aggregate demand. - A decrease in imports or taxes or interest rates → increases the aggregate demand Initial effect of an increase in aggregate demand: Price level LAS SAS The increase in demand raises the price level from 110 to 120 120 110 AD1 AD0 Real GDP Money wage rate response Price level LAS SAS1 130 ...
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...Market’s Reaction to Federal Reserve Policy? Ben S. Bernanke Kenneth N. Kuttner∗ February 7, 2003 Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of unanticipated changes in the Federal funds target on equity prices, with the aim of both estimating the size of the typical reaction, and understanding the reasons for the market’s response. On average over the May 1989 to December 2001 sample, a “typical” unanticipated 25 basis point rate cut has been associated with a 1.3 percent increase in the S&P 500 composite index. The estimated response varies considerably across industries, with the greatest sensitivity observed in cyclical industries like construction, and the smallest in mining and utilities. Very little of the market’s reaction can be attributed to policy’s effects on the real rate of interest or future dividends, however. Instead, most of the response of the current excess return on equities can be traced to policy’s impact on expected future excess returns. JEL codes: E44, G12. 1 Introduction The reaction of the stock market to monetary policy is clearly a topic of intense interest both to market participants and policymakers. Those holding equities would obviously like to know how possible Federal Reserve actions might affect the value of their portfolios. Similarly, an estimate of the likely effect of policy on asset prices is an important ingredient in assessing the transmission of monetary policy through the “wealth effect.” The size of and of Governors of the Federal...
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...The annual inflation rate in an economy dropped from 10% two years ago to 2% last year. Which of the following apply? a. prices of consumer goods dropped by 2% last year, ii) prices of consumer goods uniformly rose at 2% last year, iii) prices of some consumer goods rose by more than 2% and prices for some may have even fallen b. prices of consumer goods uniformly rose at 2% last year c. prices of some consumer goods rose by more than 2% and prices for some may have even fallen 3. [INCOME.1] The CPI in 2008 is 120, while the same measure in 2009 stands at 148. You, a part-time paralegal, earned $ 8,500 a year in 2008, and $ 12,300 a year in 2009. Your real income in 2008, and in 2009 is: a. $7000 and $8300 b. $7803.33 and $8310.81 c. $7083.33 and $8310.81 d. $ 7038 and 8030.31 4. [INCOME.2] Consider question 3 above. The percentage change in your real income between 2008 and 2009 is: a. 17.33% b. 16.55% c. 18.57% 5. [CPI.1] The rate of inflation in the CPI in year 2008 for an economy is 4.17%. The CPI for years 2008 and 2009 for this economy are, respectively, 125 and 133. The inflation rate in the CPI for year 2009 is __. a. 6.4% b. 4.6% c. 5.6% d. 4.5% 6. [CPI.2] Consider question 5 above. The nominal interest rates between 2008 and 2009 a. have risen b. have fallen c. have stayed the same 7. A high and unexpected inflation a. renders the lenders and borrowers both losers b. renders the borrower a winner and the lender a loser ...
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...THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF EARNINGS AND SYSTEMATIC RISK IN CHANGING ECONOMIC CONJECTURE : THE TURKISH CASE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY FATMA AKSOY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OCTOBER 2008 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr.Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Business Administration. Prof. Dr.Cengiz Erol Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Business Administration Prof. F. N. Can Şımga-Muğan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Zeynep Önder Prof. F. N. Can Şımga-Muğan (BILKENT UNIVERSITY, BA) (METU, BA) Assist. Prof. Engin Küçükkaya (METU, BA) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Fatma, Aksoy Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF EARNINGS AND SYSTEMATIC RISK IN CHANGING ECONOMIC CONJECTURE: THE TURKISH CASE Aksoy, Fatma M.B.A., Department of Business...
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........4 2. Concerns of Budget Planning and Profomas…….....................................................................4 3. Evaluation of Flexible Budget and Variances………………...................................................5 4. Identify, Described, Analyze, and Outcomes…………………………………………………6 5. Favorable or Unfavorable…………………………………………………………………..…6 6. Reaction to Changes………………………………………………………………..…………6 7. Results of Budget …………………………………………………………………………….6 8. Corrective Action for Variance Analysis……..........................................................................6 9. Concepts of Management by Exception (MBE).......................................................................7 10. Choosing a Flexible Budget…………………………………………………………………..8 11. Reference Page………………………………..........................................................................9 Competition Bikes, Inc. MASTER BUDGET 1. Management anticipates that the market will improve moderately during the coming year. 2. The Sales forecast is 3510 CarbonLite units in Year 9. 3. No change in this pricing is expected for the coming year. 4. Factory overhead will be has been budgeted at $481,798 for the year. This figure includes $150,000 in manufacturing depreciation expense. 5. For accounts receivables the year-end balance have historically been 12% of the annual sales due to the increased sales in the December holiday season. All credit sales are collected in...
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...Companies can use the capital for continuing operating activities and expand business. However, the investors are explained to get a positive return from dividend and capital gain in the stock market. Based on the history, the economic condition will influence stock market. For instances, Malaysia faced deflation during the Asian crisis in years 1997. It caused the KLCI index sharply reduced from 1207.43 to 470.43. It have been shown that the investors need to predict the stock prices based on the macro factors to get an abnormal return from stock market There were a lot of researches to study the relationship between macroeconomics variables and stock returns. It is important to study the interaction of macroeconomics factor and stock return. Based on the study, the public can identify which factors can influence the stock market and use the knowledge to predict movement of stock price. According to Wongbangpo & Sharma (2002), the research can reveal the functions of stock market in identify the change in economic condition and also can predict the future performance of stock market. Besides, the study will be useful for the stock market participators. Clare & Priestley (1998) said that the study of the risk factor relationship of stock market will be useful for corporate manager to undertake cost of capital calculation. Moreover, the fund managers can use the information from the result of study to make an effective investment decision and at the same times the investors...
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... | |b. |total real output (real GDP) of the economy. | |c. |total unemployment of the economy. | |d. |price level of the economy. | ANS: B 225. In the loanable funds market, the true burden of borrowers and the true yield to lenders is the |a. |real (inflation adjusted) interest rate. | |b. |nominal (money) interest rate. | |c. |inflation rate. | |d. |inflation premium rate (in money terms). | ANS: A 226. When AD is equal to SRAS at an output level equal to the LRAS curve, |a. |we are at long-run macroeconomic equilibrium. | |b. |we are at the natural rate of unemployment. | |c. |both a and b are true. ...
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...Uncover, measure and mitigate hidden costs. Info-Tech Research Group 1 Introduction IT leaders report that hidden costs in outsourcing add an average of 25% to the price of the engagement. Understand the hidden costs of outsourcing and take steps to mitigate them. This Research Is Designed For: This Research Will Help You: Business and IT leaders seeking to minimize the unanticipated costs of outsourcing. Predict the magnitude of the hidden costs of outsourcing to get a better sense of the total cost picture. CIOs and other IT leaders assessing the costs of an impending outsourcing project. Manage your outsourcing engagement to reduce hidden costs and increase your net benefit. IT leaders selecting a vendor for an outsourcing engagement. IT leaders responsible for managing outsourcing engagements. Decrease hidden costs both for contracts that are already signed, as well as contracts that are up for review or renewal. Both cloud-based and traditional outsourcing arrangements (Info-Tech considers cloud computing a form of outsourcing). Info-Tech Research Group 2 Executive Summary Info-Tech research shows that there are seven types of costs that IT leaders fail to anticipate at least 20% of the time. The seven types fit into four higher-level cost categories. Info-Tech recommends strategies for avoiding each hidden cost. Costs related to transitioning into the engagement: adapting to standards and training costs ...
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...Executive Summary: Jaguar PLC, 1984 This case explores the operating exposure of Jaguar PLC in 1984, just as the government is about to relinquish control and take the company public via an IPO. The primary concern of the CFO is that Jaguar sells over 50% of its cars in the US, while its production costs and factories are U.K.-based. This currency mismatch creates operating exposure for the firm that needs to be hedged. While the current trend in the USD has been higher, the markets are expecting a pullback in the currency. With labor accounting for a significant portion of the cost base for luxury car industry, it is unlikely that the expense will decline in the near future. Again this creates a potential liability in the matching pf the cash inflows and outflows. Given Jaguar's primary competitors have operating expenses in DEM, the CFO should also be concerned with the competitive advantages that are associated with favorable exchanges rate when compared to the competition. Thus, there also exists the issue of the GBP/DEM exchange rate. The overarching themes and underlying issues that must be addressed in order to address Jaguar's currency exposure are: •Valuation of the risks associated with firms with multiple currency exposure •Risks associated with revenue streams and expenses in different currencies •Valuation and assessment of highly competitive niche luxury car markets •Supply chain effectiveness and labor trends in the automotive industry •Strategic positioning...
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...Commercial bank: Commercial bank mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses. Famous Commercial Banks of Pakistan are Muslim Commercial Bank(MCB),United Bank,Habib Bank. Functions of Commercial Banks: The functions of a commercial banks are divided into two categories: - Primary functions - Secondary functions including agency functions. - Primary functions: The primary functions of a commercial bank include: - accepting deposits; and - granting loans and advances The role of commercial banks Commercial banks engage in the following activities: * processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means * issuing bank drafts and bank cheques * accepting money on term deposit * lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means * providing documentary and standby letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures * safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes * sale, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a “financial supermarket” * cash management and treasury services * merchant banking and private equity financing * traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today...
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...Inflation Trends and Poverty in Bangladesh CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................iii I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 II.INFLATION A. What is Inflation B .How is it measured C. Inflation and Interest rates D. Inflation and Investments Types of Inflation II. TREND OF MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND POVERTY REDUCTION INITIATIVES IN BANGLADESH ......................................................2 A. Growth Performance ...............................................................................................2 B. Savings and Investment ..........................................................................................2 C. Inflation ...................................................................................................................3 D. Fiscal Sector Developments ....................................................................................3 E. Macroeconomic Challenges of Bangladesh ............................................................4 F. Medium-term Macroeconomic Framework.............................................................5 G...
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...BACKGROUND INFORMATION Intercontinental Trust Limited - “ITL” an offshore management company which operates in highly regulated financial environment with branches across the continent is faced with the challenge of implementing a work life balance culture. The company also operates round the clock with a young manpower. From the information gathered on the company, ITL is focused on customer centricity which translates into producing happy customers. In turn, to maintain an enriching customer experience, ITL needs to take good care of its employees as rightly pointed out by Sir Richard Branson. Happy employees lead to increased performance and productivity and its effect is reflected directly as increased profitability on the financial statement. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT In line with its Human Resource Management strategy, ITL is seeking to implement a “Quality Work Life Balance” –Quality WLB, a concept to improve employees’ satisfaction, skills and effectiveness. This is becoming more of an international trend where we have recently observed the UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair citing the tangible and intangible business benefits of good Quality Work Life Balance …“The UK business environment has shown that it is possible to have flexible labour markets combined with a balanced family friendly policy to help work life balance-WLB. The result will no doubt be higher growth, higher employment and low unemployment.” In this perspective, we shall be addressing the project on...
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...small m means that the VaR will be more influenced by recent events; large m is needed for precise estimates - No way to extrapolate the 1-day VaR to a longer n-day horizon (except if nonoverlapping n-period returns are considered to re-calculate the n-day VaR) A risk-averse investor: - Accepts risk-free or speculative prospects with positive risk-premiums - Rejects portfolios that are fair games (or worse) The higher the indifference curve, the higher the utility levelT he steeper the indifference curve, the higher the risk aversion -> higher compensation required for the same level of risk Two major sources of uncertainty for the risky assets in a portfolio: 1. Market risk -? Systematic, non-diversifiable 2. Firm-specific risk -> Non-systematic, diversifiable The minimum-variance frontier, which gives the lowest variance that can be attained for any target level of expected portfolio return The separation property The portfolio choice problem may be separated into two independent tasks -Determination of the optimal risky portfolio: it does not depend on agent’s preferences, and is thus the same for all investors -Allocation of the complete portfolio to Tbills versus the risky portfolio: it depends on personal preferences (risk aversion) -The R-square of the regression: the portion of the variation in IBM excess returns that is explained by the variation in the market index - The standard error...
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...Strategy Dollar General’s mission statement is “Serving Others.” To carry out this mission, the Company has developed a business strategy of providing its customers with a focused assortment of fairly priced, consumable merchandise in a convenient, small-store format. Our Customers . The Company serves the basic consumable needs of customers primarily in the low and middle-income brackets and those on fixed incomes. According to AC Nielsen’s 2005 Homescan® data, in 2005 approximately 48% of the Company’s customers earned less than $30,000 per year and approximately 26% earned less than $20,000 per year. The Company’s merchandising and operating strategies are primarily designed to meet the need for basic consumable products of the consumers in these lower income groups. Our Stores . The traditional Dollar General store has, on average, approximately 6,800 square feet of selling space and generally serves customers who live within five miles of the store. Of the Company’s 8,019 stores operating as of March 3, 2006, approximately 4,580 serve communities with populations of 20,000 or less. The Company believes that its target customers prefer the convenience of a small, neighborhood store. The Company believes that Dollar General’s convenient discount store format will continue to attract customers and provide the Company with a competitive advantage. In 2003, the Company began testing a Dollar General Market concept. Dollar General Markets are larger than the...
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...manufactures want to fabricate parts that are consistent between models to lower costs, produce quality products and remain engaged with the engineering group in order to address any fabrication issues. The dealers want to keep a sufficient inventory to promote faster turn-over, and obtain reasonable lead times from the manufacturers to satisfy customer requirements. The customer’s objective is to purchase a car that meets their expectations and performs as sold. d. Provide examples of conflicting objectives in this chain. i. The customers will want to suppliers/manufacturers to keep an ample amount of inventory on hand in order to provide quicker delivery. The suppliers will want to minimize the inventory level to reduce overall...
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