...Testicular Cancer Testicular cancer is a ‘’Cancer that develops in the testicle. Usually only one testicle is affected, but in some cases both testicles are affected. Testicular cancers starts in the cells that develop into sperm, which are called sperm cells.’’ (Australia, 2015). It is a cancer that commonly occurs in men. Young men around the ages of 18 to 40 are most at risk of developing testicular cancer. Common symptoms of testicular cancer includes a lump in the testis, the feeling of heaviness in the scrotum and the change in the size and shape of the testicles. Across the Australian demographic, survival rates for testicular cancer have increased in the recent years during “the periods of 1982–1987 and 2006-2010, there is a five-year relative survival increased from 90.7 per cent to 97.6 per cent.” (government, 2014) As well as this, 706 new cases of testicular cancer was presented in Australia during 2010. During this time period, a frequency rate was also conducted which shows a strong increase of 4.2 to 6.5 in a cases of one hundred thousand men who has testicular cancer. Additionally, mortality rates for testicular cancer have also decreased in the past 30 years from 0.5 to 0.1 deaths per one hundred thousand men. The main priority involving testicular cancer would be educating young men on how to improve their health, learn how to look for symptoms and having the confidence to get it checked. The Knowledge of detecting the cancer earlier by young men is proven...
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...fBIOL 3350 Exam 2 Review 1. What is the function of the seminal vesicles? Adds fluid to the ejaculate to propel the sperm forward. The fructose secreted by the seminal vesicles provides the energy for sperm motility. 2. What role does nitric oxide play in erections? It involves increased inflow of blood into the corpora cavernosa due to relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle that surrounds the sinusoidal spaces and compression of the veins controlling outflow of blood from the venous plexus. 3. What nervous system controls erection? Parasympathetic nervous system 4. What are the major sources of estrogen in premenopausal and menopausal women? Ovaries and adipose tissue 5. What hormones would be used to treat exceptionally tall children by effecting early epiphyseal closure? Estrogen and testosterone 6. What describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina? Cystocele 7. What is testicular torsion and what is it a common consequence of? A Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis. It is a consequence of cryptorchidism along with infertility and malignancy. 8. What is the most common cause of cancer in males between the ages of 15-35? Testicular cancer 9. What cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in the US affecting men 65 years of age and older? Prostate cancer 10. What condition is characterized by heavy bleeding during and between menstrual cycles? Menometrorrhagia 11. What role does oxytocin and prolactin...
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...The Sperm and the Egg: A Story of How Charlie and Penelope Met and Fell in Love PSY/265 March 10, 2013 The Sperm and the Egg Many people have had to sit through the birds and the bees’ explanation of where babies come from. Parents use this because it is a way of explanation without feeling as uncomfortable as one would be if they had to look their child in the eye and describe exactly what happens. This explanation would probably be easier for a parent than going through the difficult task of clarification of the scientific process even though it will be much more useful later on in life. Because every parent has to explain the process no matter the method, it would probably be more effective if the use of visual aids that show each of the steps in how the process works. However, it should be age appropriate and at the parents discretion. Both girls and boys need this information (sexual reproductive system) explained to them in any case because if left in the dark, not only would the girl be at a disadvantage when she starts menstruating, but they could end up being a parent too young in their lives. These things can be a major shock if unprepared. To explain how the scientific version works, one would have to first look at and explain the male and female body parts used; the vagina and penis. The vagina consists of the cervix, uterus, and two ovaries which are connected to the fallopian tubes. All of these complex structures are what makes the woman’s reproductive system...
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...The Sperm and the Egg Well, to better understand how babies are born, you have to understand how the entire process works between the sperm and the egg. The reproductive system of the male has two essential functions and those are production of sperm and the delivery of the sperm to the reproductive tract of the female. The sperm production takes place in the testes (male’s testicles). Basically, each testicle has to produce and start spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis has several different processes that start at the primary spermatocyte and go to secondary spermatocyte, into spermatids then finally into plain sperm with a mid-piece tail. Testosterone is needed for the making of sperm. The responsibility of the female in a successful reproduction is definitely higher than that of the male. The female must produce eggs, be able to receive sperm from the male, provide the right environment to host the fertilization and implantation and have the ability to nourish the developing baby before and after birth. Egg formation takes place in the ovaries. For a woman to become pregnant, the sperm must enter the vagina within 5 days before or on the exact day of ovulation. Ovulation takes place about two weeks after the beginning of menstruation. Sexual activity dilates the arterioles that supply blood to the penis. The vagina is penetrated when blood accumulates in three different sinuses in the penis, and it becomes enlarged because of pressure. Ejaculation occurs...
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...The Chapter 27 Exam will include questions from the lecture slides on the following topics. Overview: Sexual reproduction – 2 parents, union of gametes to form zygote Dimorphism – sex chromosomes, primary & secondary sex organs, secondary sex characteristic Development – gonadal ridge (becomes the gonad); mesonephric & paramesonephric ducts; fates in each sex; roles of testes determining factor (TDF), testosterone & Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) Gonads – descent through inguinal canal (inguinal canal); descent into scrotum (cryptorchidism) Organs & ducts: Scrotum – temperature dependence of spermatogenesis (cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus) Seminiferous tubules – germ cells, sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, interstitial (Leydig) cells Ducts – rete testis (“collecting”), epididymis (6 m long, sperm maturation), vas (ductus) deferens & terminal ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra Glands (general features of secretions) – seminal vesicles, bulbourethral (Cowper glands), prostate Penis – erectile tissues (corpora spongiosum, corpora cavernosa), lacunae & trabeculae [Note the fascia – this is continuous with the dartos smooth muscle layer in the scrotum.] Puberty: Stage – onset with gonadotropin rise until end of linear growth (fusion of epiphyses) Gonadotropin axis – hypothalamic GnRH, pituitary LH & FSH, sustentacular cell androgen-binding protein & inhibin, interstitial cell testosterone Testosterone...
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...| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | | | | 10/24/2014 | Contents Vasectomy 3 BPH – Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 4 ED – Erectile Dysfunction 6 Andropause 7 Gynecomastia 8 PSA Testing 9 Peyronie’s Disease 10 Diphallia 12 Cryptorchidism 13 Orchiopexy 14 Prostate Cancer 15 STD’s 17 a) Chlamydia 17 b) Gonorrhea 18 c) Syphilis 19 d) Herpes Genitalis 20 Paternity Test 21 Viagra (sildenafil) 22 Circumcision 23 Vasectomy * A vasectomy is the surgical procedure performed on men in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles) are cut, ties or cauterized. * The semen no longer contains sperm after the tubes are cut, so conception cannot occur. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but they die and are absorbed by the body. * There are 4 types of vasectomies: * Traditional vasectomy – the doctor will make an incision on the scrotum, allowing access to the vas deferens, which will then be cut. * No-scalpel vasectomy – the doctor cut the vas deferens via a small hole on the scrotum. * Clip vasectomy – small clamps are used to block the vas deferens instead of severing it. * Laser vasectomy – the vase deferens are cut and cauterized with a surgical laser * The vasectomy procedure prevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates. The man will still produce semen, but will be sperm free. * Vasectomies may be reversed, however...
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...the ages of 15 and 35, but the disease also occurs in other age groups. All men should be aware of the signs and symptoms, the causes of the disease, and the treatment. Compared with other cancers, testicular cancer is rare. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Depending on the type and stage of testicular cancer, you may receive one of several treatments, or a combination. Regular testicular self-examinations can help identify growths early, when the chance for successful treatment of testicular cancer is highest. What is Testicular Cancer? The testicles are part of the male reproductive system. In adult men, each one is normally a little smaller than a golf ball. They are held in a sac of skin called the scrotum. The scrotum hangs beneath the base of the penis. The testicles make the male hormone testosterone. They also make sperm. Sperm cells are carried from the testicles through small tubes (the vas deferens) to the seminal vesicles. (Unknown, 2011) Testicular cancer is a disease in which cells become malignant. When a cell becomes malignant, it becomes cancerous. Testicular cancer can start in one or both testicles. This type of cancer is the most common type of cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35. Testicular cancer can be classified into two types: seminoma and nonseminoma. Seminomas make up of 30 percent of all testicular cancers. Nonseminomas are groups of cancers that include choriocarcinoma, embryonic...
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...Tyshawn Garlington Mrs.G.Whittington English III 19 November 2014 21st Century: Testicular Cancer Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles(testes) which are located inside the scrotum.The cells begin to change and grow fast forming a mass or tumor. The cells also invade the bloodstream and lymph systems and spread leading to tumors in other areas of the body. Also it is not clear what causes testicular cancer. Doctors only know that testicular cancer occurs when healthy cells become altered. Compared to other types of cancer testicular cancer is rare. Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of all male cancers. Although most researchers and scientists of cancer have argued testicular cancer is not a common form of cancer , after closer examinations...
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...1) When was the environmental protection agency (EPA) formed? - 1970 What events prompted its formation? - The U.S. was rocked by a series of waste land toxic materials, the earth's automatic, self-cleansing, life support systems became increasingly threatened and consequently people from all walks of life and from every part of the political spectrum were expressing their anxieties on the streets and this happened to b the largest public American demonstration ever seen in America. Hence prompting President Richard Nixon transmitted Reorganization Plan No. 3 to the United States Congress by executive order, creating the EPA as a single, independent agency from a number of smaller arms of different federal agencies. 2) How did deregulation of industry during the Reagan years affect water quality and the overall power of the environmental protection agency? - By appointing people who were flat out opposed to the mission of the agency (EPA), in an attempt to reorient the policy to favor American Businesses, President Reagan, jeopardized all efforts done by the Epa to protect the environment especially as its size and influence was curbed hence leading to poor water quality and a non effective environmental protection agency. a) What does ‘voluntary compliance’ mean? It was a voluntary program which was aimed at effectively dealing with a multi state pollution problem and yet failed repeatedly leaving unfulfilled the clean water act’s promise to radically reduce...
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...Effects of Puppy Mills Throughout history dogs have played many roles in the life of humans. From companion to helper, dogs serve important roles in our society. Not only are dogs adopted for friendship but also to be guide dogs, herders, search and rescue, and K9 units in police and fire stations. These dogs are extremely important to our society and need to be well behaved, healthy, and mentally stable. In order to be all of these the dog has to be raised properly. As someone who loves animals and aspires to be a veterinary technologist I find it heart breaking to see dogs caged up for what is considered their childhood. It concerns me to see puppies raised in such horrible conditions and gets me wondering. I started thinking about the ways puppy mills can affect a dog, not only its health but its behavior as well. This led me to this question: How do puppy mills’ conditions affect a dogs behaviors and health, not only while in the puppy mill but in its new life outside of the mill as well? The first thing I decided to do was to contact my local veterinarian to see if he could help me better understand how puppy mills can affect a dog’s life when they finally get out. I figured that there was a good chance he might have come across dogs from puppy mills throughout his career and who better to ask than someone who deals with the health of animals. He, however, said he had no knowledge that he had actually treated dogs that came from puppy mills. Since the veterinarian did...
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...idea of strong paternalism is supported by the fact that Thomasma holds that idea that one of the most important things to consider is the quality of life. He also argues that withholding the truth over a period of time can be an act of compassion, and can therefore be justified in a temporary scenario in favor of long-term values. This is a case by case scenario, but withholding the truth should be used when considering the quality of life for a patient, especially in cases where an individual may have a terminal condition. 1C) When considering the case of ambisious genitalia requires a delicate approach when approaching the truth. By the biological standard, the woman in the case is not a biological woman, but rather a man with undescended testicles. This provides an ethical dilemma of sorts, and Thomasma brings up the point that eventually she will learn the truth later in life, and through the lies of other it may ruin her life when she does find out. However withholding the truth in this case is trumped by medical ethics even though this truth may damage her perceived reality, the doctor must not act in a deceptive manner but rather express the truth in a delicate fashion. 2A) Lipkin argues that it’s problematic to tell patients the whole truth because in a lot of cases, doing so can cause more harm than good. Lipkin backs up this notion by stating that medical terms and medical diagenesis often carry different meaning between patients and doctors, especially when an individual...
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...Name: C.T.B. Assignment: “Our Stolen Future” Date: 12/03/2012 The Book “Our Stolen Future” is considered to be a sequel of “Silent Spring“, a Rachel’s Carson classic work, a clarion call to protect the American public from manmade synthetic pesticides that cause genetic mutations and cancer. Carson not only described how persistent chemicals were contaminating the natural world, she documented how those chemicals where accumulated into our bodies. Since then, studies of human breast milk and body fat have confirmed the extent of our exposure. Human beings in such remote locations as Canada’s far northern Baffin Island now carry traces of persistent chemicals in their bodies, including notorious compounds as PCBs, DDT and dioxin. Even worse, in the womb and through breast milk, mothers pass this chemical legacy on to the next generation. “Our Stolen Future”, the scientific discovery of Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers, takes up where Carson left off and reviews a large and growing body of scientific evidence, linking synthetic chemicals to aberrant sexual development and behavioral and reproductive problems, such as low sperm counts, infertility, genital deformities, hormonally triggered human cancers, like those of breast and prostate gland, neurological disorders in children such as hyperactivity and deficits in attention. The quality of men's sperm declined steadily in the early years of the 21st century until hardly anyone could reproduce in...
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...Down’s Syndrome Sociology of Disability Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans. Down syndrome is called a few different names like Down’s syndrome and trisomy 21. It is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome is normally connected with growth delays, some intellectual disability and characteristic facial features. An average young adult living with Down syndrome has the mental age of an eight or nine year old child. The average intelligence quotient in a young adult with Down syndrome is fifty. Individuals living with Down’s syndrome also have a learning disability, which impairs their education. Every person is different and this can change from individual to individual. Babies born with Down syndrome are more likely to have certain heart defects or childhood leukemia. It is believed that Down syndrome has always existed. In 1866 an English doctor named John Langdon Down first published a description of the condition. The condition was named after him several years later. It was not until 1959 that Professor Lejeune proved that Down syndrome is actually a chromosomal irregularity and that the individuals with Down syndrome had forty-seven chromosomes where there are normally forty-six. Down’s syndrome affects people of all different races, ages, and economic background. People living with Down syndrome usually need to have a certain order. Many individuals need a certain routine...
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...Different types of disorders Project in Elective Definition: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Described as an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first genetic disorder found to be due to a specific enzyme deficiency, resulting in a patient's inability to metabolise a specific amino acid appropriately. Classical PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Over 70 different mutations on the PAH gene found on Chromosome 12 have been found to cause the almost complete absence of PAH as seen in PKU patients. PKU patients deficient in PAH are unable to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine leading to an accumulation of phenylalanine and it's metabolites within the body. PKU is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder. Causes Phenylketonuria (PKU) is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. Both parents must pass on the defective gene in order for a baby to have the condition. This is called an autosomal recessive trait. Babies with PKU are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is needed to break down an essential amino acid called phenylalanine. The substance is found in foods that contain protein. Without the enzyme, levels of phenylalanine and two closely-related substances build up in the body. These substances are harmful to the...
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...Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Table of Contents Table of contents…………………………………………………………… | 2 | Introduction………………………………………………………………… | 3 | Definition of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)…………………………….. | 3 | Characteristics of FAS……………………………………………………… | 4 | Affect of FAS on babies……………………………………………………. | 5 | Affect of alcohol on the brain……………………………………………… | 6 | The role the South African context has played in FAS…………………….| 7 | Conclusion………………………………………………………………….. | 8 | REFERENCES | 9 | Appendix A…………………………………………………………………. | 11 | Appendix B…………………………………………………………………. | 12 | Appendix C…………………………………………………………………. | 13 | | | Introduction South Africa has the highest rate of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome in the world! The draft South African liquor bill released on Monday 6th February 2012 will prohibit the sale of alcohol to pregnant women if it is passed. It is the first time that the South African government has proposed legislation to assist controlling the alcohol intake of women. (“Liquor Surprise for Pregnant Women,” 2012) But is this enough to meaningfully diminish the consumption of alcohol by pregnant women in South Africa? Within this context the following questions will be addressed: What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome? How is FAS characterised? How is a baby affected by Foetal Alcohol Syndrome? How does alcohol affect the brain? What kind of role has the South African...
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