...election for the presidency of the country, is a rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans. The Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams while the Republicans conducted by Jefferson and James Madison. As Jefferson states in his Inaugural Address, the need of unity between the two political parties and the promise of upholding the civic responsibility of a government to afford freedom to its people was vital for the nation to uphold their standards into the nineteenth century. On the upheaval of the political party changing from the Federalist to the Republican caused great tension. Since the Federalist party, which the President John Adams being one, based on a strong central government, for a financially and economically flourishing nation. On the other hand, the Republicans based on more state power and opposed a strong central government. “On March 4, 1801, the first real transfer of political...
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...Socio-evolutionary identity plays a fundamental role in the building of the character of any nation, with Northern Ireland being no different. The constellation of discursive issues that demarcate Irelands conflicted history, are complex and multifarious. The conflict is steeped in the historical context of religious conviction, monarchical dispossession of territory and rights, a distrust of government and the impact of socio-economics on its people. Scholars, politicians and men of the cloth, from all sides of the political floor and religious faiths have assessed and reviewed the Irish ‘troubles’ and all remain convinced that they have the answer, the defining commitment or the epiphany that will or would have restored the island to peace and unity. However like all protracted conflicts the original catalyst is often lost or manifests into a raft of idiosyncratic reasons to fight. When we dissect the conflict down to base elements, there remains two strategic themes, the first being the alignment of faith between the Protestant minority and the Catholic majority and the second base element is the alignment of allegiance of country. The Catholic Nationalist desire for a unified Irish nation and the Unionist commitment to a fractured island with a northern annex, controlled by the United Kingdom is at the essence of the conflict. Whilst this might seem a myopic view of the struggle, it is difficult to reframe the conflict beyond its ethno-nationalist agenda and “Irishness...
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...The overthrow of the Federalist Party in 1800 and the shift to a republican majority convinced Thomas Jefferson a revolution had occured. Jeffersonian Republicans wanted an economy with equality for farmers. His first administration was a great success, especially after the Louisiana Purchase made in 1800 from the new French ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte. By 1809, Jefferson had reduced national debt from $83 million to $57 million. However, in 1801, the Federalists published the Judiciary Act, which enlarged the Judiciary and packed it with Adams’ appointees. Republicans fought back, and the disagreement was concluded in Marbury v. Madison (1803), with the court’s ruling being the act was unconstitutional. The Chesapeake (an attack on the American ship Chesapeake, by the British in American waters) Incident in 1807 provoked Jefferson’s founding of the Embargo Act of 1807, which prohibited American ships from leaving for any foreign port. This act had an extremely negative effect of Jefferson’s reputation, and his presidency ended....
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...of a complex series of interrelated processes known as the 'Risorgimento', meaning the rebirth of Italy, going back into the mid-eighteenth century. Italian independence and unification were brought about by a small, dynamic elite, the moderate Liberals led by Camillo Cavour, and a pre-national state, Piedmont, using the means of diplomacy and war between 1859- 1870. The masses were notably absent from the events which brought about independence and unification. On the surface it seemed like a good idea but it aroused amongst politically conscious Italians exaggerated expectations concerning Italy's immediate prospects of power and prosperity; and in forging a new nation without involving or satisfying the mass of the population it threw up a socio-political system riddled with potential weaknesses. This resulted in a number of political problems: 1) Old Constitution Given the leading role played by Piedmont during the struggles for independence and unity, it is hardly surprising that the political system of the new Italy should have been fashioned in her image. Thus, Italy in 1861 received not a new 'tailor-made' constitution drawn up by a widely elected constituent assembly but the Statuto, the existing constitution of Piedmont. An old, flawed Constitution was adopted which was not truly republican in nature. 2) Narrow franchise Though parliament was undoubtedly Italy's most truly national institution, it was also a weak flawed one, its main weakness lying in the very...
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...electoral politics swung back to the left” [1] in 1936. Spanish Left-Wing party adopted and practiced electoral strategy called ‘Popular Front’ (strategy of electoral cooperation of unification of vote; thus defeating right-wing parties) supported by ‘Comintern / Communist International’ in France [3]. The practice of ‘Popular Front’ was an effort to prohibit extreme-right from taking power. On the other hand, the Right -Wing formed a ‘National Front’ coalition in response, which caused more polarization. As a result, the socialist withdrew their support for the ‘Popular Front’ as protest of its moderation. Hence, public disturbance occurred sooner soon started spiraling the country out of control. Nevertheless in 1936, February, the first general election of the ‘Second Republic’ was “called to restore order” [1]. The Left-Wing Popular Front coalition won and gave a majority to a coalition of the Republican Left IR (Izquierda Republicana). Out of 13.5 million Spanish populations, over 9,870,000 participated in the election. There were 4,654,116 votes for the ‘Popular Front’, whereas there were 4,503,505 for National Front. “The Popular Front, with 263 seats out of the 473 in the Cortes formed the new government” [2]. Once again, Manuel Azana became prime minister and labor leader of Francisco Largo Caballero’s PSOE (backed by the UGT) [2]. Considering there effort to collaborate in acquisition of their goals, parties had distinct ideological and political differences. Although they...
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...expansion and slavery, the nation evolved into a Civil War. The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 had caused southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America. The south felt out-numbered from partisan radical politics. The war between the South and North was a four-year awful and destructive war. After the war had ended in 1865, there were 750,000 soldiers dead from both sides. Slavery was abolished by the thirteenth amendment, the union had won, but the nation was still divided economically, politically and socially. The people, land and property of the South were devastated. Besides the challenge of readmitting the southern states into the union, there were plans made to reconstruct the defeated south. Reconstruction hinged on resolving the political, economic and social issues. The terms that the South had agreed to in order or rejoin the Union had an important impact on both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Republican Party took advantage of the south’s absence from Congress. The Radical Republicans from the north divided the Democratic Party after the victories in the elections of 1860 and 1864. Latter on the south was removed from the Electoral College. Both the Republicans and democratic leaders were fearful that readmitting the South would reunite the Democratic south and weaken the newly established stronger Republican Party. The Democrats in Congress passed a program that had a drastic impact...
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...valid is this view? In 1865 reconstruction begun with the aim of securing racial equality between blacks and whites in the southern states. Du Bois believes that during this period blacks ‘stood for a brief moment in the sun’. There were significant improvements to black lies that took place during this period such as their freedom of movement, re-unification of family units and improvements in education. However reconstruction also failed to secure racial equality in many ways. Black people were still economically deprived and there was no real political equality as most black people were prevented form voting in the south and most had to live with the threat of white supremacy groups such as the KKK. One of the most important benefits of the reconstruction for blacks was the freedom of movement. This meant Blacks could now move to find new work opportunities or to take advantage of new land in the west. Between 1865 and 1870 the black population of the South’s 10 largest cities doubled. Black people could now own their own property and choose their employment. One of the most significant impacts of this new freedom was the re-unification of many black families. Blacks could now move and find lost relations such as siblings and children who had been sold on to new owners during slavery, by 1900 80% of black families were strong family units. This freedom of movement meant blacks could now attempt to improve their lives and supports Du Bois’ view that reconstruction allowed for significant...
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...demonstrated by central government giving individual states abilities to regulate and make laws (Kierner, 2003). Meaning, individual states had independent power while still under a central government. An important document of its time, the Articles of Confederation unified the states and eased tensions over the possibility of absolute rule (Kierner, 2003). Additionally, it created a bond with the states and discouraged each state from seceding from the colonies (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, NARA, 2013). However, there were issues written in the Articles of Confederation that needed improvement or were severely weak, mostly because it was more of a friendship agreement between the states instead of a refined unification of the country. Demonstrated here in Article III of the Articles of Confederation, The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their...
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...exploitation of its citizens, designed to protect the ruling class (Van Der Kraaij, n.d.). In 1944 under President William Tubman Liberia embraced an Open Door Policy to attract foreign investments. He also instituted the Unification Policy which aimed to bring both the ruling True Whig party and the Liberian Party together through education and economic opportunities for native Liberians (Weah, 2015). For a time Liberia experienced economic growth but didn’t develop its infrastructure enough to support that growth. Foreign investors however benefitted greatly from the tax breaks and low wage payments to workers. Forced labor recruitment continued until an investigation was conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in the early 1960s. Liberian Legislature quickly enacted a law to regulate recruitment practices before an ILO commission published its findings in 1962. The Open Door Policy ended in 1980 by a Republican Party (formerly known as the Liberian Party) coup. Civil war damaged the economic gains previously won by Liberia, and the country continues to suffer due to lack of unity among the parties and resources. The key to their survival and growth especially if rapid globalization continues is to reinstate and revise its Unification policy so that all citizens are included. Investing in the country’s infrastructure is another piece that must be added to grow as a nation by shifting the paradigm from dependency to independence, as well as reinstating a...
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...Questions and Answers: Italian Unification 1. What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable...
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...The Coming of the Civil War The American Nation A History of the United States Angelica Johnson The Civil war was a very long and tedious battle that separated a country that had worked so hard to achieve its liberation from Europe and religious persecution. The new America had fought against many different enemies to achieve its own freedom. When the Mayflower set sail to rid itself of religious persecution, they found an uncharted territory to live free. Years later almost everyone forgot that they fought so hard to not persecute people for their beliefs. This would be a grave mistake for the Civil war between the Northern and South would only set our times back to the days when the Europeans persecuted people because of their beliefs. The political settlement between the North and South that Henry Clay designed in 1850 would only last four years. Americans continued to migrate westward by the thousands, and as long as slaveholders could empower the black slaves they could harvest crops at almost no cost to pay farmhands. Many slaves seeked redemption in the north because the north didn’t have the crop harvest the south had but mainly factories and industries. The federal Slave act of 1850, which imposed fines for hiding or rescuing slaves from southern slave owners could not guarantee their capture and return. Between 1819 and 1860, the critical issue that divided the North and South...
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... he created a reform. His reform was called the “Square Deal.” This reform included multiple programs such as health and wellness laws, labor laws, conservations laws, along with benefits for veterans. William Taft’s presidency began in 1908. He was Teddy Roosevelt’s best friend, but was less outgoing. After Roosevelt worked to lower tariff during his time in office, Taft brings the high tariffs back. However, something both of these friends wanted to end was big business. Taft is very aggressive when trying to end big business. When running for reelection, Roosevelt also runs as a Republican, but loses. Roosevelt then runs as a third party candidate resulting in a splitting of the Republican votes between Taft and Roosevelt. Woodrow Wilson is elected with Democrats and Progressives voting for him. After Woodrow Wilson, a Progressive, was elected in 1912, he began to adopt all of the Republican ideas and moved forward. He called his ideas “New Freedom.” Under Wilson, legislation many bills to accomplish the goals of the Progressive Movements: better the lives of all Americans. The aforementioned presidents along with congress worked to put reforms into place in the nation to better the lives of the average citizen. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” put in place many reforms. Under the category of health and welfare, the Meat Inspection Act was put established. According to the article “Significant Dates in Food and Drugs Law History”, this act came about after reading Upton...
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...the Civil war, the American politics were sectionally divided between the Northern Republicans and the Southern Democrats. The political culture was almost saturated as both sections had realized that the numerous compromises would only provoke questions and dissimilarities between them, with the largely interfered question of slavery and suffrage. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been implemented as a nationwide direction towards admitting states with reference the 36° 30´ latitude line, either as a free-state (above line) or as a slave state (below the line). Despite of the temporary success of the compromise of 1820, it was repealed by the Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 in his Kansas-Nebraska Act. Likewise, the Compromise of 1850, created by the Great Compromiser, Henry Clay, was an effort to preserve the Union by settling the issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories from the Mexican-American War. Although it assured a temporary peaceful settlement between the sections, it failed to give birth to the Civil war and the rise in sectionalism. Although all these compromises had served their desired intents, politically as well as socially, in turn, they only played a catalyst role in increasing the tensions between the Northerners and Southerners. Thereafter, the period of Reconstruction was booming, as the Republicans were given a tough job of readmitting the forfeited South. The Republicans in the Congress were determined to grant civil liberties to the blacks, and were...
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...Joseph Fortuninus Franciscus. However, he always referred to himself as Giuseppe Verdi: he was clearly Italian, always true and proud of his origins. At the age of sixteen, Verdi read Manzoni’s novel, I Promessi Sposi. Written in a unified Italian language, the book made a great impression on Verdi. Verdi's response to I Promessi Sposi was not primarily political, but he emotionally identified with the liberal, patriotic party. Years later, Verdi described Manzoni’s influence; “You know well what and how much has been my veneration for that Man who, according to me, has written not only the greatest book of our time but one of the greatest books that ever came out of a human brain; and it is not only a book, but a consolation to humanity.” The biographer George Martin describes Verdi`s political preferences during his teenage years; "Verdi must have absorbed more than music from Provesi, and although he always said he knew nothing about politics and in his youth refrained from political acts and conspiracies, he was a republican in sympathy, anti-Austrian and anti-clerical". During his early composition, he was not involved with the political scene, but he understood the necessity of political affairs in achieving independence. He had lived through the entire period of Risorgimento and had identified himself wholeheartedly with its heroic spirit. Verdi`s letters are the testimony that he took constant interest in political events and even allowed...
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...Erick Fimbo Jan Gane English 1050-028 November 15, 2013 The Fall of the Berlin Wall For twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall separated friends, families, and a nation. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall was one of the most striking and distinctive features of Berlin. The Berlin Wall was a border security installation built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on August 12, 1961. The Wall was to protect the GDR from aggressive acts by the west. In reality, the Wall functioned as a barrier to stem the huge migration of skilled laborers to West Berlin and the entire Western Germany. During the standing of this Wall, the people from East and West Berlin had no interaction with each other, and this brought pains and poverties in both sides of country because they depend on each other’s activities in order to survive. On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall, the most potent symbol of the Cold War division of Europe, eventually came down, and the fall of this wall was the peak point of the revolutionary changes within the country of Germany and those were involved. According to Ted Kelly article, “Politics, People and the Berlin Crisis: June-August, 1961”. After World War II in 1945, the Allies, who won the war, divided the country of Germany into four sections, each under the control of an ally. The countries who made up the Ally control were the United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia. The United States, British, and French sectors combined to form a democratic...
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