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Understanding Building

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lnslilute of Susloinqble Developmenl qnd Archileclure Assignmenl Cover Sheet
This form rs fo be offoched to lhe front of all ossignmenfs, projecls, homework ond ony ofher ossessmenf ploced in lhe ossignmenf box. AII oreos below should be compleled lo ensure proficient processlng e.g. full nome of lecturer, your sludenl ID number, nqmel suby'ecf & subjecf code efc. lf ony of fhese oreos ore nol comoleled (with lhe exceplion of on individuol's name - see below) vour ossionmeni will nol be

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processed.

xFor individual assignments, Student name can be omitted if desired. However, group assignments must show all student ID numbers and names.
SUBJECT:

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DATE:
SEMESTER:

LECTURER:

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DECLARATION:

"l hereby declore thot I hove reod ond understood the University Regulotions cheoting ond thot the work submitted by me/us does not breoch these regulo
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SIGNATURE:

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SIGNATIJRE:

Assignments will be collected everydoy of 4p.m. Any ossignmenfs submdfed offer fhe qllolled iime, rrespecfive of dqfe qnd lime sfomp, will be re-dofed qnd re-timed fo fhe following doy. Sfudenfs should ensure fhe Assessmenf Regulofions in ihe Bond Universily Hondbook reloling lo Plogiorism & Cheofing ore odhered fo. Ihe penolfies imposed for cheoting & plogiorism ore severe, ond range from foiling o grode for ihe parliculor subjecf, through lo expulsion or suspension.
IRDS. rHts sEcTroN rs FOR YOUR OWN RECORDS. No proof of submission is letl qt Reception. SID:

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ollolled time, oy ol4p.m.,any o@he will be re-dofed ond re-limed fo lhe following doy. rrrespecfive of dqfe ond fime sfomp,

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I"ill'll l{rps md of regiunal cllmetie zrnes in l.iciilia are pn*ntrd in figuei 01

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Source: Australian Standards (AS287O-201 1)

1.3 Demolition of Existing Structure Construction where there is an existing building requires demolition of such existing

structures. Before demolition can begin, the following actions should be considered
(The building sysfems integrated handbook 1982):

-

All services such as power, water, gas, etc., need to be disconnected.
Storm water and sewer drains will need to be sealed as well.

Adjoining properties may be needed to be protected. The site must be fenced or suitably barricade to prevent public access during demolition process.

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1.4 Services

As dictated by Council's policies and regulations, the council requires a temporary electrical sub-station and toilet facilities to be established on site prior to construction; the services to be established on site include water, electricity, stormwater, sewage and gas. lf there are no or insufficient services on sites, they extending permission

from the council and relevant authorities will be required (Emmitt 1999).
1.4 Other Controls 1.4.1 Security: The need for security on site is very important. A hoarding will also need to be established and remain for the entire construction period. 1.4.2 Sediment Control: Also, the builder may have to use a combination of swatting, hay bales, and sedimentation fencing on a slopping block to stop earth falling onto road or into drains and waterways. 1.4.3 Set out of dwelling: The builder and or the Surveyor pegs out the dwelling

footprint from the drawings. They start at a boundary corner, peg a corner of the building, then lay a string line to identify the perimeter of construction.

2.0 Floor Construction 2.1 Footings
Typically, the type of footings to be use in new home construction will be suggested by the home designer with consultation with a geo-technical consultant

(Emmitt 1995). Emmitt (1995) stated that the factors that influence footings are as follows: -

Weight of building Wall construction type and height; Soil type Slope of the block

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-

Budget; Drainage requirements of the block.

Obviously, there are five main types of footings: Strip footings

Concrete pad footings
Pole constructed (Posts & Concrete)

Grout injected piles Timber piles ln this report however, I will limit my discussion to strip footings. According to a building expert, a strip footing is defined as a relatively small strip of concrete placed into a trench and reinforced with steel. The footing supports the exterior walls and

any interior wall that is load bearing or supports a slab such as for a bed room. Strip footings can be used for both traditional timber and concrete floors. John Wyse, a Building Expert affirmed that strip footings are one of the most common footings used in Australia.
A trench been prepared for concrete pouring (strip footing)

Kondokwi

Source: Austrolion Stondords (A52870-2011)

Kondokwi TABLS 3,I
FOOTIN{; CLASSIFICATION fuoting type

llinimun bearirg Ilirrirnum rrer, m)

sire ol

rrniuforced

:llinimun size ol tim ber sule platcs, mrn

conrrute prd footing, nm
2.i0 x

li{l x l0{i deep
100
deep

0.04i

0f 1i0 dir. x 100

' ll5

^38

ilrick

i0{} x i{}0 x 150 dcep

)

0 rlq0
350 dia.

tf x l-i0 dcep
50 x

?5{} ..

j60 )i 75 rhick

lj0 x:ti0 decp
0l' 100

0.

lli)
'lgp

r 100 r

?5 rhicrk

dia, x 100 deep

4i1] x 4i{} x i50 deep
.l
0. ltJ0

0r
500 dia,
>r

100

,

60il

*

100 thick

200 deep

1.i0 x 4i{} x l5{} decp

)

0.r$0
5il0 rlio.

0r

300' 60t) '

100 llrick

r

2{}l} deep

TABLE

3.?

STUMP/POST SIZES
Slresr gradc

Iooting type r''t
(see F5

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Stump or post size is also dependent upon height above ground lsee C'lause 3.(r.3,3)

l'or lernile nldnagenlent, rti'er to thc Building eode ol Australil, (llause L13 is not applicable to thir-llhle.

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Source: Australia Sfandards (A52870-201 1 )

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2.2 Concrete Slabs As indicated by Emmitt (1999), there are two main types of ground slabs raft or ground slab and suspended slab. I will limit my discussion to raft of ground slab in my report.

Kondokwi

Emmitt (1999)"emphasized that the steel reinforced raft slab is the simplest and most

common slab construction available; in each:

-

Trenches about 450mm wide x 450mm deep are dug around the perimeter of external walls and under load bearing walls.

Reinforcement cages are laid in the trenches and reinforcement bars are also laid at this time, and turned up to pass above the top of the strip footing to

accommodate later slab structure.

-

Ready mixed concrete is poured into the trench to ground level with vertical

reinforcement bars protruding up to be formed with the floor slab.
Moisture protection, termites protection, electrical conduit, drainage and

sewage pipes for bathrooms and kitchens are positioned.
Form work for the slab is then erected along the outer edges of the building

foot print and on top of the cured concrete footings. Steel reinforcement is laid for the slab. Concrete is poured in one operation creating a slab that covers the entire floor area.

TABLI 3.:
At

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st AB

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Source: Austrolio Stondords (A52870-20LJ.)

10

Kondokwi

W offl e

Sl o

b Construction

Waffle Slab Construction

1.1

Kondokwi

3.0 Wall framing 3.1 Once the floor structure is in place, the wallwalls are erected directly on top of

the chipboard or slab. The walls served as load bearing support for the roof and provide space for openings such as doors and windows, and they enclose the house and seal lt from weather (Elinwa & Joshua 2001). Walls comprise of either a structural frame or cladding or solid masonry.

Wall materials

-

Manufactured Bricks

3.2 Timber or Steel pre-fabricated Frame

Timber or steel prefabricated frame is the most common type of the house wall

framing. Steel is more termite resistant than timber; however, timber is more forgiving and accommodates alterations more easily. Timber framing can be prefabricated for termite prevention however; the chemicals do weakens with time. This type of framing is usually pre-made to order. lt consists of.

Plates (horizontal top and bottom members) Studs (vertical members between the plates) t2

Kondokwi

-

Noggins (additional horizontal members between studs) Galvanized strap bracing is added diagonally to brace the frame and stop racking

Openings in wall frames require a timber, steel or height weight aluminium overhead bar called lintel. Steel frames and load bearing brick walls, although termite resistant,

do not accommodate changes easily. Post and beam can be steel or timber; if is used when building elements are to be exposed. Post and beam construction is

assembled on site and is in-filled with a timber frame.

13

Kondokwi

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Source: Sfandards Australia (A52870-201 1 )

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